Το σελήνιο (Se) είναι σημαντικό συστατικό πολλών αντιοξειδωτικών ενζύμων. Σε μεγάλες ποσότητες, ωστόσο, είναι ιδιαίτερα τοξικό και καρκινογόνο. Σύμφωνα με προηγούμενες in vitro και in vivo μελέτες του εργαστηρίου μας, το εκχύλισμα των στύλων του Crocus sativus (κρόκος Κοζάνης) εμφανίζει σημαντική αντιοξειδωτική δράση. Σκοπός της εργασίας μας ήταν η μελέτη της επίδρασης της χορήγησης υψηλών συγκεντρώσεων σεληνιώδους νατρίου (Na2SeO3) καθώς και της χορήγησης μεθανολικού εκχυλίσματος κρόκου σε επιμέρους εγκεφαλικές περιοχές (φλοιός, μεσεγκέφαλος, παρεγκεφαλίδα) αναπτυσσόμενων επίμυων. Τα πειραματόζωα χωρίστηκαν σε τέσσερις ομάδες (n=6/ομάδα): “Se”: 20 μmol Na2SeO3/kg (υποδορίως -10η ημέρα μετά τη γέννηση τους), “CrSeCr”: 60 mg εκχυλίσματος κρόκου/kg (ενδοπεριτοναϊκώς - 9η ημέρα) 20 μmol Na2SeO3/kg (υποδορίως - 10η ημέρα)/60 mg εκχυλίσματος/kg (ενδοπεριτοναϊκώς - 12η ημέρα), “SeCrCr”: 20 μmol Na2SeO3/kg (υποδορίως - 10η ημέρα)/60 mg εκχυλίσματος κρόκου/kg (ενδοπεριτοναϊκώς - 11η και 12η ημέρα), μάρτυρες: ενέσιμα φυσιολογικός ορός στις αντίστοιχες ημέρες. Το σωματικό βάρος των ζώων καταγραφόταν ανά τακτά διαστήματα. Στους υπό μελέτη ιστούς προσδιορίστηκαν, φθορισμομετρικά, τα επίπεδα της λιπιδικής υπεροξείδωσης και φωτομετρικά η ενεργότητα της καταλάσης, η σουπεροξειδική δισμουτάση και η ικανότητα αναγωγής του σιδηρι-κατιόντος. Το σωματικό βάρος των ζώων όλων των ομάδων ήταν στατιστικώς σημαντικά μειωμένα (Se: 13,21%, CrSeCr: 13.83%, SeCrCr: 10,69%) συγκριτικά με τους μάρτυρες. Όσον αφορά στη λιπιδική υπεροξείδωση, στα ζώα που έλαβαν το Na2SeO3 τα επίπεδα της MDA αυξήθηκαν (34,83%) στον φλοιό σε σύγκριση με τους μάρτυρες. Στις ομάδες που χορηγήθηκε το εκχύλισμα του κρόκου η λιπιδική υπεροξείδωση ήταν σημαντικά ελαττωμένη (CrSeCr: 29,62%) σε σχέση με τους μάρτυρες στην περιοχή της παρεγκεφαλίδας και του μεσεγκέφαλου. Στο ήπαρ η χορήγηση του σεληνιώδους νατρίου προκάλεσε στατιστικώς σημαντική μείωση της υπεροξείδωσης λιπιδίων σε ποσοστό 47.78%, της ενεργότητας της καταλάσης και αύξηση της ικανότητας αναγωγής του σιδηρι-κατιόντος. Επιπλέον, με την χορήγηση του εκχυλίσματος του Crocus sativus παρατηρήθηκαν κάποιες μικρές αλλά σημαντικές αλλαγές, ιδιαίτερα στην περιοχή της παρεγκεφαλίδας. Συγκεκριμένα, στην παρεγκεφαλίδα η χορήγηση του εκχυλίσματος του Crocus sativus προκάλεσε στατιστικώς σημαντική αύξηση της δραστικότητας της σουπεροξειδικής δισμουτάσης, της ικανότητας αναγωγής του σιδηρι-κατιόντος και μείωση της ενεργότητας της καταλάσης. Συμπερασματικά, η χορήγηση του Na2SeO3 στους αναπτυσσόμενους επίμυες επηρέασε αρνητικά την ανάπτυξή τους και επέδρασε στην οξειδοαναγωγική ισσοροπία με ιστοειδικό τρόπο θετικά στο ήπαρ και αρνητικά στον εγκεφαλικό φλοιό. Η χορήγηση κρόκου δεν άμβλυνε αυτές τις αλλαγές ενώ επηρέασε σημαντικά παραμέτρους στην παραγκεφαλίδα του εγκεφάλου. / Selenium (Se) is an important constituent of many antioxidant enzymes. In large quantities, however, it is highly toxic and carcinogenic. According to previous in vitro and in vivo studies in our laboratory, the extract from Crocus sativus (saffron) stigmas shows significant antioxidant cerebral protection of adult and aged rodents. In this study, our aim was to study the effect of administration of high concentrations of sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and also of the co-administration of the saffron extract in individual brain regions (cortex, midbrain, cerebellum) in developing rats, an established model of cataractogenesis. The rats were divided into four groups (n = 6/group): "Se": 20 μmol Na2SeO3/kg (subcutaneous-10th day after birth), "CrSeCr": 60 mg dry saffron extract/kg (intraperitoneally - day 9)/20 μmol Na2SeO3/kg (subcutaneous - day 10)/60 