Yes / This paper presents an experimental study into the axial compressive behaviour of self-compacting concrete filled elliptical steel tube columns. In total, ten specimens, including two empty columns, with various lengths, section sizes and concrete strengths were tested to failure. The experimental results indicated that the failure modes of the self-compacting concrete filled elliptical steel tube columns with large slenderness ratio were dominated by global buckling. Furthermore, the composite columns possessed higher critical axial compressive capacities compared with their hollow section companions due to the composite interaction. However, due to the large slenderness ratio of the test specimens, the change of compressive strength of concrete core did not show significant effect on the critical axial compressive capacity of concrete filled columns although the axial compressive capacity increased with the concrete grade increase. The comparison between the axial compressive load capacities obtained from experimental study and prediction using simple methods provided in Eurocode 4 for concrete-filled steel circular tube columns showed a reasonable agreement. The experimental results, analysis and comparison presented in this paper clearly support the application of self-compacting concrete filled elliptical steel tube columns in construction engineering practice.

Yes / The present study investigated long-term drying shrinkage strains of self-compacting concrete (SCCs). For all SCCs mixes, Portland cement was replaced with 0–60% of fly ash (FA), fine and course aggregates were kept constant with 890 kg/m3 and 780 kg/m3, respectively. Two different water binder ratios of 0.44 and 0.33 were examined for both SCCs and normal concrete (NCs). Fresh properties of SCCs such as filling ability, passing ability, viscosity and resistance to segregation and hardened properties such as compressive and flexural strengths, water absorption and density of SCCs and NCs were also determined. Experimental results of drying shrinkage were compared to five existing models, namely the ACI 209R-92 model, BSEN-92 model, ACI 209R-92 (Huo) model, B3 model, and GL2000. To assess the quality of predictive models, the influence of various parameters (compressive strength, cement content, water content and relative humidity) effecting on the drying shrinkage strain as considered by the models are studied. The results showed that, using up to 60% of FA as cement replacement can produce SCC with a compressive strength as high as 30 MPa and low drying shrinkage strain. SCCs long-term drying shrinkage from 356 to 1000 days was higher than NCs. ACI 209R-92 model provided a better prediction of drying shrinkage compared with the other models. / Financial support of Higher Education of Libya (469/2009).

The construction of Songlin rock-filled concrete gravity dam, located in the Yunnan province, China began in the end of 2015. In this master thesis the finite element method (FEM) based software Abaqus has been used to perform a computational analysis on tension stresses, compression stresses and sliding stability for static conditions. One overflow section and one non-overflow section of the dam have been analysed. The results of the analysis have been evaluated by comparing with Chinese standards for dam safety and is intended to help engineers with making decisions in the construction process of the dam. The measured compressive stress values of both the overflow and non-overflow section are not evaluated to be within safe levels, further evaluation is required to ensure the safety of the dam. The dam is considered to be safe from vertical tension in the analysed region, however an extended evaluation including the whole dam base is recommended. The analysed cross-sections for sliding stability can be considered safe, but further analysis is required to make a conclusion of the sliding stability of the full dam base.

