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Självstigma hos personer med allvarlig psykisk störning behöver undersökas med tanke på att den psykiska ohälsan ökar. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur självstigma påverkat individer med allvarlig psykisk störning. Studien utfördes som en litteraturstudie och resultatet utgjordes av tre kategorier: Att bli sin diagnos, Att känna skam och Att känna hopplöshet. Självstigma påverkar personer med allvarlig psykisk störning genom att försvåra förutsättningarna till återhämtning. Kombinationen av en allvarlig psykisk störning och självstigma skapar negativa konsekvenser utifrån individens egna stereotypa och fördomsfulla föreställningar. Individerna har svårt att känna mening med livet och undviker att söka hjälp på grund av skam och hopplöshet. Detta i sin tur kan leda till förvärrade symptom och ökat lidande. Sjuksköterskan behöver därför vara medveten kring problematiken med självstigma och vara observant kring individens egna fördomar, skamkänslor och känsla av hopplöshet kring sin diagnos. Det är av vikt att skapa förutsättningar för empowerment i vårdsituationen. Interventioner och omvårdnad bör ha som målsättning att minska symptomen av självstigma hos individer med allvarlig psykisk störning. Interventioner torde kunna utformas, men behöver anpassas utifrån vilket samhälle som vården utförs i. Det finns begränsningar i aktuell forskning och fler studier där självstigma som fenomen belyses vore önskvärt, liksom longitudinella studier för att ge en djupare förståelse. / Severe mental illness is a growing health problem. Severe mental illness and self-stigma in combination needs to be examined to clarify what impact they have in combination for each individual. The purpose of this study was to examine what kind of impact self-stigma has to individuals with severe mental illness. The study was conducted as a literature review and the results consisted of three categories: Becoming ones illness Feeling of shame and Feeling of hopelessness. Self-stigma affects the individuals negatively and makes it harder for them to recover. The combination of severe mental illness and self-stigma creates negative consequences from the stereotypical and jaundiced. Individuals have problems with finding meaning of life and are reluctant to seek treatment for their symptoms because of the feeling of shame and hopelessness. In return the symptoms of the mental illness increases and provides more suffering and decreases the meaning of life. It is important that nurses are aware of and are mindful to the individuals prejudice, feelings of shame and hopelessness about their mental illness. Nurses need to make sure that it is possible to be empowered as a patient. Interventions and nursing that aim to reduce the symptoms of self-stigma in severe mental illness should be adapted to the prejudice of the society. More scientific research is needed because of the limited number of present studies concerning self-stigma. There is a need to further investigate self-stigma in severe mental illness. Preferably studies with longitudinal design that focus on the phenomenon self-stigma and how it affects people with severe mental illness, to give a greater understanding.

Canadian society continues to stigmatize individuals with mental illness, despite the prevalence of mental illness in the population, decades of advocacy to combat mental illness stigma, and known negative sequelae of experiences of stigma by people affected by a mental illness. One negative impact of stigma is internalization of negative connotations attached to mental illness. Although there is extensive research on the stigma of mental illness, there is little information specifically about how youth with mental illness perceive the stigma of mental illness and how they respond to it. The current research sought to understand how youth who self-identify as having a mental illness experienced, perceived and internalized the stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination of the stigma of mental illness. A simple content categorization method was used to identify key themes in the transcribed interviews of eleven youth in Vancouver Canada who identified as having mental illness. Qualitative analysis identified that the most frequent perpetrators of public stigma included casual acquaintances, family, friends, school staff, mental health professionals and authority figures. Youths’ accounts linked mental illness stigma with low mental health literacy, delayed mental health treatment and a low quality of life. The findings are considered with reference to implications for prevention of stigma, including enhanced mental health literacy for mental health professionals and the public aimed at increased understanding, sensitivity and empowerment of youth with mental illness and their families. / Graduate

Previous research on stigma has identified many negative outcomes associated with its experience. These often include decreased affect and decreased life satisfaction. The present study examined sense of mastery - the sense of control one feels they have over the events in their life - as a moderator or mediator for these negative effects of stigma. To examine this, the Life Evaluations Survey was distributed to psychology students at a Southeastern university (N = 392). Participants completed measures of public stigma, self-stigma, sense of mastery, positive and negative affect, and life satisfaction. Results revealed experiences of public and self-stigma were associated with a decreased sense of mastery. In addition, sense of mastery was found to partially explain the relationship between stigma and quality of life. By contrast, results did not support a moderating role of mastery. Findings suggests that stigmatized individuals experience a sense of diminished control over their lives, which translates into decreased positive affect and life satisfaction.