mg extract/kg (intraperitoneally – day 12), "SeCrCr": 20μmol Na2SeO3/kg (subcutaneous - day 10)/60 mg saffron extract/kg (intraperitoneally on 11th and 12th day). Control animals received normal saline injections on the respective days. The animal body weight was recorded at regular intervals. Levels of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) were determined fluorimetrically and the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase and ferric-reducing antioxidant power spectometrically in tissue homogenates. The weight of animals in all treated groups was significantly lower (Se: 13.21%, CrSeCr: 13.83%, SeCrCr: 10.69%) than that of controls. MDA levels were significanly increased (34,83%) in the cortex of the animals that received Na2SeO3 compared to controls. In the groups treated with saffron extract, the lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced (CrSeCr: 29.62%) only in the cerebellum compared with controls. In the liver the administration of sodium selenite caused statistically significant reduction of lipid peroxidation in percentage of 47.78% with concomitant decrease of catalase activity. Moreover, the administration of the saffron extract caused some small but significant changes, especially in the cerebellum. Significant increase of superoxide dismutase activity, increase of the ferric-reducing antioxidant power and decrease of catalase activity. In conclusion, administration of Na2SeO3 to developing rats negatively affected their development and affected the redox equilibrium in a region-specific way, positively in liver and negatively in the cerebral cortex. The administration of the saffron extract did not affect these changes while it beneficially changed in the cerebellum of the brain.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The aim of this study was to evaluate the utilization of a standard treatment with diminazene aceturate against the infection caused by T. evansi, associated to sodium selenite and vitamin E. In vitro tests showed trypanocidal effect related to the treatment with diminazene aceturate and sodium selenite, but vitamin E had no harmful effect on the trypanosomes. In vivo experiments utilized a total of 72 adult outbreed females rats, separated into 9 groups (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I), 8 animals each. Group A was the uninfected group; groups B to I were infected with 0.2 mL of blood containing 106 trypanosomes. Parasitemia was estimated daily by microscopic examination of blood smears. Group B served as positive control; group C was treated with diminazene aceturate; group D with sodium selenite; group E with vitamin E; group F received an association of diminazene aceturate and sodium selenite; group G received an association of diminazene aceturate and vitamin E; group H received an association of diminazene aceturate, sodium selenite and vitamin E, and group I received an association of sodium selenite and vitamin E. Diminazene aceturate was administrated in a single dose on the 3rd day post infection (PI). Sodium selenite and vitamin E were administered at the 3rd and 23rd day PI. In vivo tests showed increase of longevity in groups treated with diminazene aceturate associated with sodium selenite (groups F and H). No difference was found between groups C and E, thus the vitamin E did not increase the efficacy of treatment against T. evansi when associated to diminazene aceturate. The curative efficacy of treatments was 37.5, 87.7, 37.7 and 75% to the groups C, F, G and H, respectively. Other treatments showed no efficacy. The sodium selenite when combined with chemotherapy may represent an alternative in the treatment of trypanosomosis. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilização de um tratamento padrão contra a infecção causada pelo T. evansi, baseado na utilização do aceturato de diminazeno associado ao selenito de sódio e a vitamina E. Os testes in vitro mostraram um efeito tripanocida relacionados ao tratamento com aceturato de diminazeno e selenito de sódio; contudo a vitamina E não gerou nenhum efeito nocivo sobre o tripanossomas. Experimentos in vivo utilizaram um total de 72 fêmeas adultas de ratos, separados em 9 grupos (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H e I), com 8 animais cada grupo. O grupo A serviu como grupo não infectado; grupos de B a I foram infectados com 0,2 mL de sangue contendo 106 tripanossomas. A parasitemia foi estimada diariamente por exame microscópico de esfregaços sanguíneo. O grupo B serviu como controle positivo; grupo C, tratado com aceturato de diminazeno; grupo D, com selenito de sódio; grupo E, com vitamina E; grupo F, recebeu uma associação de aceturato de diminazeno e selenito de sódio; grupo G, associação de aceturato de diminazeno e vitamina E; grupo H, associação de aceturato de diminazeno, selenito de sódio e vitamina E; e por fim o grupo I o qual recebeu uma associação de selenito de sódio e vitamina E. O aceturato de diminazeno foi administrado em dose única no 3º dia pós-infecção (PI). Selenito de sódio e vitamina E foram administradas no 3º e 23º dias PI. Os testes in vivo mostraram aumento da longevidade nos grupos tratados com aceturato de diminazeno associado ao selenito de sódio (grupos F e H). Não foi encontrada diferença entre os grupos C e E, portanto, a vitamina E não aumentou a eficácia do tratamento contra T. evansi quando associado ao aceturato de diminazeno. A eficácia curativa dos tratamentos foi de 37.5, 87.7, 37.7 e 75% para os grupos C, F, G e H, respectivamente. Os demais tratamentos não mostraram eficácia. Assim, podemos sugerir que o selenito de sódio, quando combinado com a quimioterapia pode representar uma alternativa no tratamento da tripanossomose.

Orientador: Solange Maria de Almeida / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T04:01:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pontual_MariaLuizadosAnjos_D.pdf: 19820473 bytes, checksum: dbd5a33178ca3a999b3af5968d746de7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Avaliou-se o efeito radioprotetor do selenito de sódio nas células secretoras das glândulas submandibulares de ratos, por meio da análise ultraestrutural. Foram utilizados 57 ratos subdivididos em quatro grupos experimentais: controle, irradiado, selenito de sódio e selenito de sódio/irradiado. Os animais, pertencentes aos grupos irradiado e selenito de sódio/irradiado, foram submetidos a 15 Gy de radiação gama na região de cabeça e pescoço. Nos animais correspondentes aos grupos selenito de sódio e selenito de sódio/irradiado foi administrado 0,5 mg/kg de peso de selenito de sódio por via intraperitonial 24 horas antes da irradiação e nos grupos controle e irradiado, injetou-se solução salina. As glândulas submandibulares foram removidas após 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas da irradiação. Os resultados mostraram que a radiação causou danos, desde o primeiro tempo, nas células secretoras, sendo maior para as células serosas. Os danos intensificaram-se até o período de 12 horas, com início do processo de reparo no tempo de 24 horas, sem recuperação completa nos últimos tempos avaliados. O grupo selenito de sódio também apresentou alterações celulares nos tempos estudados, porém com menor dano em relação ao causado pela radiação. Foram observados vacuolização, lise de inclusões citoplasmáticas