Aborda-se, neste trabalho, a tecnologia do concreto auto-adensavel CAA aplicada a producao de pre-fabricados. Destaca-se a contribuicao feita ao Metodo IBRACON, largamente utilizado no pais para a dosagem do concreto comum, a partir de uma nova metodologia de dosagem proposta para o CAA, que considera duas inovacoes principais. A primeira foi o conceito de correcao da coesao do concreto fresco por substituicao de finos pozolanicos ou nao pozolanicos correspondentes, de maior area especifica, de modo que formulacoes mais pobres em cimento exigem maior teor de substituicao quando comparadas com composicoes mais ricas, para manter as mesmas caracteristicas de trabalhabilidade. Com isso, foi possivel acrescentar um 4° quadrante de correlacao dos parametros envolvidos na mistura ao Diagrama de Dosagem do metodo original. A segunda inovacao foi incorporar alguns ensaios de trabalhabilidade especificos. Para tanto, realizou-se uma analise critica dos principais testes disponiveis, apresentando suas vantagens e limitacoes, correlacionando com os parametros reologicos fundamentais, bem como com uma aplicacao pratica, validando-os para a qualificacao do CAA para a producao. Dessa forma, foram estudados tracos com dois niveis de auto-adensabilidade, sem adicoes e com metacaulim ou filer calcario, para resistencias compreendidas entre 50-70MPa, em um amplo programa experimental que totalizou 11 familias de concretos e mais de 55 tracos, no geral. Foram avaliados tambem os cuidados especificos para a producao do CAA, analisando aspectos de produtividade e viabilidade de implantacao, a partir de um estudo voltado a uma empresa especializada. Concluiu-se que o CAA e uma opcao vantajosa para o setor, sobretudo com emprego de adicoes minerais, porem e extremamente necessario haver algumas modificacoes de equipamentos e procedimentos para sua adequacao em fabrica. / This work focus the technology of the self-compacting concrete SCC, applied to the precast production. The main innovation was the contribution made to the IBRACON Method, which is widely utilized in Brazil for conventional concrete design, from the new proposed design methodology for SCC, which considers two main innovations. The first one was the concept of correction of the cohesion of the fresh concrete by substitution of pozzolanics or no pozzolanics corresponding mineral additives, with higher specific area, where the poorest formulations in cement requires higher content of substitution when compared with richer compositions, to maintain the desired characteristics of workability. It enables to add a 4th quadrant to the Dosage Diagram of the original method. The second innovation was to incorporate of some workability tests of the fresh concrete, that become important for the qualification of the self-compacting concrete for a practical application. Thus, it carried out a critical analysis of the main available tests, presenting its advantages and limitations, correlating with the parameters of rheology, and with a practical application, validating them for the qualification of SCC for production. Therefore, it was studied mixes of SCC with two levels of self-compactability, without additives and with metacaolin or limestone filler, for mechanical resistances between 50- 70MPa, in a wide experimental program with 11 families of concretes and more of 55 mixes. It was also evaluated the specific cares for the production of SCC, analyzing aspects of productivity and feasability of implementation, based in a case study. It was concluded that SCC is a worthwhile option for the sector, especially using mineral additives, however it is extremely necessary some equipment and procedure modifications in order to adapt the factories to this new technology.

Submitted by Jadson Francisco de Jesus SILVA (jadson@uefs.br) on 2018-01-30T22:07:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Uiliana M?rcia da Silva Merc?s Farias_2017.pdf: 5844655 bytes, checksum: 1df6b86cb5dfd9f89a7bbd299fa1bf93 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-30T22:07:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Uiliana M?rcia da Silva Merc?s Farias_2017.pdf: 5844655 bytes, checksum: 1df6b86cb5dfd9f89a7bbd299fa1bf93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-20 / The use of waste from Dimension Stone Industry as an inert material can be a good way to promote the sustainability of the construction sector. The Cariri stone is one of the dimension stones explored in state of Ceara, in Brazil. Thus, this work was developed with the main goal of studying a self-compacting concrete production (SCC) using Cariri stone sawdust waste (CSSW) in partial replacement with the natural fine aggregate. The SCC was designed using the method proposed by Melo (2005) considering two w/c ratios (0.57-0.70), and 10% of CSSW. The study was carried out in three stages: material characterization, mortar phase evaluation and SCC phase evaluation. In the fresh state, SCC was evaluated for fluidity, plastic viscosity, blocking capacity and segregation resistance, using V funnel, J-Ring, L-box and segregation column. In the hardened state, the SCC was evaluated for axial compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and water absorption, void index and specific density. The results showed that CSSW improve SCC cohesiveness and homogeneity, and it is feasible to apply up to 10% of CSSW in SCC production. / No sentido de promover a sustentabilidade do setor da constru??o civil, procura-se alternativas para diminuir o impacto ambiental gerado, atrav?s da descoberta de novos materiais alternativos, como os res?duos da ind?stria de beneficiamento de rochas ornamentais. Dentre os tipos de rochas ornamentais exploradas no Brasil, destaca-se um calc?rio laminado conhecido como ?Pedra Cariri?, que ? explorado no estado do Cear?. Assim, esse trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de estudar a produ??o de concreto autoadens?vel (CAA) utilizando res?duos de serragem de pedra Cariri (RSPC) em substitui??o parcial ao agregado mi?do natural. Utilizando a metodologia de Melo (2005) para produ??o de CAA, foram definidas as rela??es a/c (0,57-0,70). O estudo se deu em tr?s etapas: caracteriza??o dos materiais, fase argamassa e fase CAA. No estado fresco, o CAA foi avaliado quanto ? fluidez, viscosidade pl?stica, habilidade passante e resist?ncia ? segrega??o, por meio do ensaio de espalhamento, funil V, Anel J, Caixa L e coluna de segrega??o. No estado endurecido, o CAA foi avaliado quanto ? resist?ncia ? compress?o axial, ? resist?ncia ? tra??o por compress?o diametral e ? absor??o de ?gua, ?ndice de vazios e massa espec?fica. Os resultados indicaram a possibilidade da aplica??o de at? 10% de RSPC na produ??o de CAA.