The internalization of stigmatizing beliefs is influential on the attitudes a person holds toward seeking help because it leads to harm on one’s self-esteem and concept of self (Corrigan, 2004). The Model of Self-Stigma (Corrigan, Watson, & Barr, 2006) outlines the process of how self-stigma develops and highlights the essential role agreement with negative stereotypes has on the development of self-stigma. Research on the stereotypes relevant to African Americans is limited, and no scale exists to measure stereotype endorsement specific to this population. The current study investigated the relevant beliefs held among African Americans toward psychological help seeking and developed a scale to examine the stereotype endorsement stage of the Model of Self-Stigma. Study one involved conducting an Exploratory Factor Analysis on 228 participants and produced one single factor describing help seeking beliefs for the population. Study two involved conducting hierarchical linear regressions on 148 participants to determine whether the Psychological Help Seeking Stereotypes for African Americans (PHSSA) scale accounted for unique variance beyond existing stereotype endorsement scales developed on majority White samples. Results indicated that the PHSSA scale accounted for unique variance beyond that of the existing stereotype endorsement scales. Implications for the PHSSA scale are discussed.

Class-making from a Bourdieusian perspective is an ongoing process based on cultural consumption connected with a specific class. Despite significant research on cultural consumption, little attention has been paid to the internal processes that can influence class-making. Previous research showed that the emerging cultural middle class is more prone than other classes to expect others to “look down on” their media practices. Based on various media and sociological theories, this thesis explored the relationships between the emerging cultural middle class, their media consumption and internal processes of stigma. Consequently, twenty qualitative in-depth interviews with the emerging cultural middle class were conducted that explored three research questions: how does the emerging cultural middle class describe their media practices, how they think about their media practices and what they believe others think of their practices and what are the imagined social origins of the stigmatization of their media practices. Results showed that the sample was digital cultural omnivores – consuming a range of media practices. Simultaneously, they were characterized by a self-reflexivity and self-criticism, implementing the self-stigma in the form of negative beliefs and thoughts about their media practices. The anticipated stigma was connected with practices that were “unproductive” (e.g. wasting time on social media), practices that the sample was not doing (e.g. not consuming the news) and taste-related practices (e.g. listening to jazz). Furthermore, three social origins of anticipated stigma were identified – based on generational distinctions, upper positions in the social space and other lifestyles. Summarizing, this study not only explored the media consumption of the emerging cultural middle class but also the presence of internal processes that influence cultural consumption and thus the process of class-making. By being anxious and self-reflexive regarding their media practices, they “maintained rank” and adapted to the logic of the “cultural” fields they aspired to enter.

Background: The high prevalence of mental disorders related to posttraumatic stress among Syrian refugees is often in contrast with their low utilization ofmental health care in the host countries. Mental health self-stigma, i.e., internalized stigma of having a mental disorder, could prevent individuals from seeking mental health care. Therefore, we aimed to provide evidence on different aspects of mental health self-stigmatization among adult Syrian refugees with posttraumatic stress symptoms residing in Germany. Moreover, we investigated associations with sociodemographic and psychopathological variables in order to identify those at higher risk of self-stigmatization. Material and Methods: Overall, 133 participants with mild to moderate posttraumatic stress symptoms were recruited in the metropolitan areas of Leipzig, Dresden and Halle, Germany, using a multimodal approach. Mental health self-stigma was assessed using the Self-Stigma of Mental Illness Scale – Short Form (SSMIS-SF), consisting of four subscales (Stereotype awareness, Stereotype agreement, Application to self, Harm to self-esteem), each scoring from 5 (low) to 45 (high) points. Linear regression analysis was used to test associations of sociodemographic and psychopathological variables with self-stigma subscales. Results: On average, self-stigma ratings ranged from 16.5 (SD = 6.6) points on Application to self to 28.3 (SD = 7.5) points on Stereotype awareness. Results showed higher scores on Application to self for individuals who were younger (t =2.65, p=0.009) and single (F = 5.70, p = 0.004). Regression analyses yielded statistically significant associations between having multiple comorbidities and a higher Application to self stigma ( = 0.18, p = 0.044), controlling for sociodemographic covariates. Discussion: Mental health self-stigma was increased among Syrian refugees in Germany. Correlates of increased self-stigma could inform efforts to improve access to mental health care among Syrian refugees with mental ill-health. Longitudinal studies following an intersectional approach by concurrently examining multiple forms of public and internalized stigma could provide helpful insights for developing tailored stigma reduction efforts in this context.