e alterações nucleares. O grupo selenito de sódio/irradiado apresentou maior semelhança com o grupo controle que os outros grupos tratados durante todos os tempos estudados. Foi concluído que, apesar das alterações observadas no grupo selenito de sódio, o selenito de sódio possui ação radioprotetora nas células secretoras das glândulas submandibulares / Abstract: The radioprotective effect of sodium selenite in the secretory cells of submandibular glands of rats was assessed by ultrastructural analysis. A total of 57 rats were used, which were divided into four experimental groups: control, irradiated, sodium selenite and sodium selenite/irradiated. The animals belonging to the irradiated and sodium selenite /irradiated groups were submitted to 15 Gy of gamma radiation at the head and neck. The animals in the sodium selenite and sodium selenite/irradiated groups received intraperitoneal injections of sodium selenite, 0.5mg/kg of body weight, at 24 hours before irradiation; the control and irradiated groups received injection of saline solution. The submandibular glands were removed at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after irradiation. The results demonstrated that the radiation induced damages to the secretory cells, especially the serous cells, since the first period. The damages were increased up to the 12- hour period, with onset of the repair process at 24 hours, without complete recovery at the last periods. The sodium selenite group also presented cellular alterations in the study periods, yet with less damage compared to that caused by radiation. There was vacuolization, lysis of cytoplasmic inclusions and nuclear alterations. The sodium selenite/irradiated group was more similar to the control group than the other groups treated at all study periods. It was concluded that, despite the alterations observed in the sodium selenite group, the sodium selenite has a radioprotective action on the secretory cells of submandibular glands / Doutorado / Radiologia Odontologica / Doutor em Radiologia Odontológica

No description available.

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Στόχος της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν να μελετήσει αν το εκχύλισμα των στιγμάτων του Crocus sativus L. αναστέλλει την επαγόμενη από σεληνιώδες νάτριο ανάπτυξη καταρράκτη σε ένα in vivo πείραμα με νεογνά επίμυων του γένους Wistar. Μέθοδοι: Τα νεογνά των επίμυων κατατάχθηκαν τυχαία σε 3 ομάδες. Ομάδα Ι (ομάδα μαρτύρων) όπου χορηγήθηκε υποδόρια φυσιολογικός ορός τη 10η ημέρα της ζωής. Ομάδα ΙΙ (ομάδα σεληνιώδους νατρίου) στην οποία χορηγήθηκε υποδόρια σεληνιώδες νάτριο (20 µmol/kg σωματικού βάρους) τη 10η ημέρα της ζωής. Ομάδα ΙΙΙ (ομάδα σεληνιώδους νατρίου και εκχυλίσματος στιγμάτων Crocus sativus L.) στην οποία εκτός από το σεληνιώδες νάτριο τη 10η ημέρα της ζωής χορηγήθηκε και εκχύλισμα στιγμάτων του Crocus sativus L. (60 mg/kg σωματικού βάρους) την 9η και 12η ημέρα της ζωής. Την 21η ημέρα της ζωής οι επίμυες θυσιάστηκαν και οι κρυσταλλοειδείς φακοί απομονώθηκαν και εξετάστηκαν για την εμφάνιση καταρράκτη. Ακολούθησε προσδιορισμός στους κρυσταλλοειδείς φακούς της δραστικότητας των αντιοξειδωτικών ενζύμων δισμουτάση του σουπεροξειδίου (SOD), της υπεροξειδάσης της γλουταθειόνης (GPx) καθώς και της καταλάσης (CAT). Προσδιορίστηκαν επίσης τα επίπεδα της γλουταθειόνης στους φακούς. Επιπλέον, μετρήθηκαν τα επίπεδα της μηλονικής διαλδεΰδης (MDA), ως δείκτη υπεροξείδωσης των λιπιδίων, καθώς και η συγκέντρωση των ελεύθερων σουλφυδρυλομάδων, ως δείκτη οξειδωτικής βλάβης των πρωτεϊνών, στους κρυσταλλοειδείς φακούς των επίμυων. Η επίδραση των χορηγούμενων παραγόντων στο πρωτεϊνικό προφίλ των φακών εκτιμήθηκε μέσω