RésuméEn raison des spécificités relatives à la formulation des bétons autoplaçants (BAP) et en particulier ceux concernant leur volume élevé en pâte et la présence d'ajouts et substituts minéraux en grande quantité, leur comportement à l'état frais et à l'état durci ainsi que leur durabilité sont fortement influencés par ces deux paramètres.Certains sédiments traités acquièrent des propriétés pouzzolaniques et peuvent être utilisés en tant qu'ajouts ou substituts au ciment. Ceci peut faire de la technologie des bétons une voie privilégiée pour leur valorisation.La présente étude vise à apporter une contribution à la valorisation de la vase traitée du barrage de Chorfa et de Fergoug, (situé à l'ouest algérien) en tant que substitut minéral partiel au ciment CPA CEMI 42.5 dans la composition des mortiers et des bétons autoplaçants. Il s'agit de comparer l'influence de l'incorporation de cette vase calcinée à celle de la pouzzolane naturelle de Béni-Saf (situé, également à l'ouest algérien) dans les BAP sur leurs caractéristiques physico-mécaniques et sur leur durabilité à court, moyen et long terme.L'étude est menée sur quatre BAP, le premier à base de 20 % de pouzzolane naturelle de Béni-Saf (BAP-PZ), le deuxième et le troisième incorporant 20 % de la vase calcinée issue des sédiments de dragage du barrage de Fergoug (BAP-VF) et de celui de Chorfa (BAP-VC) et enfin un BAP témoin sans ajouts pour le besoin de comparaison.Outre l'intérêt économique que présentent les BAP à base de la vase calcinée, notre étude a montré que ces derniers représentent des performances très comparables à celles obtenues sur des BAP à base de pouzzolane naturelle (BAP-PZ).En effet, Concernant les résistances à la compression, notre étude indiquent que les BAP à base de vase ((BAP-VC) et (BAP-VF)) présentent les meilleurs résultats notamment à long terme.Les résultats des essais de l'attaque acide (HCl et H2SO4), l'attaque sulfatique (Na2SO4 et MgSO4) et de carbonatation accélérée, montrent que la vase calcinée a une influence sensiblement meilleure que celle de la pouzzolane sur les propriétés physico-mécaniques et la durabilité des bétons dans lesquels elle est incorporée.Mots clés : Barrage de Chorfa - Barrage de Fergoug –Vase calcinée – pouzzolane – BAP à base de vase – BAP à base de pouzzolane – Résistances mécaniques –Durabilité. / AbstractBecause of the specificities of self-compacting concrete (SCC), especially regarding their high volume paste content and the presence of large amounts of mineral admixtures and substitutes, the behavior in fresh and hardened state and the durability of these concretes are strongly influenced by these two parameters.Some treated sediments acquire pozzolanic properties and can be used as additions orsubstitutes to the cement. This possibility makes of concrete technology a privileged way of enhancement.The present study aims to contribute to the enhancement of the treated mud of Chorfa and Fergoug dam (situated in west of Algeria) as a mineral partial substitute for CPA CEMI 42.5 cement in the composition of an economic and preferment mortars and self-compacting concretes. The aim is to compare the influence of the incorporation of this calcined mud to the natural pozzolana of Beni Saf (situated, also in west of Algeria) in (SCC) on their physical, mechanical behavior and their durability of these concretes in short, medium and long term.The study was conducted on four SCCs, the first based on 20% natural pozzolana Beni Saf (SCC-PZ), the second based on 20% of the calcined mud of Fergoug dam (SCC-VF) and of Chorfa dam (SCC-VC) and a control SCC without additions to the need for comparison .Apart from the economic interest of the SCCs based on calcined mud, our study showed that these concretes have comparable performances to that obtained on SCC based on natural pozzolana (SCC-PZ).In fact, concerning compressive strengths, our study indicate that the SCC with calcined mud ((SCC-VC) and (SCC-VF)) present the best results especially at long termThe results of the different following tests: the acid attack (HCl and H2SO4), carbonation and sulphate attack (Na2SO4 and MgSO4) show that the calcined mud has an influence roughly better than the natural pozzolana on the physic - mechanical behavior and durability of the SCC which it is incorporated.Key words: Dam of Chorfa – Dam of Fergoug – Calcined mud – Pozzolana – SCCcontaining mud - SCC containing pozzolana – Mechanical strength –Durability.

