Après deux réformes successives du droit des sûretés dans l’espace pour l’harmonisation du droit des affaires en Afrique, il s‘avère que ce dernier reste un droit inefficace. L’étude de l’approche initiée par le législateur communautaire présente un droit des sûretés complexe, hétéroclite, et difficile à appréhender. Certains législateurs étrangers, confrontés aux mêmes difficultés, ont entrepris de moderniser leur droit des sûretés. Ils ont pour cela embrassé des solutions qui pourraient inspirer le législateur communautaire. En effet, ils ont adopté une approche fonctionnelle du droit des sûretés réelles. La doctrine, dans son ensemble, conforte cette démarche. Par ailleurs, l’instrumentalisation du droit des sûretés réelles par le législateur communautaire, lors de la dernière réforme, peut être entendue comme un appel à la simplification du droit des sûretés. Ces constations invitent à rechercher une autre manière d’appréhender le droit des sûretés. Dès lors, dans l’optique de rationaliser, d’harmoniser et de rendre plus efficace le droit des sûretés réelles, il est opportun, voire nécessaire, de restructurer la matière. / After two successive reforms of security law in space for the harmonization of business law in Africa, it appears that the security law is quite ineffective. The study of the approach initiated by the community legislature shows a rather complex and confusing security law, hard to read. Some foreign legislatures, facing the same difficulties, have begun to modernize their security law. They have chosen solutions that could inspire the community legislature. To do this, they have adopted some solutions which could inspire the community legislature. Indeed, they have adopted a functional approach to security interests’ law. Legal theory as a whole supports this approach. Moreover, the pragmatic use of security law by the community legislature, during the last reform, can be understood as a call for the simplification of security law. These findings claim for a look to another way of understanding security law. As a result, in view to rationalize, to harmonize, to make more effective security law, it is appropriate and indeed necessary, to reorganize the subject-matter.

1 Abstract Release of a security interest The aim of this thesis is to provide comprehensive view on the institute called release of a security interest, which has been reintroduced in Czech law system within the process of recodification of private law. My intent is to introduce this legal form of the security interest not only in the context of the historical and legal development but also to include the basic provisions of law which currently applies to this institute as well as main attributes of released pledge, conditions of its creation and perfection within the context of general terms of the pledge. The thesis is divided into four parts, introduction, actual work is then divided into two blocks, thus the pledge (as a type of security interest), the security interest released and the final part. The first section is devoted to the right of the pledge such as the security instrument, its basic features, functions and very own existence of the pledge. The second part is dedicated to release of the security interest itself. This part is showed in with a historical excursion outlining the beginning of development of this institute. This work then reflects the current legislation explaining the release of the security interest in general, as well as in a special course with a focus on the realization of...

Cette recherche comparative entre le droit français et le droit chinois est particulièrement consacrée au dixième anniversaire de l’ordonnance française du 23 mars 2006 et de la LDR (Loi chinoise sur les droits réels) du 16 mars 2007 qui représente la première réforme chinoise complète du droit des sûretés réelles. A partir des principes directeurs des sûretés réelles, tant préférentielles qu’exclusives, une analyse approfondie de l’influence de la simplification sur le droit des sûretés réelles, en France comme en Chine, s’est poursuivie tout en prenant compte la renaissance des propriétés-sûretés et la prospective du droit de la rétention. D’ailleurs, certaines institutions ou techniques d’autres pays occidentaux ont été inclues dans l’analyse comparative pour montrer les divers aspects et aussi l’attractivité du droit français.En se basant sur une même théorie juridique, les législateurs français et chinois ont, certes, choisi des techniques différentes pour contourner des difficultés identiques. Mais la tendance de simplification du droit des sûretés réelles mobilières, qui favorise la sécurité de la « contractualisation » des sûretés réelles mobilières, dans les deux pays, restera une convergence indéniable. Ainsi, il y aurait lieu de croire que le législateur chinois va prendre en compte les techniques françaises dans les futures réformes portant sur les sûretés réelles mobilières qui doivent toujours caractérisées par la sécurité, la simplicité et la rapidité. / This comparative research between French law and Chinese law is particularly devoted to the tenth anniversary of the French ordinance of 23 March 2006 and the LDR (Chinese property law) of 16 March 2007 which is the first complete Chinese law which reforms the Chinese Security Interest. Departure from guiding principles of different security interest, both preferential than exclusive, an in-depth analysis of the impact of simplification on the security laws, in France as in China, continued while taking account of the rebirth of the properties-securities and the prospective of liens. Moreover, some institutions or techniques of other Western countries have been included in the comparative analysis to show the different aspects and also the attractiveness of the French law.Based on the same legal theory, French and Chinese legislators have certainly chosen different techniques to overcome the same difficulties. But the simplification of guarantee laws, which promotes the safety of "contractualization" of security interest in both countries will remain an undeniable convergence. Thus, there is reason to believe that the Chinese legislator will take into account the French techniques in future reforms in the security rights that are always characterized by safety, simplicity and speed.