προσδιορισμού του λόγου των υδατοδιαλυτών προς τις μη υδατοδιαλυτές πρωτεΐνες του φακού. Τέλος έγινε ανάλυση των υδατοδιαλυτών πρωτεϊνών με ηλεκτροφόρηση σε πήκτωμα πολυακρυλαμιδίου. Αποτελέσματα: Το εκχύλισμα αποξηραμένων στιγμάτων του Crocus sativus L. επέδειξε σημαντική προστασία έναντι στην επαγόμενη από σεληνιώδες νάτριο καταρρακτογένεση στο in vivo πειραματικό μοντέλο που χρησιμοποιήσαμε. Οι μέσες τιμές των δραστικοτήτων των αντιοξειδωτικών ενζύμων SOD, GPx, CAT καθώς και της συγκέντρωσης της γλουταθειόνης αυξήθηκαν σημαντικά στην ομάδα που έλαβε εκχύλισμα στιγμάτων του Crocus sativus L. σε σύγκριση με την ομάδα των επίμυων που δέχθηκε μόνο την τοξική δράση του σεληνιώδους νατρίου. Το εκχύλισμα των στιγμάτων του Crocus sativus L. απέτρεψε σε σημαντικό βαθμό την υπεροξείδωση των λιπιδίων καθώς και την οξειδωτική βλάβη στις πρωτεΐνες του φακού. Επίσης απέτρεψε την πρωτεόλυση των υδατοδιαλυτών πρωτεϊνών του φακού. Συμπεράσματα: Χορήγηση εκχυλίσματος αποξηραμένων στιγμάτων του Crocus sativus L. απέτρεψε την επαγόμενη από το σεληνιώδες νάτριο καταρρακτογένεση σε νεογνά επίμυων του γένους Wistar πιθανώς μέσω ενίσχυσης της αντιοξειδωτικής άμυνας του κρυσταλλοειδούς φακού, μέσω αναστολής του βαθμού της υπεροξείδωσης των λιπιδίων, μέσω προστασίας των σουλφυδρυλομάδων των πρωτεϊνών καθώς και μέσω αναστολής της πρωτεόλυσης των υδατοδιαλυτών πρωτεϊνών του φακού. Αυτά τα ευρήματα τονίζουν τις πιθανές αντικαταρρακτογενετικές δράσεις των αποξηραμένων στιγμάτων του Crocus sativus L. οι οποίες αποδίδονται στις αντιοξειδωτικές τους ιδιότητες. / The present study sought to investigate whether Crocus sativus L. stigmas extract prevents selenite-induced cataractogenesis in vivo and to study the possible protective mechanism. Methods: Wistar rat pups were randomized into 3 groups. Group I (control) received subcutaneous injection of normal saline on postnatal day 10. Groups II (selenite treated) and III (selenite and Crocus sativus L. treated) received subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite (20 µmol/kg body weight) on postnatal day 10. Group III received intraperitoneal injections of Crocus sativus L. stigmas extract (60 mg/kg body weight) on postnatal days 9 and 12. On postpartum day 21, rats were sacrificed and the lenses were isolated and examined for cataract formation. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) and glutathione levels, as markers of antioxidant defense, were measured in the isolated lenses. Levels of the indicator of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein oxidation (sulfhydryl content) in lens were also determined. Effect of the different treatments on lens’ protein profile was evaluated with the estimation of soluble to insoluble protein ratio and SDS-PAGE analysis of water-soluble fraction (WSF) of lens proteins. Results: Crocus sativus L. stigmas extract demonstrated significant protection against selenite-induced cataractogenesis in vivo. The mean activities of SOD, GPx, CAT and glutathione levels were significantly increased in group III compared to the selenite-treated group. Crocus sativus L. stigmas extract significantly prevented selenite-induced lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, as well as proteolysis and insolubilization of the lens WSF. Conclusions: Crocus sativus L. stigmas extract prevented selenite-induced cataract formation in Wistar rats possibly by reinforcement of antioxidant status, reduction of the intensity of lipid peroxidation, protection of the sulfhydryl groups, and inhibition of proteolysis of the lens WSF. These findings highlight the anti-cataractogenic potential of Crocus sativus L. stigmas by virtue of their antioxidant properties.