Esta tese aborda as influências do agregado leve na dosagem, características físicas e mecânicas de concreto autoadensável (CAA) quando na fração de graúdo da mistura, substitui-se parte do volume absoluto da brita de basalto (máx 19 mm) pelo volume equivalente de argila expandida brasileira (máx 12,7 mm). O fato de conhecer as implicações na reologia do CAA, provocadas pelo uso conjunto de agregados com características físicas distintas e, apresentar este tipo de concreto como uma alternativa promissora para uso na indústria da pré-fabricação em concreto, justificam esta pesquisa. A substituição da brita de basalto pela argila expandida (AE-1506), em teores de volume absoluto, foi de 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% e 100%. Como resultados, produziram-se concretos autoadensáveis com consumo de aglomerantes (cimento Portland CP V-ARI e sílica ativa) da ordem de 510 kg/m³, que atenderam aos limites de autoadensabilidade propostos pela norma NBR 15823-1 (2010). Na condição endurecida, apresentaram massa específica seca de 2.358,3 a 1.720,7 kg/m³, resistência à compressão (fc28) de 60 a 43 MPa, módulo de elasticidade (Esc) de 23 a 34 GPa e eficiência estrutural (FEE) de 22 a 29 MPa.dm³.kg-1, sem sinais visíveis de frente de carbonatação. Obteve-se concreto leve autoadensável (CLAA) a partir de misturas com fração de graúdo foi composta por 60% de argila expandida e 40% de brita de basalto, que atingiram massa específica seca de 1.986 kg/m³, resistência a compressão (fc28) de 51,3 MPa e condutividade térmica () de 1,07 a 1,53 W/m.K. Constatou-se que a argila expandida interfere significativamente nas características dos concretos exigindo, na comparação com CAA confeccionado com 100% de brita de basalto, maior teor de argamassa e relação volume de água/volume de finos mais elevado. / This thesis discusses aspects related to the influence of lightweight aggregate in the mix design, physical and mechanical properties of the self-compacting concrete (SCC) when replacing part of the absolute volume of basalt crushed stone (máx19 mm) with a lightweight aggregate equivalent absolute volume Brazilian expanded clay (máx 12,7 mm). Understanding interference on the rheology of the SCC caused by the use of aggregates with different physical properties and recommend this type of concrete as a promising alternative for the pre-fabricated concrete industry, justify this research. The replacement of basalt crushed stone for lightweight aggregate (AE-1506), in equivalent absolute volume, was 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. As a result, self-compacting concrete was produced with consumption of binders (cement Portland CP V-ARI and silica fume) of about 510 kg / m³, appropriate for self- compactibility limits established by the ABNT NBR 15823-1 (2010) standard. In the hardened condition, the dry density value ranged from 2.358,3 to 1.720,7 kg/m³, compressive strength (fc28) ranged from 60 to 43 MPa, elasticity modulus (Esc) ranged from 23 to 34 GPa, and efficiency structural (FES) ranged from 22 to 29 MPa.dm³.kg-1, with no visible signs of carbonation. The self-compacting lightweight expanded clay concrete (SCLC) was obtained from mixtures which its absolute volume fraction of aggregate coarse was composed by 60% of expanded clay and 40% of basalt crushed stone, with dry density of 1986 kg/m³, compressive strength (fc28) of 51.3 MPa and thermal conductivity () varied from 1,07 to 1,53 W/m.K. It was found that the expanded clay significantly interferes in the properties of concretes demanding in comparison with SCC made with 100% basalt crushed stone, mortar content and ratio higher volume of water/volume of higher fines.

Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-23T21:53:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Teodoro, Heitor Ventura-2013-dissertação.pdf: 6084667 bytes, checksum: b26199be68bda57d4b41ddf4644616e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-23T21:54:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Teodoro, Heitor Ventura-2013-dissertação.pdf: 6084667 bytes, checksum: b26199be68bda57d4b41ddf4644616e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-23T21:54:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Teodoro, Heitor Ventura-2013-dissertação.pdf: 6084667 bytes, checksum: b26199be68bda57d4b41ddf4644616e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-03 / This study presents the results of an experimental research on shear in self compacting concrete beams. The influence of beam depth and longitudinal reinforcement ratio in beams was evaluated and results compared with similar beams cast with conventional concrete beams. Cracking, deformations in compression strut, vertical displacements, reinforcement deformation and load failure and failure mode were evaluated. Sixteen 1000 mm long beams with a 150 mm cross sectional width were tested. Eight beams were cast with self compacting concrete and eight with conventional concrete. Both were designed for a concrete fck = 25 MPa. The longitudinal reinforcement of each beam was design to ensure shear failure. Each group consisted of eight beams with four beams had a longitudinal reinforcement ratio of 1.3% and beam depths of 20 cm, 25 cm, 30 cm and 35 cm in height, and the other four beams had longitudinal reinforcement ratio of 2,3% with the same beam depths. The beams were instrumented with seven LVDT's, five of which were positioned to read vertical displacements and the other two were glued on the side of the beam for measuring crack width and displacements in the compression strut. Four strain gages used in the beam’s longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. The beams were tested to failure with a concentrated load at midspan. The results showed that all the beams failed by crushing of the concrete compression zone above the shear crack. Overall, conventional concrete beams ultimate loads were between 9% and 18% greater than those obtained with the self compacting concrete beams, and the difference was slightly higher in the beams with 1.3% of longitudinal reinforcement ratio. This increased resistance of conventional concrete beams was due to greater aggregate interlock which occurs due to the greater number and larger maximum aggregate size in conventional concrete. Interlock mechanism was also responsible for the largest width of diagonal cracks in conventional concrete beams, on average 21% higher than in self compacting concrete beams, and the ratio between higher ultimate load and load at the first diagonal crack, on average 28% higher. The largest diagonal crack width led the transverse reinforcement of the conventional concrete beams to deform, on average, 64% more than the self compacting concrete beams. All three standards considered (NBR 6118:2007, Eurocode and ACI 318:2011 2:2003) were conservative and underestimated the ultimate shear load, mainly by the fact that in none of them take into account the arching action, which occurs in beams with ratio a/d < 2.5. The average ultimate loads of the beams were 73.1% higher than those calculated by the standards. / Este estudo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa experimental sobre cisalhamento em vigas de concreto auto adensável. Foi avaliada a influência da altura da viga e da taxa de armadura longitudinal em vigas e feita uma comparação de resultados com vigas de concreto convencional abordando fissuração, deslocamentos na biela de compressão, deslocamentos verticais, deformação nas armaduras e carga e modo de ruptura. Foram ensaiadas dezesseis vigas com 1000 mm de comprimento e 150 mm de base, sendo que oito vigas foram de concreto auto adensável e oito de concreto convencional. Ambos os concretos foram projetados para um fck = 25 MPa. A armadura longitudinal de cada uma das vigas foi dimensionada pra garantir que houvesse ruptura por cisalhamento. Cada grupo de oito vigas era composto por quatro vigas com taxa de armadura longitudinal de 1,3%, que tinham alturas de 20 cm, 25 cm, 30 cm e 35 cm, e quatro vigas com taxa de armadura longitudinal de 2,3%, com as mesmas alturas. As vigas foram instrumentadas com sete LVDT’s, sendo que cinco foram posicionados para leitura de deslocamentos verticais e os outros dois foram colados na face lateral da viga para medição da largura de fissuras e de deslocamentos na biela de compressão, e quatro extensômetros elétricos, sendo que dois foram colados na armadura transversal e os outros dois na armadura