Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:44:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5698.pdf: 5781455 bytes, checksum: 19f195acf8cf085169d91d44b6964e9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-06 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The students with learning difficulties have failures in integrating perceptual, memory, thought, language, in one or more aspects of self-regulation of learning and does not have and/or making use of appropriate and active repertoire of skills for learning. These students have as a consequence a limitation or impediment for learning reading, writing, arithmetic and social skills. The causes for these difficulties are related to the subject learning and physical and/or social environment of school and/or family. The objectives of this study were develop and evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention for students with learning difficulties enrolled in primary municipal school. This study adopted the quasi-experimental design of the type pre-and post-test. Instruments were applied Motor Development Scale (EDM), Competency Test Reading Words and Pseudowords (TCLPP) and two checklists elaborated for assess aspects of learning, self-regulation, behavioral and emotional in students aged 7-8 years. The students were nominated by teachers and had scores below average in the indicated tests. From the results was prepared an intervention plan consisting of the reading of the book Trick of the Yellow and activities that stimulate the skills required for the acquisition and development of self-regulated learning. The materialisation of the intervention lasted 4 months, students are assessed before, during and at the end of the intervention. The JT Method was adopted for data analysis and verification of occurrence of positive changes reliable and clinically relevant. The results indicate the occurrence of clinically significant changes in reading, the body schema and spatial orientation in 27 students. There were also positive changes in aspects behavioral, emotional and self-regulatory of these students. Were found and discussed some limitations in Brazilian educational policies directed to students with special educational needs. The results show the effectiveness of the intervention in promoting self-regulatory skills in the psychomotor acquisitions necessary for the development of self-regulated learning and minimizing learning difficulties presented by the students. Finally, the study provides elements that support targeted interventions for students with learning disabilities as well as educational practices. It becomes clear that for effective school inclusion of students with learning difficulties is necessary that the proper educational inclusion policy breaks with the tendency to devote to pupils with disabilities and pass to consider other changes in development also integrate the daily life of children who attend school and are not considered in the universe of "special educational needs". / Os alunos com dificuldades de aprendizagem apresentam falhas na integração perceptiva, na memória, no pensamento, na linguagem, em um ou mais aspectos da autorregulação da aprendizagem, não possuindo e/ou fazendo uso adequado e ativo do repertório de competências para o aprendizado. Estes alunos como consequência apresentam uma limitação ou impedimento para a aprendizagem da leitura, escrita, cálculo e aptidões sociais. As causas para essas dificuldades estão relacionadas ao sujeito que aprende e ao ambiente físico e/ou social da escola e/ou da família. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram elaborar e avaliar uma intervenção para alunos com dificuldades de aprendizagem matriculados no ensino fundamental de uma escola da rede municipal. Este estudo adotou o design quaseexperimental do tipo pré e pós-teste. Foram aplicados os instrumentos Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor (EDM), Teste de Competência de Leitura de Palavras e Pseudopalavras (TCLPP) e dois checklists elaborados para avaliar aspectos da aprendizagem, da autorregulação, comportamentais e emocionais em alunos com idade de 7 a 8 anos. A amostra foi composta por 31 alunos que foram indicados pelas professoras e apresentaram escores abaixo da média nos testes indicados. A partir dos resultados foi elaborado um plano de intervenção composto pela leitura do livro Travessuras do Amarelo e por atividades que estimulassem as competências e aquisições necessárias para o desenvolvimento de uma aprendizagem autorregulada. A concretização do plano de intervenção teve duração de 4 meses, sendo os alunos avaliados antes, durante e no término da intervenção. O Método JT foi adotado para análise dos dados e verificação de ocorrência de mudanças positivas confiáveis e clinicamente relevantes. Os resultados indicam a ocorrência de mudanças confiáveis e clinicamente significativas na aprendizagem da leitura em 27 alunos. Nos aspectos psicomotores os alunos obtiveram uma mudança confiável e ocorreram também alterações estatisticamente significativas nos aspectos autorregulatórios e comportamentais. Foram encontradas e discutidas algumas limitações nas políticas educacionais brasileiras voltadas aos alunos com necessidades educativas especiais. Os resultados apontam para a eficácia da intervenção no estímulo às competências autorregulatórias e nas aquisições psicomotoras necessárias para o desenvolvimento de uma aprendizagem autorregulada e na minimização das dificuldades de aprendizagem apresentadas pelos alunos. Por fim, o estudo oferece elementos que subsidiam as intervenções dirigidas aos alunos com dificuldades de aprendizagem como também as práticas educacionais. Torna-se claro que para uma efetiva inclusão escolar de alunos com dificuldades de aprendizagem se faz necessário que a própria politica de inclusão educacional rompa com a tendência de se destinar ao alunado com deficiências e passe a considerar que outras alterações no desenvolvimento também integram o cotidiano de crianças que frequentam a escola e não são consideradas no universo das necessidades educativas especiais .