The current research project investigated the anoxygenic phototrophic and metal(loid) transforming bacteria of hypersaline and deep ocean hydrothermal environments. The East German Creek brine springs, an unusual flowing hypersaline system, was enumerated using classical techniques. Subterranean sulfide supported purple sulfur and nonsulfur bacteria, but at the highly oxygenated surface, aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs (AAP) were numerically dominant (up to 16-36% of cultivable bacteria). Strains (EG8, EG13, EG17, EG19) with unusual phylogenetic affiliation and novel photosynthetic and metal(loid) reducing traits were described taxonomically. Chromocurvus halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov. was proposed as a second example of a gammaproteobacterial AAP. It exhibited bent rod-shaped cells, unusual among AAP. Facultatively anaerobic Charonomicrobium ambiphototrophicum gen. nov., sp. nov. was capable of both aerobic and anaerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis, and incapable of photoautotrophy, distinguishing it from both AAP and purple nonsulfur bacteria. Roseovarius vanadiphilum sp. nov. surprisingly produced 4.5 times more biomass and 2 times more bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) at extremely high NaVO3 concentration (7.5 g/l) than in metal-free medium. A second novel metabolic mode, anaerobic respiration on the toxic metalloid tellurate, was described for a relative of non-phototrophic Shewanella frigidimarina (ER-Te-48), from deep ocean hydrothermal vent Paralvinella worms at Explorer Ridge in the Pacific Ocean. Other strains respired on SeO32- (ER-Se-17L), VO3- (ER-V-6), and VO43- (AV-V-25). These organisms provided the first examples of anaerobic respiration on Te, Se and V at hydrothermal vents. High level resistance of AAP to metal(loid)s prompted investigation of the influence of TeO32- on photosynthetic pigment production in species including Erythromicrobium ramosum (from a terrestrial hydrothermal system) and Erythrobacter litoralis (from a hypersaline supralittoral system). Tellurite enhanced photosynthetic pigment production up to 3.4 times, consistent with an antioxidant carotenoid-based defense mechanism. However, in E. litoralis BChl precursors such as Mg protoporphyrin or its monomethyl ester also accumulated, indicating biosynthetic pathway interruption. In hydrothermal and hypersaline ecosystems, largely devoid of eukaryotic phototrophs but often enriched in metal(loid)s, AAP and metal(loid) reducers are key modulators of nutrient and toxin availability. The presented results on their ecology, physiology and biochemistry have important implications for theoretical understanding of extreme environments and hold potential for biotechnological applications.

The current research project investigated the anoxygenic phototrophic and metal(loid) transforming bacteria of hypersaline and deep ocean hydrothermal environments. The East German Creek brine springs, an unusual flowing hypersaline system, was enumerated using classical techniques. Subterranean sulfide supported purple sulfur and nonsulfur bacteria, but at the highly oxygenated surface, aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs (AAP) were numerically dominant (up to 16-36% of cultivable bacteria). Strains (EG8, EG13, EG17, EG19) with unusual phylogenetic affiliation and novel photosynthetic and metal(loid) reducing traits were described taxonomically. Chromocurvus halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov. was proposed as a second example of a gammaproteobacterial AAP. It exhibited bent rod-shaped cells, unusual among AAP. Facultatively anaerobic Charonomicrobium ambiphototrophicum gen. nov., sp. nov. was capable of both aerobic and anaerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis, and incapable of photoautotrophy, distinguishing it from both AAP and purple nonsulfur bacteria. Roseovarius vanadiphilum sp. nov. surprisingly produced 4.5 times more biomass and 2 times more bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) at extremely high NaVO3 concentration (7.5 g/l) than in metal-free medium. A second novel metabolic mode, anaerobic respiration on the toxic metalloid tellurate, was described for a relative of non-phototrophic Shewanella frigidimarina (ER-Te-48), from deep ocean hydrothermal vent Paralvinella worms at Explorer Ridge in the Pacific Ocean. Other strains respired on SeO32- (ER-Se-17L), VO3- (ER-V-6), and VO43- (AV-V-25). These organisms provided the first examples of anaerobic respiration