longitudinal. As vigas foram ensaiadas de uma só vez até a ruptura com uma carga concentrada no meio do vão entre apoios. Os resultados mostraram que todas as vigas romperam por esmagamento do bordo comprimido acima da fissura de cisalhamento. Em geral, as vigas de concreto convencional tiveram cargas de ruptura entre 9% e 18% maiores que as vigas de concreto auto adensável, sendo que a diferença foi ligeiramente maior nas vigas que tinham 1,3% de taxa de armadura longitudinal. Esta maior resistência das vigas de concreto convencional foi atribuída ao maior mecanismo de intertravamento entre agregados graúdos destas vigas, que ocorre devido ao maior número e maior dimensão máxima característica dos agregados. O mecanismo de intertravamento entre agregados também foi o responsável pela maior largura de fissuras diagonais nas vigas de concreto convencional, em média 21% maior que nas vigas de concreto auto adensável, e pela maior relação entre carga de ruptura e carga de surgimento da primeira fissura diagonal, sendo em média 28% maior. A maior largura de fissuras diagonais fez com que a armadura transversal das vigas de concreto convencional deformasse em média 64% mais do que as vigas de concreto auto adensável. Todas as três normas consideradas (NBR 6118:2007, ACI 318:2011 e EUROCODE 2:2003) foram conservadoras e subestimaram a carga de ruptura devido ao esforço cortante, principalmente pelo fato de que em nenhuma delas é levada em consideração a ação de arco, que ocorre em vigas com relação a/d < 2,5. Em média, as cargas de ruptura das vigas foram 73,1% maior que as calculadas pelas normas.

<p>Betonggjutning är ett tungt moment inom byggproduktion och entreprenörer har länge använt betong med flyttillsats för att få en mer lättarbetad betong. Ändå har det krävts långa arbetspass och många tungarbetade moment. Efter lasernivellering, vibrering, slodning och glättning har man kunnat uppnå en yta som nästan är helt jämn. Dock ej så jämn att avjämningsmassa kunnat elimineras för att inte få sviktande parkett eller buktande plastmattor.</p><p>Självkompakterande betong (SKB), eller vibreringsfri betong som man först kallade den, forskades fram på 80-talet i Japan och dök upp i Sverige i slutet på 90-talet. Det är en betong som innehåller en flyttillsats och en så kallad filler vars gemensamma egenskaper ger en betong som har bibehållen homogenitet samtidigt som den fyller ut formen och omsluter armering endast genom gravitationskraften. SKB är ca 10-15 % dyrare än traditionell betong men har motiverats med framförallt minskad produktionstid, färre betongarbetare och bättre arbetsmiljö.</p><p>Eftersom SKB mer eller mindre är flytande så blir jämnheten mycket god. Erfarenhetsmässigt har ytorna blivit i det närmaste perfekta efter lasernivellering, slodning och torrslipning. Trots stora konstaterade arbetsmiljövinster och vetskapen om den goda ytjämnheten har AB Färdig Betong i Karlstad endast levererat SKB till 8 projekt sedan 1997.</p><p>Examensarbetets syfte är att fastställa om SKB kan motiveras baserat på den goda ytjämnhet som kan uppnås redan efter gjutning jämfört med normalpresterande betong (NPB).</p><p>Examensarbetet har utförts i samarbete med Skanska Sverige AB i Karlstad, som under våren 2006 genomförde två projekt med SKB. Mätningar av ytor med SKB gjordes på Färjstad i Karlstad och mätningar av referensytor med NPB gjordes i Karlstad med omnejd. Mätningarna kompletteras med intervjuer i form av erfarenhetsåterföring från dem som tillverkat, levererat, mottagit, gjutit och efterbehandlat betongtypen.</p><p>De krav på ytjämnhet av platsgjuten betong som generellt tillämpas återfinns i Hus AMA 98 och definieras som buktighet, lutning och nivåskillnad. Resultaten från mätningarna bedömdes i enlighet med Hus AMA 98, därefter har betongtypernas mätvärden analyserats och jämförts.</p><p>Utifrån resultaten har bland annat följande slutsatser kunnat konstateras:</p><p>Självkompakterande betong kan vid rätt handhavande ge en yta som uppfyller kraven enligt Hus AMA’s krav för undergolv i klass B utan varken vibrering, slipning eller efterbehandling.</p><p>Användandet av SKB i större bostadsprojekt skapar stora förutsättningar för lägre totalekonomi jämfört med användandet av NPB. Detta baseras huvudsakligen på minskat behov av arbetskraft vid gjutning och efterbehandling av den gjutna ytan.</p><p>De bekräftade möjligheterna för förbättrad ytkvalitet redan efter gjutning kommer i framtiden innebära att fler entreprenörer väljer SKB.</p> / <p>Concrete moulding is a heavy moment in the building process and for a long time contractors have used an admixture to create a concrete that is easier to handle. However many hours of work and heavy moments has been required. After laser levelling, vibrating, screeding and troweling a surface that is almost flat has been obtained. Yet not flat enough to eliminate floor levelling and thereby avoiding bending parquet flooring or curved plastic flooring.