This thesis analyses the legal regime of in rem security interests, in particular pledges and security assignments of rights, in the context of syndicated loan finance. The thesis draws mainly from the Act No. 89/2012 Coll., the Civil Code, and the Act No. 90/2012 Coll., on Commercial Companies and Cooperatives (the Corporations Act), and related legal acts, case law and jurisprudence. In the first chapter, the author describes the main elements of a facilities agreement and the typology of loans. The term syndicated loan is defined as a bank loan provided by two or more creditors, who are not joint and severe creditors among themselves, and which is usually secured by in rem security interests. The second chapter of the thesis introduces the area of securing debts and describes the security and reimbursement functions of security interests. In the third and fourth chapter, the author details the main attributes of in rem security interests. The thesis focuses on the secured party, the security provider and the secured debt whereas emphasis is given on the security agent, whose position can be structured using the institutes of joint and severe creditorship, administration of security, trust and parallel debt. The thesis deals with the ranking of security interests and negative pledges. The author states...

Les navires et les aéronefs sont des biens dont la valeur vénale est telle qu’ils sont extrêmement difficiles à financer. Ces biens qui ont un lien très fort avec les États ont un rôle crucial pour les échanges commerciaux. Ils bénéficient de dispositions très particulières qui permet de leur appliquer des dispositions prenant en compte les spécificités de leur nature. La matière fait face à de nombreuses difficultés, d’une part celles liées au nombre de suretés réelles existantes et au fait qu’elles ne sont pas identiques dans les différents États d’autre part du fait que les sûretés réelles sont tributaires du droit des voies d’exécution.En conséquence, ce travail est à la croisée nombreuses matières qui permettent de dégager l’efficacité des sûretés réelles qui quoi que l’on en dise sont une source importante de garanties des opérations internationales ainsi que de démontrer le rôle essentiel des voies d’exécution en matière de financement. / Ships and aircrafs are valuable assets but their financements are really hard to set up. Unlike most of the goods, ships and aircrafts are linked to a State and are essential for trades. They are submit to special laws which considere their specific nature. Those registrated goods require securites interest which are found on real rights. Thoses securities are différent in each State and they need a judicial execution proceeding to be effective.This study is at the crossroad of different specialities which are needed to allow the efficiency of the real rights. Thoses rights are essential to securite international trade. This study proves that judicial execution proceedings have a role in international trades.

