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En partant de l’hypothèse selon laquelle les objectifs et intérêts des acteurs d’un domaine spécifique influencent un dispositif structuré, cette étude recherche comment les macro et micro acteurs jouent sur le rôle et succès des Nations Unies qui constitue une organisation fortement organisé ; ces acteurs vont des personnels onusiens sur le terrain jusqu’aux Etats ou groupes d’Etats. La recherche se concentre sur les fonctions politiques de restructuration du secteur de la sécurité dans les milieux de post-conflit.L’étude descriptive et théorique des concepts communs aux acteurs des Opérations de Paix des Nations Unies cherche à vérifier le postulat qu’il est vécu une métamorphose en ce qui concerne les nouvelles interventions dans le domaine. Par une tentative d’interprétation globale, le travail évalue comment la composante de Police Civile, devenue une partie intégrante des Missions de Paix des Nations Unies, reflète cette prétendue évolution du système onusien. Pour cela, il a fallut se pencher sur la genèse, le rôle, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Police Civile de l’ONU. Le travail examine également si cet apparent changement du système onusien est à l'origine de réorientations des politiques policières au sein de l’Organisation. Le volet empirique de cette étude démontre historiquement et comparativement que les relations de pouvoirs entre acteurs de tous niveaux orientent et affectent la mise en application des réformes des polices locales. / On the basis of the hypothesis according to which the objectives and interests of the actors of a specific field influence a structured system, this study seeks how the macro and micro actors affect the role and success of the United Nations which constitutes a strongly organized organization; these actors go from the United Nations personnel on the ground until the States or groups of States. The research concentrates on the political function of reorganization of the security sector in the post-conflict areas. The descriptive and theoretical study of the concepts which are common to the actors of the Peace Operations of the United Nations seeks to check the postulate that it is lived a metamorphosis regarding the new interventions in this field. By an attempt of total interpretation, the work evaluates how the how the Civilian Police component -which has become an integral part of Peace Operations-, reflects this alleged evolution of the overall system. For that, it was necessary to consider the genesis, role, organization and operation of the Civilian Police force of UN. Work also examines if this apparent change of the UN system is due to the reorientations of the police policies within the Organization. The empirical aspect of this study shows historically and comparatively that the power relations between actors at any levels direct and affect the implementation of the local police reforms.

From the 1980s onwards, there has been a general transformation in social policy in line with the transformation of the welfare state worldwide. While the neoliberal restructuring of capital and the state has initiated this transformation in the 1980s, neoliberal globalization and competitiveness pressures upon the competition states have accelerated this process through necessitating the reordering of priorities around policies that pursue market ascendancy. As a result, the international governance framework has been reshaped in a way that aims to separate economic policy from the political influences of the governments and to provide capital a &lsquo / protected domain&rsquo / , which refers to &ldquo / new constitutionalism&rdquo / . On the other hand, the Europeanization process can be described as the extension of new constitutionalism in the EU level / therefore, it reshapes the social policy understanding through confining it with the boundaries of the EU economy. The thesis attempts to explain the processes of neoliberal restructuring, new constitutionalism and Europeanization to provide a theoretical framework to the analysis of the social security reform in Turkey. It aims to examine the impact of the processes of new constitutionalism and Europeanization on the social security reform and to analyze the reform process taking into consideration class relations and, then, to make a critical analysis of the transformation.

The aim of this study is to analyse the impacts of the social security system reform performed in Turkey within the

Submitted by Rafael Machado Parente (rparente@fgvmail.br) on 2016-04-25T16:53:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert-RafaelParente.pdf: 658314 bytes, checksum: 19e085c3296f2258351a8b6239b7d2a8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by BRUNA BARROS (bruna.barros@fgv.br) on 2016-04-25T19:44:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert-RafaelParente.pdf: 658314 bytes, checksum: 19e085c3296f2258351a8b6239b7d2a8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-04-27T18:10:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert-RafaelParente.pdf: 658314 bytes, checksum: 19e085c3296f2258351a8b6239b7d2a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:10:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert-RafaelParente.pdf: 658314 bytes, checksum: 19e085c3296f2258351a8b6239b7d2a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-16 / Population ageing is a problem that countries will have to cope with within a few years. How would changes in the social security system affect individual behaviour? We develop a multi-sectoral life-cycle model with both retirement and occupational choices to evaluate what are the macroeconomic impacts of social security reforms. We calibrate the model to match 2011 Brazilian economy and perform a counterfactual exercise of the long-run impacts of a recently adopted reform. In 2013, the Brazilian government approximated the two segregated social security schemes, imposing a ceiling on public pensions. In the benchmark equilibrium, our modelling economy is able to reproduce the early retirement claiming, the agents' stationary distribution among sectors, as well as the social security deficit and the public job application decision. In the counterfactual exercise, we find a significant reduction of 55\% in the social security deficit, an increase of 1.94\% in capital-to-output ratio, with both output and capital growing, a delay in retirement claims of public workers and a modification in the structure of agents applying to the public sector job.

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Le principe de spécialité de l’hypothèque s’est imposé dans le Code civil en 1804 en vue d’assurer le développement de l’économie moderne, puis il s’est répandu sur l’ensemble des sûretés réelles pour devenir un principe fondamental du droit des sûretés. Pourtant, à la fin du vingtième siècle, le principe a essuyé de violentes critiques : il rigidifiait le droit des sûretés réelles et était un frein au développement du crédit. Outre la nocivité du principe, sa remise en cause théorique annonçait son déclin en droit français d’autant qu’à l’étranger le security interest de droit américain, qui ne le connaît pas, ne cessait de faire des émules. Pourtant, lors de la réforme, le législateur l’a conservé tout en l’assouplissant. L’assouplissement du principe est la marque d’une réforme éclairée qui est intuitivement revenue aux origines du principe pour lui conférer la flexibilité dont le législateur originel voulait le pourvoir, mais qui a toujours été étouffée par une conception théorique inadaptée que la doctrine contemporaine doit, aujourd’hui, renouveler. Seul un retour aux sources originelles du principe de spécialité de l’hypothèque, « mère » des sûretés réelles, permet de faire surgir, à nouveau, sa réalité pratique pour poser les premiers fondements d’une conception théorique ajustée qui pousse à remettre en cause le rattachement du droit des sûretés aux droits patrimoniaux. Le principe de spécialité n’est pas un stigmate de l’archaïsme du droit des sûretés réelles français ; il est, au contraire, le ferment de son évolution. / The specificity principle was introduced in the Civil code in 1804 to ensure the development of the modern economy. Then, it gained ground and became a fundamental principle of security law. However, at the end of the 20th century, it was violently criticized : it was accused to diffuse rigidity in security law and put a brake on credit. In addition to the principle noxiousness, its theoretical criticism was all the more announcing its decline in French law, because in foreign states the influence of the American security interest, which does not know the principle, was widening. However, the reform preserved, while softened, the principle in French law. The softening of the principle is the mark of a enlightened reform which is intuitively return to the principle origins to confer it the flexibility that the original legislator wanted, but which had been choked by an inadequate theoretical conception. This conception has to be renewed now. Only a return to original sources of hypothec specificity principle is able to capture its practical realty in order to lay the foundation stone of an adapted theoretical conception, which push to removing security law from patrimony rights. The specificity principle is not a sign of the archaism of real and personal security French law, it is, on the contrary, the ferment of his evolution.