Uma questão que se apresenta relevante, nesta tese, é que na maioria das vezes, o estudante, principalmente, o novato, demonstra grande dificuldade na aprendizagem baseada na resolução de problemas. Portanto, este precisa de monitoração, isto exige um apoio de entidades ou pessoas mais experientes. Percebe-se que, muitas vezes, por falta de domínio na área do conhecimento tratada, o estudante não analisa minuciosamente os dados do problema para poder conduzir objetivamente cada etapa de solução. Várias habilidades cognitivas são exigidas durante o processo de resolução de problemas, como por exemplo, codificação, comparação e combinação, componentes cognitivos significativos detectados em estudantes talentosos. A aprendizagem por meio do processo de resolução de problemas num ambiente online pode ampliar o pensamento crítico e aprimorar a tomada de decisão. Nesta pesquisa, foi criado um agente conversacional chamado Blaze, com o intuito de apoiar o estudante durante a aprendizagem autorregulada baseada na resolução de problemas. O agente foi desenvolvido com a linguagem de marcação AIML (Artificial Intelligence Markup Language), tendo sua base de conhecimento construída por meio da elicitação e representação dos processos cognitivos dos estudantes talentosos, alunos medalhistas da Olimpíada Brasileira de Matemática das Escolas Públicas. Utilizou-se a técnica de Raciocínio Baseado em Casos para permitir a recuperação e reutilização de experiências passadas dos estudantes talentosos. Foram realizados tantos experimentos com outros estudantes de graus de escolaridades distintos (2ª série do ensino médio, Licenciatura em Ciências e Licenciatura em Matemática) com o objetivo de investigar o engajamento e o aprimoramento das habilidades cognitivas destes durante a resolução dos problemas com a assistência do agente conversacional Blaze. Nestes experimentos, alguns estudantes interagiram com o agente Blaze durante o processo de resolução de problemas matemáticos, enquanto outros trabalharam sozinhos na resolução dos mesmos problemas. Os resultados obtidos nos experimentos permitiram verificar que o apoio do agente conversacional Blaze, no contexto de uma aprendizagem autorregulada durante a resolução de problemas, contribuiu qualitativamente para o aprimoramento de diversas habilidades cognitivas, como por exemplo, pensamento crítico, pensamento criativo, raciocínio lógico, bem como, permitiu o uso da metacognição. / A relevant issue raised in this paper is that most times students, especially inexperienced ones, show great difficulty for learning based on problem solving. Therefore, such students need to be monitored, which requires support from entities or more experienced people. Many times we see that due to students’ lack of mastery of the field of knowledge addressed, they fail to thoroughly analyze the problem data so as to objectively handle each stage of the solution. Several cognitive skills are required during the problem-solving process, such as coding, and comparison and combination, significant cognitive components detected in talented students. Learning by means of a problem-solving process in an online environment is capable of expanding critical thinking and improving students’ decision-making skills. In this research, a conversational agent we call Blaze was created in an effort to help students during their self-regulated, problem solving-based learning. The agent was developed via the AIML (Artificial Intelligence Markup Language), and its knowledge base was put together by means of eliciting and representing the cognitive processes of talented students, students who had won medals at the Brazilian Public School Mathematics Olympic Games. We used the Case-Based Reasoning technique to enable us to recover and reuse the talented students’ past experiences. Some other experiments were carried out with other students from various schooling levels (high school sophomores, and Science and Math undergrads) in order to look into those students’ engagement and improvement of their cognitive skills as they solved problems assisted by the Blaze conversational agent. In those experiments, some students interacted with the Blaze agent during the math problem-solving process, while other students worked alone on solving the same problems. The results obtained from the experiments allowed us to find that the support from the Blaze conversational agent, in the context of self-regulated learning during problem-solving, qualitatively helped the students improve their several cognitive skills, such as critical thinking, creative thinking, and logic reasoning, besides enabling the use of meta-cognition.