Depuis 2006, le droit français des sûretés mobilières conventionnelles a connu un véritable bouleversement. À travers celui-ci, il s’est agi pour le législateur français de moderniser et de rendre plus compétitif le droit interne. Essentielles au crédit et donc à l’économie, les sûretés mobilières constituent en effet un élément important de l’attractivité d’un système juridique par rapport aux autres.Pourtant, la question de l’efficacité de ces sûretés soulève des difficultés lorsqu’elles évoluent dans une situation présentant un élément d’extranéité. En effet depuis 1933, la Cour de cassation affirme que la loi française est applicable aux droits réels dont sont l’objet les biens meubles situés en France. Cette solution conduit la Cour de cassation à juger incompatible avec des principes fondamentaux de l’ordre juridique français les sûretés étrangères qui lui sont soumises.Toutefois, les réformes entreprises depuis 2006 devraient atténuer cette hostilité du droit français à l’égard des sûretés étrangères. En effet, dans le cadre de ces réformes, le législateur s’est inspiré plus ou moins directement de ce qui est perçu comme le meilleur à l’international de sorte que certains mécanismes étrangers ont traversé la frontière. Tel est le cas du trust, qui à travers la fiducie reçoit une certaine consécration en droit français. C’est aussi dans le but de rendre plus attractif le droit français des sûretés mobilières que le législateur a réformé le droit commun du gage. En consacrant la possibilité de constituer un gage sans dépossession, le législateur a rapproché le droit français des sûretés mobilières du modèle de la sûreté unique en vigueur aux États-Unis ou au Québec. / Since 2006, the French law of movables securities has gone through major upheavals. The legislator tried to upgrade and make that part of French law more competitive. Essential to loaning and therefore to the economy, movables securities play a substantial role in the attractiveness of one law system over another.However, the real efficiency of those securities raises many uncertainties when a foreign element is to be taken into account. Indeed, since 1933, the French Supreme Court rules that French law is relevant when considering in rem rights of personal property located in France. This ruling leads the French Supreme Court to judge foreign securities incompatible with the key elements of the French legal system.To lessen the hostility that French law has towards foreign securities, some changes were introduced since 2006. Indeed, the law-making process, more or less inspired by what's perceived as best abroad, tried to integrate some foreign tools into French law. That is especially true for trust law which shyly integrated our legal system through the "fiducie" mechanism. Always aiming to make French law more attractive, the legislator amended the pledge. By allowing to create a pledge without delivery, the French law of movables securities became closer to US or Quebec law where you only have one security.

1 Abstract Interest in Real Estate The aim of this thesis is to provide a thorough analysis od key aspets of the institute of Security Interest in Real Estate, as well as current legislation of this issue. Thanks to the focus on a specific subject of the pledge, i.e. the real estate, given its relatively more permanent nature compared to most other things, as well as the generally longer duration of legal relationships arising from legal proceedings in the application of the institute of Security Interest in Real Estate, the topic which cannot be overlooked consist of intertemporal norms governing the relationship of the effective legal regulation by the current Civil Code and legal regulation contained in the derogated Act No. 40/1964 Coll. of the Civil Code as amended until 31 December 2013. The perspective of the elaboration of the mentioned topic in the level of de lege lata, thus defined, is supplemented by the text of the thesis with some ongoing considerations de lege ferenda within the conclusions resulting from the analysis. Although the essence of general topic of this thesis is a theoretical dissertation, the intention of the text does not resign to possible practical benefits, while the author consistently pays attention to argumentation and verification of key hypotheses, as well as ongoing...

This study investigates the Finnish government members’ argumentation prior to Finland’s strikingly unanimous parliamentary vote in favour of NATO membership on May 17, 2022. By focusing on the government representatives’ accounts, the study aims to shed light on how the NATO membership decision is crafted to represent Finland’s security interest after a decades-long tradition of military non-alignment as a cornerstone of the country’s securityand foreign policy. With help of Merlijn van Hulst and Dvora Yanow’s dynamic approach to framing based on the theoretical concept of frames as actors’ “definitions of the situation”, the study shows comprehensively the processes at play when the government members constructa NATO membership as Finland’s security interest. Furthermore, the approach reveals patterns among the representatives of how the different framings are embraced. For example, the study shows that the representatives’ framings are the most united when it comes to the view of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine as a violation of the rule-based order and the view of a NATO membership as a deterrent preventing future military attacks rather than as a solution to any immediate threat. While the dynamic approach to framing shows comprehensively the work framing does in constructing a NATO membership as Finland’s security interest, the approach has some shortcomings that future research should deal with to increase the potential of the approach in War Studies research.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-10-09T19:20:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIRCEU HOFFMANN.pdf: 2189630 bytes, checksum: e3ed2008f9a8e53041f79f43e756a0ca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T19:20:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIRCEU HOFFMANN.pdf: 2189630 bytes, checksum: e3ed2008f9a8e53041f79f43e756a0ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-01 / Fiduciary Relationship in guarantee of entered on real estate market, despite it has being used in moveables since 1969, this type of security has aimed the improvement in the relation among construction companies, buyers and financial institutions. This type of interest security presents itself as an alternative to bring more legal security to the involved ones and this it would be the object of study in this thesis. Thus, this research will examine the historical origins and their influence in the characterization of fiduciary relationship established in Brazil to differentiate this one with other types of security. It also will examine the chattel mortgage in general, its consequences and its formalization. Finally will be evaluated through 9.514/97 act which established the Housing Finance System, the mortgage-backed securities, securitization, and put into force the chattel mortgage of real property, the contractual features of this institute, the legal apparatus in cases of default and the applicable procedures that aim to bring legal certainty to the involved parties. / A Lei nº 9.514, de 20 de novembro de 1997, instituiu a alienação fiduciária em garantia para coisas imóveis. Dessa forma, o mercado imobiliário entrou em contato com uma nova garantia real, embora já fosse utilizada desde 1969 para bens móveis, a qual objetiva otimizar a relação entre construtoras, adquirentes e agentes financeiros. Apresentando-se como uma alternativa, no sentido de trazer maior segurança para as partes, a alienação fiduciária em garantia de bens imóveis é o objeto de estudo da presente dissertação. Assim, esta pesquisa analisa desde a sua origem histórica e influências na caracterização do negócio fiduciário implantado no Brasil até as suas diferenciações com as outras formas de garantia existentes na legislação pátria. Também faz o exame da alienação fiduciária em garantia de maneira geral, com seus desdobramentos, suas consequências e sua formalização. Finalmente, são apreciadas, à luz da Lei nº 9.514/97, que instituiu o Sistema de Financiamento Imobiliário, os certificados de recebíveis imobiliários, a securitização, que colocou em vigor a alienação fiduciária em garantia de bens imóveis, as características contratuais desse instituto, os aparatos legais nos casos de inadimplência e os procedimentos cabíveis que objetivam trazer segurança jurídica às partes envolvidas.

