Denna studie tar del i den stora hälsotrenden som pågår i dagens samhälle. Ingen kan ha undgått hur media påverkar och har ett stort inflytande när det kommer till kroppsfixering och självförtroende hos människor. Överallt får man intrycket av att man ska vara smal eller vältränad för att passa in och det är viktigt att vara som alla andra. Och är du inte det så uppfyller du inte omgivningens krav. Självklart borde detta spegla av sig på självförtroendet om man inte känner att man uppfyller kraven, eller är det verkligen så? Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om manliga och kvinnliga universitetsstudenter har olika syn på sitt eget utseende och självförtroende, och även undersöka om det finns några könsskillnader i detta. Vi har valt att göra undersökningen med hjälp av enkäter via det webbaserade programmet Survey & Report. Sedan analysera resultatet i Survey & Report och statistikprogrammet SPSS. Vi valde att gå runt på Karlstads universitet med enkäten och låta slumpmässigt utvalda respondenter få svara på enkäten och det var 50 studenter som deltog i undersökningen. Resultatet visade att de kvinnliga studenterna hade generellt sämre självförtroende än vad de manliga studenterna hade. Både de kvinnliga och manliga studenterna var överlag ganska positiva till sitt eget utseende. De manliga studenterna visade sig vara mer säkra i olika sorters situationer än vad de kvinnliga studenterna var. Slutsatserna är att det var ett brett område att undersöka, kanske för brett för en b-uppsatts och för den lilla andelen respondenter vi hade. Det går inte heller dra någon generalisering av forskningen då det var för få respondenter. Men av det som vi valt att undersöka går det att dra en slutsats att de manliga respondenterna visade på ett bättre självförtroende och att de var säkrare i olika situationer. De kvinnliga respondenterna var mer jämnnöjda med sitt utseende än vad männen var, och de kvinnliga respondenterna svarade att de ville ändra mindre på sig själva utseendemässigt än vad männen svarade att de ville. / The paper takes part in the big health trend going on in today's society. No one can have failed to notice how the media influences and has a major influence when it comes to body fixation and self-confidence. Everywhere one gets the impression that one should be slim or fit to fit in and it is important to be like everyone else. And if you're not, you don’t meet the demands of your surroundings. Obviously, this should reflect on your self-confidence if you do not feel you meet the requirements, or is that the case? The purpose of this paper is to examine whether male and female university students have different views of their own appearance and self-confidence, and also investigate whether there are gender differences. We have chosen to do the survey using questionnaires via the web-based program Survey & Report. After analyzing the results of the Survey & Report and SPSS, we chose to walk around at Karlstad University with the survey and let the randomly selected respondents answer the questionnaire and there were 50 students who participated in the survey. The results showed that female students generally had lower self-confidence than the male students had. Both the female and male students were overall quite positive about their own appearance. Male students were found to be more secure in different kinds of situations than the female students were. The conclusions are that there was a wide area to explore, perhaps too wide for this kind of paper and for the small percentage of respondents we had. It is not possible to draw any generalization of the research when there were too few respondents. But from what we have chosen to investigate it is possible to draw a conclusion that male respondents showed a better self-confidence and were more reliable in different situations. The female respondents were more evenly satisfied with their appearance than men were, and female respondents answered that they wanted to change less of themselves in appearance than men responded that they would.

Magister Artium (Child and Family Studies) - MA(CFS) / Adolescence can be understood as the transitional period between childhood and adulthood. During adolescence individuals tend to experiment and discover who they are in terms of their unique social identity and are more susceptible to health risk behaviour engagement. Health risk behaviour place individuals at risk for numerous health complications. The most common forms of health risk behaviours are smoking, drinking, illicit drug use, risky sexual behaviour, violence and physical inactivity. Life skills development has been proven to reduce many health risk behaviours in adolescents. The Life Effectiveness Questionnaire (LEQ) is a psychometric instrument which has been developed to measure life skills. Social Cognitive Theory posits that people are not driven by inner forces nor are they controlled by external stimuli, rather there is a reciprocal triadic relationship where the environment, cognition and personal factors influences learning through observation. When in the presence of their peers, adolescents are more likely to engage in health risk behaviour because of peer influence and immediate rewards. This study aimed to study the effects of the LEQs life skills domains as it relates to the engagement in health risk behaviour among Grade 8 learners in a selected high school in Paarl. This study used a quantitative methodology with a cross-sectional design employing written surveys. The sample consisted of 104 Grade 8 learners. The data was collected using self-reported questionnaires. One was the LEQ (Appendix 5 and 6) which measures life skills and the other was the Youth Risk Behaviour Surveillance Survey (YRBSS) (Appendix 7) which measures the prevalence of health risk behaviour engagement. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences V24 (SPSS). The results suggested that there is still a high prevalence of health risk behaviour engagement among Grade 8 learners with increases evident in some of the health risk behaviours.