O estudo teve como objetivo investigar, a partir de uma perspectiva de processo adaptativo em aprendizagem motora, o efeito da liberdade na escolha da resposta em diferentes momentos do processo de estabilização. A possibilidade de escolher a ordem dos componentes que compõem uma seqüência de movimentos (liberdade na escolha da resposta) tem se mostrado benéfica à aquisição de habilidades motoras. Contudo, o efeito da liberdade na escolha da resposta pode ser mediado pelo processo de estabilização funcional. Para investigar esta hipótese, 135 voluntários com média de idade de 22 (± 4,1) anos, de ambos os sexos, foram alocados a nove grupos experimentais, derivados da combinação de três condições experimentais (SEM, MED e ALT) e dois momentos da estabilização (antes e após a estabilização inicial do desempenho). A liberdade na escolha da resposta foi operacionalizada neste estudo como a possibilidade de escolher a ordem de uma seqüência de toques em sensores, em uma tarefa complexa de timing coincidente. Os resultados mostraram que não houve efeito da condição experimental do início da prática no desempenho na fase de adaptação, porém condições intermediárias de liberdade de escolha no final da prática não apresentaram queda na consistência frente à modificação da tarefa. Nesse sentido, a liberdade na escolha da resposta não trouxe prejuízos à adaptação / The objective of the study was to investigate, from an adaptive process perspective on motor learning, the effect of freedom in response choice in different moments of the stabilization process. The possibility of choosing the order of the components which generate a movement sequence (freedom in response choice) has been shown as beneficial to motor skills acquisition. However, the effect of freedom in response choice could be mediated by the process of functional stabilization. To investigate the hypothesis, a hundred thirty-five volunteers with mean age of 22 (± 4,1) years were assigned to nine experimental groups, derived from the combination of three experimental conditions (SEM, MED and ALT) and two moments of stabilization (before and after initial performance stabilization). Freedom in response choice was manipulated in this study as the possibility of choosing the order of tapping a sequence of sensors, in a complex anticipation timing task. Results showed there was no effect of experimental condition in the beginning of practice in performance in adaptation phase, although intermediate conditions of freddom of choice didnt show decrease in consistency following task modification. In this sense, freedom in response choice wasnt detrimental to adaptation

Uma questão que se apresenta relevante, nesta tese, é que na maioria das vezes, o estudante, principalmente, o novato, demonstra grande dificuldade na aprendizagem baseada na resolução de problemas. Portanto, este precisa de monitoração, isto exige um apoio de entidades ou pessoas mais experientes. Percebe-se que, muitas vezes, por falta de domínio na área do conhecimento tratada, o estudante não analisa minuciosamente os dados do problema para poder conduzir objetivamente cada etapa de solução. Várias habilidades cognitivas são exigidas durante o processo de resolução de problemas, como por exemplo, codificação, comparação e combinação, componentes cognitivos significativos detectados em estudantes talentosos. A aprendizagem por meio do processo de resolução de problemas num ambiente online pode ampliar o pensamento crítico e aprimorar a tomada de decisão. Nesta pesquisa, foi criado um agente conversacional chamado Blaze, com o intuito de apoiar o estudante durante a aprendizagem autorregulada baseada na resolução de problemas. O agente foi desenvolvido com a linguagem de marcação AIML (Artificial Intelligence Markup Language), tendo sua base de conhecimento construída por meio da elicitação e representação dos processos cognitivos dos estudantes talentosos, alunos medalhistas da Olimpíada Brasileira de Matemática das Escolas Públicas. Utilizou-se a técnica de Raciocínio Baseado em Casos para permitir a recuperação e reutilização de experiências passadas dos estudantes talentosos. Foram realizados tantos experimentos com outros estudantes de graus de escolaridades distintos (2ª série do ensino médio, Licenciatura em Ciências e Licenciatura em Matemática) com o objetivo de investigar o engajamento e o aprimoramento das habilidades cognitivas destes durante a resolução dos problemas com a assistência do agente conversacional Blaze. Nestes experimentos, alguns estudantes interagiram com o agente Blaze durante o processo de resolução de problemas matemáticos, enquanto outros trabalharam sozinhos na resolução dos mesmos problemas. Os resultados obtidos nos experimentos permitiram verificar que o apoio do agente conversacional Blaze, no contexto de uma aprendizagem autorregulada durante a resolução de problemas, contribuiu qualitativamente para o aprimoramento de diversas habilidades cognitivas, como por exemplo, pensamento crítico, pensamento criativo, raciocínio lógico, bem como, permitiu o uso da metacognição. / A relevant issue raised in this paper is that most times students, especially inexperienced ones, show great difficulty for learning based on problem solving. Therefore, such students need to be monitored, which requires support from entities or more experienced people. Many times we see that due to students’ lack of mastery of the field of knowledge addressed, they fail to thoroughly