This study explored student-athletes’ attitudes, stigmas, and preferences toward mental health and sport psychology services. Previous research has identified that student-athletes report similar rates of distress compared to the general student population (Davoren & Hwang, 2014; Frank, Hautzinger & Beckmann, 2013). While student-athletes are in need of mental health services, previous research has also found that student-athletes can benefit from the use of sport psychology services. Previous research has demonstrated the need to support student-athletes as people, students, and athletes (Andersen, Miles, Robinson, & Mahoney, 2004; Bond, 2002; Friesen & Orlick, 2010; Miller & Kerr, 2002). However, not all athletic departments offer mental health and sport psychology services for their student-athletes. Additionally, student-athletes, coaches, and athletic departments, often stigmatize mental health and sport psychology services which results in underutilization. In order to better understand the need and preferences of using these services from a student-athlete’s perspective, this study surveyed 174 iv NCAA Division 1 athletes. The findings of this study revealed that student-athletes were more likely to seek mental health and sport psychology services if they had a) positive attitudes toward seeking help, b) low levels of self-stigma and c) services accessible within their athletic department.

This study aimed to investigate the inter-relationships between self-stigma, loneliness, and culture among older adults with mental illness residing in nursing homes. This study also explored how this population experiences self-stigma and loneliness within the context of their cultural backgrounds. A mixed-methods approach was utilised. The first phase involved a quantitative face-to-face questionnaire survey (n=16). More than half of the study participants reported low levels of self-stigma (56.3%), yet a substantial number of them scored high on the self-stigma scale (43.8%). The analysis identified a statistical relationship between stereotype endorsement and marital status (sig. =.010). No relationship was identified between Internalised Stigma of Mental illness constructs (ISMI) and age, gender, religiousness, and educational level. Loneliness was identified to be prevalent among more than half of the sample (68.8%). There was also a positive correlation between loneliness, age (sig.=.062) and religiosity (sig.=.044). The second phase involved a qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological approach involving one-to-one semi-structured interviews (n=10). Seven themes emerged: ‘social loneliness’, ‘emotional loneliness’, ‘emotional reactions’, ‘coping mechanisms’, ‘insight into illness’, ‘understanding and view towards mental illness’, and ‘behavioural reactions’. Overall, the qualitative findings supported the quantitative results but also revealed additional theoretical and conceptual insight. Most participants were collectivistic-oriented, and most experienced both social and emotional loneliness. The degree of insight into mental illness played a key role in how self-stigma was experienced, while gender and culture were found to influence how loneliness was experienced. Based on the results of both phases, a new theoretical framework is posited that explains the relationships between the concepts of loneliness and self-stigma among this population. The study also evidences and discusses a wide range of methodological issues associated with the successful recruitment of nursing homes in older adult research.

The diploma thesis deals with the topic of self-stigmatization of peer consultants and their position in the work team. The aim of this work is to examine the degree of self-stigmatization in peer consultants, how they experience and overcome it. And gather knowledges haw to support the current education and position of peer consultants in the work environment. The work is divided into theoretical and empirical part. The theoretical part describes the stigmatization, peer consultation and the recovery process. The empirical part consists of two consecutive research studies. The first examines the degree of self-stigmatization of peer consultants on comparison with the general population of the mentally ill in the Czech Republic. And the second examines whether and how peer consultants experience self-stigmatization, how they work with it, and what role their surroundings, especially relationships and employment, play in their view. It also examines the current working environment conditions of peer workers. Mainly in the field of competencies, job description and education. Research shows that the level of self-stigmatization measured by the ISMI scale is significantly lower for peer consultants than for mentally ill people who do not work as peer workers. Interviews and their analysis showed that...