The thesis aims to address a perceived gap in the training and development of music performers, namely the lack of a practical strategies framework for developing performance confidence, especially self-efficacy (situational selfconfidence) in music performance. To this end, a Training Program with Training Manual was designed to assist musicians in the management of practice and performance, using a framework of six integrative mental and physical strategies taken from Sport Performance and applied to Music Performance. Five musicians trialed the Training Program for five weeks. Five individual case studies were constructed to explore and interpret the musicians' practice and performance experiences before and after using the Training Program / Manual. Analyses of in-depth interviews and a follow-up questionnaire revealed that the Training Program had produced positive changes in mental and physical behaviour, along with increased concentration ability and coping skills in stressful situations, resulting in a sense of control in performance. A cross-case analysis revealed that the shared issues of significance for the musicians were Concentration, Stress and Lifestyle Practices, and Sense of Control in practice and performance. This qualitative study demonstrates that a training program addressing the lifestyle context of music performance is beneficial for practice and the lead-up to performance. Confidence in playing ability develops, when practice and performance are perceived to be effectively self-managed and practice becomes a positive experience. The findings of this study suggest the need for a holistic approach to music performance, based on awareness of the mind-body connections involved in performance.

<p>Educators have an importance for the pupil’s progress, where the individual adjustment tutoring is varying. The pupil’s self-confidence is also individual and can be affected by the humans in the society. To find every pupil’s knowledge and enjoy creating and learning is a big part of an educator’s work. A working method that can rise pupils’ self-confidence and give a zestful tutoring is the aesthetician. </p><p> </p><p>The purpose with this study is to look at the educators’ views on the meaning of aesthetic for self-confidence and how they work with aesthetic in their teaching.</p><p> </p><p>I based my study on qualitative interviews to get an enlarge meaning if aesthetics has an influence the pupils’ self-confidence. The results give a picture of how the educators would like to work with aesthetic in their teaching because pupil’s self-confidence is getting stronger. But the aesthetic has a low value, and therefore there is a reduced selection by the aesthetic in school, which will be at the expense of the pupil.</p>