analyze the problem data so as to objectively handle each stage of the solution. Several cognitive skills are required during the problem-solving process, such as coding, and comparison and combination, significant cognitive components detected in talented students. Learning by means of a problem-solving process in an online environment is capable of expanding critical thinking and improving students’ decision-making skills. In this research, a conversational agent we call Blaze was created in an effort to help students during their self-regulated, problem solving-based learning. The agent was developed via the AIML (Artificial Intelligence Markup Language), and its knowledge base was put together by means of eliciting and representing the cognitive processes of talented students, students who had won medals at the Brazilian Public School Mathematics Olympic Games. We used the Case-Based Reasoning technique to enable us to recover and reuse the talented students’ past experiences. Some other experiments were carried out with other students from various schooling levels (high school sophomores, and Science and Math undergrads) in order to look into those students’ engagement and improvement of their cognitive skills as they solved problems assisted by the Blaze conversational agent. In those experiments, some students interacted with the Blaze agent during the math problem-solving process, while other students worked alone on solving the same problems. The results obtained from the experiments allowed us to find that the support from the Blaze conversational agent, in the context of self-regulated learning during problem-solving, qualitatively helped the students improve their several cognitive skills, such as critical thinking, creative thinking, and logic reasoning, besides enabling the use of meta-cognition.

Orientador: Ricardo Goldemberg / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T08:24:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Otutumi_CristianeHatsueVital_D.pdf: 31212880 bytes, checksum: 5294b602ed332cd475faae46bc26d277 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivos maiores aprofundar discussões sobre o ensino na disciplina Percepção Musical e propor a teoria da Autorregulação da aprendizagem como norte reflexivo da matéria, tendo, ambas as ações, o intuito da sua melhoria no contexto universitário. Para isso, no capítulo um, buscou-se discutir sobre as dificuldades dos docentes - tal como a heterogeneidade de níveis de conhecimento e a falta de motivação dos alunos ao estudo -, bem como levantados cinco aspectos da escola tradicional mais citados e problematizados por autores brasileiros há cerca de dez anos. No capítulo dois, foi proposta a Autorregulação da aprendizagem em uma perspectiva sociocognitiva para as ações na disciplina, mas, também comentadas diferentes formas de estudar no meio acadêmico musical, desde recursos conhecidos como a monitoria, internet, incentivo à pesquisa, à realização de projetos vinculados à sala de aula. O capítulo três traz a pesquisa-ação como metodologia adotada, e a narrativa das duas fases de intervenção pedagógica desenvolvidas com alunos ingressantes de duas instituições públicas brasileiras, da região Sudeste e Sul do país. Foram elaboradas duas disciplinas de Percepção Musical 1 da graduação, orientadas pela Autorregulação da aprendizagem em caráter de infusão curricular, nas quais foram oferecidas diferentes atividades e textos para reflexão, em um sistema que contemplou ações voluntárias e obrigatórias. Os resultados, em depoimentos e atividades realizados pelos alunos, foram organizados, tratados e interpretados segundo a Análise de Conteúdo. Trazem informações significativas demonstrando riqueza de interação com essa nova perspectiva na matéria, com os conteúdos de autorregulação, e mostrando ser possível amenizar o caráter excessivamente técnico ou instrumental geralmente presente na disciplina. Por fim, é apresentada a autoavaliação da pesquisadora, oportunizando e revelando maior conscientização sobre o ensinar e o aprender nesse ambiente musical / Abstract: This research had as main objectives to deepen discussions on education in the discipline of Musical Perception and to propose the theory of self-regulated learning as reflective lead of matter, both aiming the purpose of their improvement in the university context. In this regard, in chapter one, we tried to discuss the difficulties of teachers - such as the heterogeneity of levels of knowledge and lack of motivation of the students to study - as well as, raised five aspects of traditional school cited by Brazilian authors about ten years. In chapter two, it was proposed the self-regulated learning in a socio-cognitive perspective for actions in the discipline, but also remark different ways of studying in the musical academic environment, since known resources as guidance personnel (monitory), internet, encouraging research, the development of projects linked to the classroom. Chapter three brings actionresearch as a methodology, and the narrative of the two phases of pedagogical intervention developed with students entering two Brazilian public institutions, from south and south-east regions. Were prepared two disciplines of Musical Perception 1 of graduation, guided by self-regulated learning on an infusion curriculum way, in which were offered different activities and texts for reflection in a system that included voluntary and compulsory actions. The results, in statements and activities made by the students, were organized, processed and interpreted according to the Content Analysis. Bring meaningful information demonstrating wealth of interaction with this new perspective, with the contents of self-regulation, and showing possible lessen of the technical or instrumental character generally present in the discipline. Finally, we present the self-rated researcher, revealing greater awareness of teaching and learning in this musical environment / Doutorado / Fundamentos Teoricos / Doutora em Música

