This study illuminates chosen parts of the present opportunities, in the Western World, for parents and children to choose which school the child will attend (freedom of choice), along with possible consequences that may follow. My research questions are: 1) Do tendencies show that freedom of choice leads to increased segregation, and if that is the case, how is it manifested and does it matter? 2) What relations between the student composition of schools and teachers' expectations and attitudes toward students are there? 3) Do the results from previous studies match with the result from my interviews? The methods used for answering the questions are literature studies and interviews made with six teachers who are working in two upper secondary schools in the northern part of Sweden, i.e. three from each school. The result shows that freedom of choice, regarding schools, seems to lead to student compositions that contribute to increased segregation in societies. It leads to more homogenous student compositions, in the form of ethnicity and social class, in schools in general, with consequences like different expectations and attitudes among teachers depending on the status of the composition. A student composition of lower social class in general, seems to lead to lower expectations from teachers.

ABSTRACT Segregation is more and more common in the Swedish society, especially in those suburbs called “miljonprogramsförorter” which are characterized as grey and boring districts with low status. These suburbs are often mentioned in the media and the public associate them with immigrants, problems and crimes. Kungsmarken in Karlskrona is one of these suburbs and the purpose of this essay was to compare the media image with the images local participants had of Kungsmarken. The questions I brought up were how media was describing Kungsmarken, how this image has contributed to the low status of Kungsmarken, and if this image was reflecting the local participants’ images. To examine this I have done a study of the two local newspapers Sydöstran and BLT during 2005 to see how they represented Kungsmarken. I have done three interviews, with the administration of social services, the local housing authority, the police and the tenants’ association to see if they shared the same opinion as the media.  The theoretical approaches in the study were segregation and media in relation to the suburbs of “miljonprogrammet”. The conclusions were that media mostly represented Kungsmarken in a negative way and that the media images of Kungsmarken didn´t agree with the images the local participants had. Media represented Kungsmarken as a troubled district with a high criminality. They wrote a lot about the bad things that happened in the district but seldom about the good things that happened there. This study has shown that although there were some problems in Kungsmarken they were not as bad as the media described them. The conclusion of this was that media through its’ exaggerated representation of Kungsmarken did influence the image the public had of Kungsmarken, and by that they have contributed to the district’s low status.

Målet med denna uppsats är att försöka få fram vilka som är de avgörande faktorerna som påverkar ungdomar med utländsk härkomst i segregerade områden att studera vidare efter gymnasiet. Metoden som används i uppsatsen är en kvalitativ metod i form av en s.k. livshistorieintervju. Genom att använda sig av livshistorieintervju ges möjligheter för respondenterna att berätta sin historia från uppväxten i hemlandet till Sverige och de nuvarande studierna. Uppsatserna utnyttjar teorier som berör invandrarungdomars skolgång, attityder gentemot det svenska samhället, social habitus, rationellt tänkande samt om de kom frivilligt eller ofrivilligt till Sverige. Det som framkommer i uppsatsen är att ungdomarnas föräldrar, lärare, vänner och viljan att lyckas är de faktorer som påverkar dem när det gäller eftergymnasial utbildning

Double crystalline block copolymers (BCPs), syndiotactic poly(4-methyl-1-pentene)-b-poly(L-lactide) (sPMP-PLLA) and syndiotactic poly(4-methylstyrene)-b-poly(L-lactide) (sPMS-PLLA), were synthesized to examine crystallization effect on the self-assembled morphologies in the double crystalline BCPs. Because of the stainable chemical structures, morphological observation can be carried out in these double crystalline BCPs. Also, different microphase-separated structures including lamellae and hexagonally packed cylinders were explored to study the shape effect for double crystallization. Based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) results, both sPMP and PLLA blocks are able to crystallize in the sPMP-PLLA BCP (fsPMPv=0.52) at the crystallization temperature (Tc) from 80¢XC to 120¢XC. Notably, temperature-dependent phase transitions between the PLLA polymorphisms are obtained by WAXD. By using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), the microphase-separated lamellar structures can be observed in the sPMP-PLLA BCP (fsPMPv=0.52). Also, the preservation of the lamellar morphology at all Tcs (80¢XC~120¢XC) indicates that the sPMP and PLLA crystallization can be strongly confined within the lamellar microstructures due to the strong segregation strength of the sPMP-PLLA (fsPMPv=0.52) BCP. This can be further demonstrated by the ambiguous birefringence under polarized light microscope (PLM). According to the time-resolved SAXS and WAXD profiles at 90oC and 110oC, the sPMP block crystallizes first and induces the enlargement of the BCP long period. Also, the leading sPMP crystallization gives rise to the robust lamellar microstructural template and result in strong confinement for the subsequent PLLA crystallization. In the sPMS-PLLA BCP (fsPMSv=0.58), the microphase-separated lamellar nanostructures can be found by SAXS and TEM. DSC analysis shows that PLLA block is able to crystallize as Tc=90¢XC~100¢XC; the sPMS block is able to crystallize as Tc ≥120oC. By self-nucleation processes, both sPMS and PLLA blocks are able to crystallize. Therefore, by the manipulation of the respective crystallization, two-stage crystallization and coincident crystallization, systematic studies in the semi-crystallization, double crystallization and coincident double crystallization with the accompanying environmental Tg effect and BCP segregation strength can be carried out in the lamella-forming sPMS-PLLA (fsPMSv=0.58) BCP. By SAXS and TEM, the microphase-separated lamellar microstructures can be preserved in the self-assembly of the sPMS-PLLA (fsPMSv=0.58) BCP whatever the PLLA crystallization occurs under hard confinement (Tc,PLLA<Tg,sPMS) or soft confinement(Tc,PLLA˃Tg,sPMS). For the sPMS crystallization under soft confinement, the lamellar microstructures can be preserved as Tc,sPMS ≤140oC, whereas the breakout morphology by the sPMS crystallization is found as Tc,sPMS ≥150oC. As a result, the final morphologies is strongly dependent on the BCP segregation strength in the lamella-forming sPMS-PLLA (fsPMSv=0.58) BCP. In sPMS-PLLA BCP (fsPMSv=0.7), hexagonally-packed PLLA cylinders in the sPMS matrix are obtained by SAXS and TEM. DSC analysis shows that the sPMS block is able to crystallize as Tc=130¢XC~180¢XC, whereas no PLLA crystallization can be found in the cylinder-forming sPMS-PLLA BCP (fsPMSv=0.7). This indicates that the 2-D cylindrical shape might give rise to the strong confined effect and result in non-crystallizable PLLA. According SAXS and TEM results, the intrinsic hexagonally-packed cylinders can be preserved after the sPMS crystallization at 130oC due to the strong BCP segregation strength. By contrast, the crystallization driving force may overwhelm the microphase separation so as to form breakout morphology in the sPMS-PLLA (fsPMSv=0.7) BCP as Tc≥150¢XC.