L’ordonnance du 23 mars 2006 a réformé le droit des sûretés en France et introduit un gage sans dépossession inspiré du security interest américain dans l’objectif d’améliorer l’efficacité de la matière. L’amélioration est visible mais peut encore être approfondie. En premier lieu, la prépondérance de l’autonomie de la volonté dans la constitution et le régime du gage sans dépossession traduit son détachement progressif de la matière réelle. En effet, le droit du créancier bénéficiaire a pour objet plus la valeur du contenu de l’assiette affectée que son incarnation matérielle. Ainsi, il faut, d’une part, autoriser l’évolution du contenu matériel de l’assiette de constitution pour admettre que l’assiette de réalisation ne soit pas constituée des mêmes biens mais représente toujours la même valeur affectée. D’autre part, il faut reconnaître l’opposabilité du droit de rétention fictif aux procédures d’insolvabilité. En second lieu, le détachement de la sûreté de son objet réel et la prévalence de l’autonomie de la volonté doivent se prolonger en droit international privé. Ainsi, il convient d’admettre l’abandon de la compétence de la lex rei sitae, source de difficultés liées à la nature mobilière du bien grevé, et de reconnaître la compétence de la lex contractus, tirée de la prépondérance de la source conventionnelle de la sûreté.Ainsi, tant l’adaptation de la sûreté permise par la place laissée la volonté des parties, que la possibilité de circulation transfrontalière offerte par la reconnaissance des sûretés étrangères, font du gage sans dépossession une sûreté plus efficace aussi bien en droit interne qu’au niveau international. / On March 23rd 2006, the French reform of security law introduced the « gage sans dépossession », inspired by the security interest of the Article 9 of the U.C.C. from the United- States, in order to improve the efficiency of security law in France. The enhancement is undeniable and yet but there remains room for improvement.First of all, the increased autonomy given to parties when creating and ruling a security results in its detachment from the scope of personal property. Indeed, the creditor is more entitled to the value of the collateral rather than to the good itself. Therefore, the physical content of the collateral should be allowed to change physically as long as collateral remains of same value. On the other hand, the creditor’s fictive right of retention must be enforceable against insolvency proceedings. Secondly, both the detachment of the security from its physical collateral and the preponderance of parties’ autonomy must be taken into account in international private law. Should a matter of choice of law arise, the security should be governed not by lex rei sitae, given the issues raised when applied to movable goods, but by lex contractus, on account of the contractual source of the security. As a result of its adaptability enabled by autonomy, and as a result of the ability to move the security over borders and still be enforceable, the French “gage sans dépossession” appears to be more efficient both in France and on an international level.