on Te, Se and V at hydrothermal vents. High level resistance of AAP to metal(loid)s prompted investigation of the influence of TeO32- on photosynthetic pigment production in species including Erythromicrobium ramosum (from a terrestrial hydrothermal system) and Erythrobacter litoralis (from a hypersaline supralittoral system). Tellurite enhanced photosynthetic pigment production up to 3.4 times, consistent with an antioxidant carotenoid-based defense mechanism. However, in E. litoralis BChl precursors such as Mg protoporphyrin or its monomethyl ester also accumulated, indicating biosynthetic pathway interruption. In hydrothermal and hypersaline ecosystems, largely devoid of eukaryotic phototrophs but often enriched in metal(loid)s, AAP and metal(loid) reducers are key modulators of nutrient and toxin availability. The presented results on their ecology, physiology and biochemistry have important implications for theoretical understanding of extreme environments and hold potential for biotechnological applications.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:51:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01 - capa_abstract.pdf: 189517 bytes, checksum: a57d5759fa8732c8db49cecf7b75a4da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-17 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Selenium (Se) is one of the essential nutrient for several physiological functions that include activity of the proteins catalytic centre, increase of the immune system functions and reduces the cancer risk, besides being the essential component of the antioxidative enzyme, glutatione peroxydase (GPx). In areas where the soil present low Se concentration, such as the Brazilian soils, the agricultural products also presents low concentrations of this element and this deficiency causes serious risks for the human health. Besides the plants, mushrooms have the capacity to accumulate great quantities of Se, and, this characteristic associated to the elevated nutritional value, being a source of proteins, carbohydrates vitamin B1, B2 and B3, calcium and iron, makes of mushrooms aliments that alleviate various nutritional deficiencies. The bioavailability is defined as the proportion of ingested nutrient that is used for normal physiological functions or stored, so, it must be considered in the nutritional food evaluation. The objective of this work was to enrich and determine the bioavailability of Se in Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom. The mushrooms were produced in coffee rusk as substrate base enriched with different concentration of Se 3,2; 6,4; 12,8; 25,4; 51; 76,4; 102 mg kg-1), using sodium setenite. Biological efficiency (BE) and Se, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, N, P, Pb and Zn concentration were evaluated, in three consecutive flushing, in the same substrate. For Se bioavailability, 64 rats (Wistar) were fed using P. ostreatus mushrooms enriched or not with Se, and as positive control sodium selenite was used. BE of the mushrooms was affected by both flushing number and Se concentration in the substrate. The highest value of BE among 13,06 to 37,56% were observed at the first flushing, white BE among 2,47 to 11,09% were obtained at third flushing which period varied from 43 to 79 days after inoculation. Mushrooms groduced in the substrate with 3.2 mg kg -1 present about 55 &#956;g g-1 of Se in the dry matter. The maximum Se concentration absorbed by the fungus was when it was growth in the substrate with 0.64 mmol kg-1 of Se, although the best use of added Se occurred with 12,8 mg kg-1 where 34% of added Se was present in the mushroom. Biological assay showed that Se present in the mushroom was able to cross the intestinal barrier reaching the blood circulation of the animals. The rats using mushroom Se enriched mushroom presents 700 &#956;g L- 1 of Se in the blood plasma, while ones receiving the same quantity of Se as sodium selenite present about 500 &#956;g L-1 (P<0,05). The plasma GPx enzyme activity was about 2000 nmol min-1 mL-1 in rats fed with all diets (P>0,05). The blood plasma protein showed no difference among diet in relation to chromatographic profiles. The peptide in high concentration was detected at 24 min presenting molecular weight estimated to 7,7 kDa. However, Se concentration in this peptide was 2.76, 6. 