</p><p>Self-compacting concrete (SCC), or vibrating free concrete as it was named in the beginning, was developed in the eighties in Japan and showed up in Sweden in the late nineties. It is a concrete that contains an admixture and filler that together makes the concrete flow under its own weight, completely filling the formwork and achieving full compaction, even in the presence of congested reinforcement. SCC is approximately 10-15 % more expensive than traditional concrete but is motivated with faster construction times, fewer workers and an improved work environment.</p><p>Since SCC just about flows the resulting surface becomes almost perfect. Experience shows that surfaces are nearly perfect after laser levelling, screeding and dry smoothing. Despite the advantages of the flat surfaces and the established improvement on the work environment, AB Färdig Betong in Karlstad, Sweden has only delivered SCC to eight projects since 1997.</p><p>The aim of this degree thesis is to determine if SCC can be motivated based on the flat surfaces that can be obtained after moulding compared to traditional concrete.</p><p>The degree thesis has been performed in cooperation with Skanska Sverige AB in Karlstad, Sweden at their two projects with SCC in spring 2006. The measurement of SCC surfaces was made in Färjestad, Karlstad and reference measurements of traditional concrete was made in Karlstad and surroundings. The measurement have been complemented with interviews that present experience of producing, delivering, receiving, moulding and after treating SCC.</p><p>The requirements for on site moulding concrete surfaces that are to be followed are found in Hus AMA 98 and is defined as curve, rake and level variance. The result from the measurements are judged on the basis of the requirements.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Correctly performed SCC can create a surface that fulfils the requirements in Hus AMA 98 for a class B floor.</p><p>The use of SCC in larger housing constructions makes conditions for a lower total cost. This is based principally on fewer workers, faster construction times and less after treatment of the moulded surfaces.</p><p>The confirmed possibilities of improved surfaces after moulding should mean that more contractors will use SCC in the future.</p>

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) offers rational and fast casting process since it merely has to be poured, or pumped, into the formwork without any compaction work needed. But this can be at the cost of high form pressure. However, reported results show that SCC can act thixotropically, i.e., build up a structure at rest, and this can reduce the form pressure considerably. Thus, in order to utilise the favourable possibilities to increase effectiveness without risking form collapses, the need arises for deeper and broader understanding of the mechanisms behind this thixotropic behaviour. Methodologies have been developed for the characterisation and measurement of the structural build-up at rest, both for the fluid (micro mortar) phase and the concrete itself. Hypotheses state that thixotropic mechanisms originate within the colloidal domain and, thus, motivate studies on the fluid phase comprising this domain. The stress-strain methodology is based on the hypothesis stating that the magnitude of the structure is represented by the maximum elastic stress the fresh material can withstand before the structure breaks. An instrumented steel tube is used to simulate various casting heights and rates. Results show that both micro mortar and SCC are thixotropic and this behaviour is influenced by every measure taken influencing the interparticle colloidal forces. The time-dependent structural build-up of SCC is a function of an irreversible structure (slump-loss) and a reversible, thixotropic structure. There is apparently a threshold value of the structural build-up necessary to reach before obtaining any significant form pressure reduction. Housing SCC´s, with W/C = 0.58, show low degree of structural build-up and pressure decrease while civil engineering SCC´s can show the opposite, but this often at the cost of slump-loss. Recommendations are presented and for the nearest future, suggesting a conservatism regarding design of formwork systems when SCC is used. If the behaviour of a SCC is known it should be used to optimise the formwork. If not, calculating with hydrostatic pressure should be done or the knowledge missing should be gained by using this methodology. A third option is given and this is to monitor the form pressure in real time using sensors. / QC 20100812