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Glediane Saldanha Goetzke da Rosa_Dissertacao.pdf: 4102365 bytes, checksum: 2bc9271079c76f0a5c5916b3f631a161 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O estudo aqui apresentado teve como objetivo geral verificar nas produções textuais de alunos do 3º ano do ciclo de alfabetização, se houve e quais foram as mudanças ocorridas nos componentes linguístico e convencional a partir de uma intervenção pedagógica ancorada no construto da autorregulação da aprendizagem que investiu no ensino explícito e uso de estratégias autorregulatórias nas fases de planejamento, execução e avaliação da escrita dos textos. Durante o período de intervenção pedagógica foram realizadas, semanalmente, oficinas que tiveram como principal estratégia a utilização do livro As Travessuras do Amarelo a partir do qual foram elaboradas atividades relacionadas à escrita de textos. No decorrer da intervenção, investiu-se no ensino e incentivo ao uso de estratégias autorregulatórias nas fases de planejamento, execução e avaliação da tarefa. Os dados para a avaliação das mudanças ocorridas na escrita de textos foram coletados por meio de produções de textos e entrevista realizada após a conclusão da tarefa. Com base na análise de conteúdo, foi verificado o uso de estratégias autorregulatórias específicas para cada uma das fases do processo cíclico da autorregulação. Na fase de planejamento, as estratégias utilizadas pelos participantes foram organização das ideias, formulação de esquema, vivência anterior e busca de recursos. Percebeu-se que essas estratégias favoreceram os avanços percebidos no componente linguístico. Na fase de execução, as estratégias abordadas foram leitura, correção e busca de ajuda. De acordo com a fala dos participantes, essas estratégias foram utilizadas com o objetivo de melhorar sua ortografia. Na fase de avaliação, as estratégias leitura de todo o texto e avaliação contribuíram para que os participantes avaliassem aspectos relativos à sua própria atuação e os componentes linguístico e convencional da produção escrita. Os resultados obtidos no estudo demonstram que os participantes apresentaram: I) avanços significativos em relação aos componentes linguístico e convencional, estimulados por atividades de aprendizagem desenvolvidas em uma intervenção pedagógica que oportunizou maior controle e consciência sobre a escrita de textos; II) os avanços foram potencializados pela adoção e ampliação do uso de estratégias autorregulatórias de planejamento, execução e avaliação no desenvolvimento de suas atividades, em específico, na escrita de textos. / The present study aimed to verify, on the textual productions by students of the third year of the alphabetization cycle, whether there were and what were the changes occured on the linguistic and conventional components, from a pedagogical view based on the self-regulated learning, which invested on the explicit teaching and on the use of self-regulated strategies on the planning, execution and evaluation phases of writing. During the educational intervention period were conducted weekly workshops which had the main strategy to use the book The Yellow Trick from which activities were developed related to written texts. Throughout the intervention we invested on teach and use of self-regulation strategies in the planning, execution and evaluation phases. The data for the assessment of the changes occurred on the written texts were collected through textual productions and interviews, which were held after the child completed the task. On the basis of content analysis, the use of specific self-regulation strategies for each phase of the cyclic process was verified. On the planning phase, the strategies used by the participants were idea organization, scheme formulation, previous experience and search for resources. It became apparent that these strategies favored progress on the linguistic component. During the execution phase, the strategies used were reading, correction and look for help. According to participants interview, those strategies were used as to improve the orthography. On the evaluation phase strategies such as reading the entire text and assessment, contributed to the evaluated participants the performance and the linguistic and conventional components of the their writing production. The results obtained by the study demonstrate that the participants exhibited: I) significant improvement in relation to the linguistic and conventional components, which was stimulated by learning activities developed in a pedagogical intervention that gave to the participants opportunity to more control and conscience over the textual production; II) the advances were enlarged by the implementation and amplification of the use of self-regulation strategies to planning, execution and evaluation during the development of their activities, specifically in the textual productions.