Educators have an importance for the pupil’s progress, where the individual adjustment tutoring is varying. The pupil’s self-confidence is also individual and can be affected by the humans in the society. To find every pupil’s knowledge and enjoy creating and learning is a big part of an educator’s work. A working method that can rise pupils’ self-confidence and give a zestful tutoring is the aesthetician.    The purpose with this study is to look at the educators’ views on the meaning of aesthetic for self-confidence and how they work with aesthetic in their teaching.   I based my study on qualitative interviews to get an enlarge meaning if aesthetics has an influence the pupils’ self-confidence. The results give a picture of how the educators would like to work with aesthetic in their teaching because pupil’s self-confidence is getting stronger. But the aesthetic has a low value, and therefore there is a reduced selection by the aesthetic in school, which will be at the expense of the pupil.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of false positive and false negative feedback upon the self-efficacy and performance of high and low self-esteem experienced weight lifters. Among a group of volunteers, 65 experienced male weight lifters were classified as either high or low self-esteem following administration of the Global Self-Worth Scale (Neemann & Harter, 1986). Each was qualified by the ability to perform a one repetition-maximum (1RM) bench press between 200 to 350 lbs., which was tested through a series of trials. Self-efficacy estimates for the 1RM bench press were obtained throughout the experiment. Trial sessions were accompanied by manipulated feedback, providing the subjects with either actual, inflated, or deflated values of weights lifted. High and low self-esteem subjects performed tasks differently with respect to the type of feedback received. During the first manipulative treatments, high self-esteem subjects lifted greater weights after receiving false positive feedback and lesser weights after receiving false negative feedback. At all times, low self esteem subjects did not perform differently after the receipt of either false positive or false negative feedback. An analysis of the self-efficacy data demonstrated that predictions for 1RM bench press performances were not influenced by levels of self-esteem. However, both high and low self-esteem subjects predicted that they would lift greater or lesser weights following the administration of, false positive or false negative feedback, respectively, and both groups of subjects predicted there would be no weight differences following administration of actual feedback. Correlation analyses, conducted to determine relationships between self-efficacy and performance, indicated that during the first day of manipulative feedback treatment there was a positive relationship between self-efficacy and subsequent performance change. Previous performance change and subsequent self-efficacy change were correlated only for high self-esteem subjects during day 2 of the treatment. A regression analysis revealed that self-efficacy change was a better predictor of subsequent performance change than previous performance change. In conclusion, false positive feedback increased self-efficacy and performance of high self-esteem subjects. False negative feedback showed no significant change for either low or high self-esteem subjects. / Graduation date: 1993

Titel: Vägen till toppen; Vilka faktorer har betydelse för att nå en ledarposition? Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Ida Backman &amp; Victoria Kurt Handledare: Stig Sörling Datum: 2012 - Maj Syfte: Syftet med detta examensarbete är att belysa faktorer som har betydelse för att nå ledande positioner inom företag och organisationer. Finns det exempelvis något samband mellan personer med ledarposition vad gäller personliga egenskaper och utbildning? Är det något som är medfött hos ledaren och är en del av dennes karaktär, eller något människan kan lära sig att utveckla? Vår strävan är att belysa olika metoder, utbildningar och bearbetade strategier/teorier som kan bidra till att en person lyckas gå långt som ledare. Finns det något recept att följa eller beror det helt på slumpen? Eller är det kanske så att människan under uppväxten formas till en framgångsrik ledare? Metod: Studien bygger på ett hermeneutiskt synsätt och vi använder våra tankar och intryck vi får tillsammans med den kunskap vi har för att förstå och tolka det vi studerar. I vår studie intervjuar vi fem personer med ledarbefattning, vi ställer öppna frågor för att få reda på så mycket som möjligt om deras bakgrund. Ämnet studerar vi även i litteratur, uppsatser och vetenskapliga artiklar. Utifrån dessa grunder drar vi sedan paralleller och slutsatser. Resultat &amp; slutsats: Slutsatsen i studien är att personliga egenskaper är något som är av stor vikt. På denna punkt framträder ett tydligt samband mellan teori och praktik. Inre drivkraft är en personlig egenskap som i detta arbete identifieras som en viktig framgångsfaktor. Även utbildning är enligt vår slutsats av stor betydelse för att nå framgång som ledare. Slutligen konstaterar vi att det finns skillnader beroende på vilken generation ledaren tillhör. Den yngre generationen som idag är i 30 årsåldern har ofta en mer medveten karriärplan i förhållande till den äldre generationen. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Det finns inte så mycket forskning kring hur människor konkret går tillväga för att nå en chefsposition. Ett förslag till framtida forskning är att djupare studera fenomenet inre drivkraft. Det är svårt att hitta vetenskapliga artiklar, litteratur och andra studier inom detta område. Inre drivkraft är ett område som enligt denna studie är av stor vikt för att nå en chefsposition. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien bidrar till en förståelse för hur viktigt det är med utbildning och kompetens för att nå ledande positioner samt att hårt arbete inte går obemärkt. Det krävs drivkraft och självförtroende och även "rätt" egenskaper för att nå toppen. Nyckelord: Utbildning, drivkraft, ledaregenskaper, självförtroende. / Title: The way to the top: what factors are significant to reach a leadership position? Level: C-essay in the subject of business Author: Ida Backman &amp; Victoria Kurt Supervisor: Stig Sörling Date: 2012 - May Aim: The purpose of this essay is to identify what it takes to achieve leadership positions in organizations. For example, is there a relationship between education and leadership qualities? We also want to find out if good leadership is something that is inborn or can be developed. We want to examine methods, educations and theories that help a person to become a successful leader. Is there a certain recipe to follow or is it all about chance? Method: The study is based on a hermeneutic approach. We have in our study interviewed five people with leadership positions. We asked open questions to find out as much as possible about their background. We have also reviewed preview studies on the subject. On these bases, we have drawn parallels and conclusions. Result &amp; Conclusion: What we have found in our study is that personal qualities are something that proves to be of great importance, we see a clear link between theory and practice on this point. Inner motivation is a personal attribute that we have identified as a key success factor. We have further concluded that education is vital for success as a leader. Finally, we note that there are differences depending on which generation you belong to. The younger generation around 30 years old has a more conscious career plan than the older generation. Suggestions for future research: There is not much research about how to concretely go about to reach a management position. A proposal for future research is to more deeply study the phenomenon of Inner motivation. It is difficult to find scientific articles, literature and other studies in this area. This is an area that we have found to be very important to reach managerial positions. Contribution of the thesis: The study has contributed to an understanding of the importance of education and skills to reach senior positions, and that hard work does not go unnoticed. It takes energy and confidence, and even the "right" personality to reach the top. Keywords: Education, motivation, leadership skills, self-confidence