¡@Due to the advancement of technology and technique, the differences between products and product function gradually decrease. To avoid unnecessary competition among the peers, the most productive method is by establishing unique brand value within consumers¡¦ perspective. In the case of instant noodle market, which suffers with limited funding and low-priced and low-profited product, it is necessary to implement the methodology of market segregation and target marketing. Therefore, a minimum investment with appropriate marketing approach can also receive a rewardable profit. ¡@This study is based on the instant noodle brand ¡§UU¡¨, it is mainly focus on consumers in the Kaoshung area. By using the method of public questionnaire investigation, the 180 valid samples are collected for the study. Based on the interviewers¡¦ ¡§descriptive characteristics¡¨ and ¡§behavioral considerations¡¨, the group is segregated by factors analysis and group analysis. According to the characteristics of each segment, appropriate market is determined for the development of brand value that contributes to target marketing. Purpose of this study: ¡@1.An outline of the instant noodle consumer ¡@2.The eating habit of instant noodle consumer ¡@3.Brand equilty ¡@4.Brand loyalty ¡@5.Product experience and brand value ¡@According to the study result, consumer can be classified into three different segments: fashion (trendy) group, traditional (mature) group, and passionate (personal) group. Among the three segments, there are significant differences mostly on population, eating habit, the rights of brand, product experience, and brand value. By clarifying the characteristics of each group; this study is able to provide a suggestion for ¡§UU¡¨ to implement different marketing stredagy for different market segment.

The sex of and genetic relatedness among interacting individuals are known to be biologically fundamental features that characterize the composition of animal groups. Current work continues to illuminate reasons for the variety of animal social patterns, including patterns in group membership. I investigated the composition of dusky dolphin groups relative to sex and relatedness at two locations in New Zealand. In Kaikoura, dusky dolphins are found year-round, foraging nocturnally on verticallymigrating prey and socializing in distinct group types (mating, nursery, and adult) during the day. By contrast, dusky dolphins use Admiralty Bay, where they feed diurnally on small schooling fishes, primarily in the winter. Molecular sexing revealed the sex of 107 dusky dolphins. The Kaikoura data support previous findings that small mating groups consist mostly of males and indicate that small adult groups can consist of either or both sexes. In Admiralty Bay, the percentage of female dolphins present during the study was estimated to be only 7.4%−22.2% (95% confidence interval, n=88). A randomization test further indicates that dusky dolphins in Admiralty Bay grouped preferentially with same-sex individuals. Nuclear and mitochondrial markers were used to investigate patterns of relatedness. Dusky dolphins sampled in Kaikoura (n=17) and Admiralty Bay (n=47) were genotyped at seven microsatellite loci, and genetic relatedness among all genotyped pairs was estimated. A randomization test indicates that dusky dolphins did not group preferentially by relatedness in Admiralty Bay. Grouping history for 13 genotyped samples was also known from a multi-year photographic record of individually distinctive dusky dolphins. No relationship was found between these longer-term grouping patterns and genetic relatedness. The d-loop region of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was sequenced for 197 dusky dolphins. The pattern of grouping among dolphins with different haplotypes indicates that dusky dolphin groups are not strongly structured by maternal lineages. However, data from eight individual dusky dolphins hint that nursery groups in Kaikoura tend to consist of dolphins that share a maternal ancestor. This investigation raises many questions about the nature of dusky dolphin social organization and suggests promising avenues for finer-grained investigations into the causes and consequences of dusky dolphin group structure.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-68).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Sociology, December 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-99).

This thesis investigates spatial patterns of income-based residential segregation at the neighborhood level in the Russian capital city Moscow within new administrative boundaries, which have received relatively little attention in prior studies. It is argued that Moscow faces high levels of income inequality exacerbated by growing levels of spatial segregation between the affluent and prestigious Center – South-West and poor industrial South – South-East. Applying a whole set of quantitative methods complemented with computer mapping techniques, based on the latest 2013 data by the City of Moscow Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics and 2010 Census data, this study provides new insights into spatial differentiation processes and elaborates policy solutions aimed at addressing economic disparities in the city. A key finding of this thesis is that income segregation in the study area has been driven to a larger extent by the isolation of very poor neighborhoods from middle- and upper-income areas.