Abstract This study explores self-regulated learning (SRL) in the learning context of a primary school. The research focus is on the occurrence and promotion of SRL. The research is a qualitative case study. The theoretical foundation rests on research into SRL and its promotion. The research context was provided by the pedagogical development of the UBIKO project, which took place at the Oulu University Teacher Training School (Oulun normaalikoulu). The data consists of the structured diaries of students from grades 4 and 5 (N = 90) and the thematic interviews and descriptions of the learning context by their teachers (N = 6). The analysis, carried out to clarify the meaning of the learning context, was boosted by samples based on the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) questionnaire. The results indicate that pupils are aware of their learning and they exploit different learning strategies during their learning. The modification of the learning context has a different impact on the motivation and strategy use of strategically low and high pupils. SRL can be promoted by creating a learning context that supports pupils in their planning, monitoring and evaluation processes. In terms of school development it is not enough to concentrate on single supportive elements – the systemic development the learning context (i.e. learning situation, physical environment and social architecture) also needs to be considered. The findings of this study contribute to understanding the skills and promotion of SRL among primary school pupils. The results offer research-based support for teachers, teacher trainees and school developers to meet the challenges of 21st century education. / Tiivistelmä Väitöstutkimus tarkastelee oppimisen itsesäätelyä alakoulun oppimiskontekstissa. Tutkimuskohteina ovat oppimisen itsesäätelyn ilmeneminen sekä sen kehittymisen tukeminen. Tutkimus on laadullinen tapaustutkimus, jonka teoreettinen tausta on oppimisen itsesäätelyn ja sen kehittymisen tutkimuksessa. Tutkimuskontekstina toimi Oulun yliopiston harjoittelukoulussa (Oulun normaalikoulu) toteutunut UBIKO-kehittämishanke, jonka aikana tapahtuneeseen pedagogiseen kehittämiseen tutkimus kohdentuu. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu 4.–5.-luokkalaisilta oppilailta (N = 90) kerätyistä strukturoiduista päiväkirjoista sekä heidän opettajiensa (N = 6) oppimiskontekstia kuvaavista raporteista ja teemahaastatteluista. Lisäksi oppimiskontekstin merkityksen analyysia syvennettiin tarkastelemalla oppimisen itsesäätelyn ilmenemisen muutoksia Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) -kyselyn avulla oppilasjoukosta seulottujen otosten osalta. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat oppilaiden olevan tietoisia oppimiseensa liittyvistä tekijöistä, ja he hyödyntävät oppimisessaan erilaisia oppimisstrategioita. Tulosten perusteella oppimiskontekstissa tapahtuvat muutokset vaikuttavat eri tavoin strategisesti heikkojen ja vahvojen oppilaiden motivaatioon ja strategiseen toimintaan. Oppimisen itsesäätelyn kehittymistä voidaan tukea luomalla oppimiskontekstiin piirteitä, jotka vahvistavat oppilaiden oman toiminnan suunnittelua, tarkkailua ja arviointia. Koulun kehittämisen näkökulmasta yksittäisten elementtien lisäksi on huomioitava se systeeminen kokonaisuus, joka oppimistilanteen, fyysisen oppimisympäristön sekä sosiaalisen vuorovaikutuksen kautta oppimiskontekstiin muodostuu. Väitöstutkimuksen tulokset ja tutkimuskontekstin yksityiskohtainen esittely lisäävät ymmärrystä alakouluikäisten oppimisen itsesäätelytaidoista ja niiden kehittymisen tukemisesta. Tulokset auttavat opettajia, opettajankouluttajia ja muita koulun kehittäjiä vastaamaan tutkimusperustaisesti niihin vaatimuksiin, joita 2000-luvun koulutukselle on kansainvälisestikin asetettu.