A large discrepancy between national exam results and final grades in English has been found in compulsory school. Between 1.9% and 18.7%, depending on which school, of students receive a course grade that is different from their grade on the national exam. (Corren, 2001 and Skolvärlden, 2012) As a result, many students have not in reality reached the criteria for the passing grade. In my experience, many students come to us with low self-esteem and motivation due to their difficulties with learning a second language. This study compares two ways of learning and their effects on self-esteem, motivation, accuracy and fluency. The subjects were all the students in the college that started year one, and on paper had the grade pass from compulsory school, but in reality had not reached that level. The students were divided into two groups, one with focus on accuracy, and one with focus on fluency. The accuracy-based task followed the style of a traditional English course book. The fluency-based task had one part where the students told each other about various topics and another where they were encouraged to practice their writing skills by keeping a journal. The students were assessed using one evaluation test, a questionnaire and a final test. The questionnaire provided data for the students’ perceived change in fluency, accuracy, self-esteem and motivation. The written tests provided data for accuracy and fluency. The results in this study showed an overall increase in accuracy, fluency and self-confidence in the accuracy-based task, but that only the fluency-based task enhanced motivation.

Background. To give birth can be a stressful experience and women cope with thisstress in many different ways and have different personal outcomes. Self-efficacy orconfidence in ability to cope with labour can be considered as an important factoraffecting pregnant women’s motivation of normal childbirth and their interpretation ofthe childbirth event.The aim. The purpose of this study was to test the Chinese short form of theinstrument Childbirth self-efficacy instrument (CBSEI) in Tanzania, that measurepregnant women’s self-confidence and coping abilities during childbirth.Method. The Chinese short form of the CBSEI was used to pilot test the pregnantwomen’s confidence of childbirth to see if the questions were understood in theTanzanian culture. Besides this instrument socio-demographic data was collectedtogether with two open questions asking about attitudes and experiences of childbirth.The instrument was translated into Kiswahili. A sample of 60 pregnant women whowere visiting antenatal clinic (ANC) regularly were asked to participate and with helpfrom midwifes at two ANC places the questionnaires were filled out.Result. The result shows that the validity and reliability of the two subscales OE-16and EE-16 were established. The internal consistency reliability of the two subscaleswere high, suggesting that each of the subscale mean score provides a good overviewof self- reported belief in coping ability for childbirth.The results further show that the instrument, CBSEI in this pilot study is not able toidentify women who need extra support during childbirth.Conclusion. The reliability and validity of information presented in this pilot studysupport the use of the Chinese short form of the CBSEI as a research instrument in theTanzania culture. Further studies are recommended to get a wider understandingabout women’s coping abilities in a culture like Tanzania.

Thesis (M. Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-136).