90 and 5.27 &#956;g L-1 in animals fed, respectively, without Se, Se enriched mushroom and sodium selenite. Based on these results, it can be concluded that: mushroom production was stimulated by low concentration of Se added to the substrate; BE in the first flushing is higher than second and third; concentration of 12,8 mg kg-1 of Se in the substrate resulted in the best use of added Se; Se in the mushroom was better absorbed bay the animals than when as sodium selenate. Selenium present in the mushroom shows high bioavailability, since Se was detected not only in the blood plasma but also into the seric peptides; Over all, P. ostreatus shows an excellent food source of Se. / O selênio (Se) é um nutriente essencial envolvido em diversas funções fisiológicas que incluem atividade no centro catalítico de proteínas, aumento de funções do sistema imune e redução do risco de câncer, além de ser o componente essencial da enzima antioxidativa glutationa peroxidase (GPx). Em áreas onde os solos têm baixa disponibilidade de Se, como os solos brasileiros, os produtos agrícolas também apresentam baixas concentrações desse elemento e essa deficiência causa graves riscos para a saúde humana. Além das plantas, os cogumelos têm a capacidade de acumular grandes quantidades de Se, e, essa característica associada ao elevado valor nutricional, por ser fonte de proteínas carboidratos vitaminas B1, B2 e B3, cálcio e ferro, faz dos cogumelos alimentos para suprir carências nutricionais diversas. A biodisponibilidade, definida como a proporção de nutrientes ingeridos que é utilizada para funções fisiológicas normais ou armazenados, deve ser considerada na avaliação nutricional de um alimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi enriquecer e determinar a biodisponibilidade de Se nos cogumelos Pleurotus ostreatus. Os cogumelos foram produzidos em substrato à base de casca de café enriquecido com diferentes concentrações de Se (0; 3,2; 6,4; 12,8; 25.4; 51; 76,4; 102 mg kg-1), na forma de selenito de sódio. Determinou-se a eficiência biológica (EB), as concentrações de Se e também de Ca. Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, N, P, Pb, Zn, em três colheitas consecutivas do cogumelo em um mesmo substrato Para avaliar a biodisponibilidade do Se 64 ratos da linhagem Wistar, receberam dietas contendo cogumelos P. ostreatus enriquecidos ou não com Se. A EB de P. ostreatus foi afetada tanto pelo número de colheitas quanto pelas doses de Se adicionadas ao substrato. Os maiores valores de EB, situados entre 13,06 e 37,56 foram constatados na primeira colheita. Valores de EB entre 2,47 e 11,09 foram obtidos na terceira colheita, após um período que variou de 43 a 79 dias. Na concentração de 3,2 mg kg-1 de Se os cogumelos apresentaram cerca de 55 ug g-1 de Se na massa seca. A quantidade de Se máxima absorvida pelo fungo ocorreu quando foi adicionada ao substrato 51 mg kg-1 de Se, embora, o melhor aproveitamento do Se tenha ocorrido na concentração de 0,16 mmol kg-1 com absorção de 34 % do Se adicionado. O ensaio biológico mostrou que o Se presente nos cogumelos foi capaz de atravessar a barreira intestinal e atingir a circulação dos animais. Os ratos alimentados com dietas contendo cogumelos enriquecidos com Se apresentaram cerca de 700 ug L-1 de Se no plasma sangüíneo, enquanto os alimentados com a mesma quantidade de Se na forma de selenito de sódio apresentaram cerca de 500 ug L-1 (P<0,05). A atividade da enzima Gpx plasmática foi de cerca de 2000 nmol mm-1 mL-1 nos animais que se alimentaram de dietas contendo ou não cogumelos enriquecidos com Se (P>0,05). A análise protéica do plasma sangüíneo por cromatografia mostrou não haver diferença no perfil cromatográfico das amostras. O peptídeo em maior concentração foi detectado aos 24 min de corrida cromatográfica e foi estimado o peso molecular de, aproximadamente, 7,7 kDa. Entretanto, a concentração de Se nesse peptídeo foi 2,76, 6,90 e 5,27 ug L-1, respectivamente nos ratos alimentados sem Se, com cogumelos enriquecidos com Se e com selenito de sódio. Com base nestes resultados pode-se concluir que o selenito de sódio adicionado ao substrato em concentrações de 3,2 a 12,8 mg kg-1 estimulou a produção de cogumelos que foram capazes de acumular Se quando cultivados na presença desse elemento, a EB foi maior na primeira colheita do cogumelo; as concentrações de 3,2 e 12,8 mg kg-1 resultaram em 34% de aproveitamento do Se adicionado ao substrato; o Se presente no cogumelo foi mais absorvido pelos animais do que o Se na forma de selenato de sódio; o Se presente no cogumelo está não só no plasma sangüíneo como também è metabolizado e inserido nos peptídeos séricos; o cogumelo P. ostreatus pode ser uma excelente fonte alimentar de Se.

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