Abstract This study investigates young children’s views of successful learning situations in their classroom activities and factors that contribute to their achievement in those situations. It is investigated how self-regulated learning is supported in these situations and how children appraise support as part of their success. The study consists of three different data sets that are reported in three empirical articles. The first empirical study investigated resilience displayed by young children in dyadic task performance. The second empirical study investigated views and appraisals that primary school children give to their success in classroom learning activities and how self-regulated learning is supported in the classrooms. The third empirical study investigated how primary school children appraise the reasons for their peers’ successes in learning situations. The data collection methods include video observations, stimulated recall interviews and photo elicitation interviews. The results of this dissertation indicated that success in learning activities results from individual and external factors. Among the individual assets that children bring to learning situations, the support that children receive from their teachers and peers were crucial for successful achievement. This study showed that, in general, the children’s self-regulated learning was supported in the classroom, especially through the support from a teacher and non-threatening evaluation. Children described their success through concrete actions that they took in the situations, such as the ability to accomplish the particular tasks or doing academic activities in order to achieve the task. The methodological findings indicate that it is possible to develop child-centred participatory methods in learning research. Results of this study contribute to the discussion of how successful learning experiences and self-regulated learning can be supported in the first years of primary school. / Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöstutkimuksessa tarkastellaan pienten lasten onnistumisen kokemuksia ja niiden syitä aidoissa oppimistilanteissa. Tavoitteena on selvittää, kuinka itsesäätöistä oppimista tuetaan ja kuinka lapset näkevät saamansa tuen auttavan heitä onnistumaan. Tutkimus koostuu kolmen aineiston analyyseista jotka on raportoitu kolmessa empiirisessä artikkelissa. Ensimmäinen tutkimus tarkasteli pienten lasten osoittamaa sinnikkyyttä yksilö- ja paritehtävässä. Toinen tutkimus selvitti, kuinka alakouluikäiset lapset selittivät onnistumistaan koululuokan oppimistilanteissa ja kuinka itsesäätöistä oppimista tuettiin kyseisissä tilanteissa. Kolmas tutkimus tarkasteli, kuinka alakouluikäiset oppilaat selittivät koulukavereidensa onnistumista oppimisessa. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu videohavainnoinneista sekä videoin ja valokuvin tuetuista haastatteluista. Tämän tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että koululuokassa tapahtuvaan onnistumiseen vaikuttavat sekä ulkoiset että sisäiset tekijät. Sisäisiä tekijöitä ovat lasten yksilölliset taidot, kuten sinnikäs työskentely ja kyky suorittaa tehtävä onnistuneesti. Selittäessään omia ja kavereidensa onnistumisia lapset kuvailivat onnistumista konkreettisten toimien kautta. Lapset näkivät onnistumisen johtuneen toimista joita he tekivät tehtävien aikana, kuten tehtävien aktiivinen suorittaminen ja kyvykkyys suoriutua tehtävistä onnistuneesti. Ulkoisiin tekijöihin kuuluu tuki, jota lapset saavat oppimisen aikana. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että seuratuissa luokkahuoneissa lasten itsesäätöistä oppimista tukivat erityisesti opettajien tarjoama apu ja kannustava arviointi, jotka loivat luokkaan ymmärtävän ja rohkaisevan ilmapiirin. Metodologisesti tämä tutkimus näyttää, että oppimisen tutkimuksessa on mahdollista kehittää lapsilähtöisiä, osallistavia tutkimusmenetelmiä. Tutkimuksen tulokset lisäävät tietoa siitä, miten lasten onnistumisen kokemuksia ja itsesäätöistä oppimista voidaan tukea jokapäiväisissä luokkahuonetilanteissa.

The research described in this dissertation examines the possible link between self-regulated learning and LEGO Mindstorms robotics activities in teaching concepts in an introductory university computer programming course. The areas of student motivation, learning strategies, and mastery of course objectives are investigated. In all three cases analysis failed to reveal any statistically significant differences between the traditional control group and the experimental LEGO Mindstorms group as measured by the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire and course exams. Possible reasons for the lack of positive results include technical problems and limitations of the LEGO Mindstorms systems, limited number and availability of robots outside of class, limited amount of time during the semester for the robotics activities, and a possible difference in effectiveness based on gender. Responses to student follow-up questions, however, suggest that at least some of the students really enjoyed the LEGO activities. As with any teaching tool or activity, there are numerous ways in which LEGO Mindstorms can be incorporated into learning. This study explores whether or not LEGO Mindstorms are an effective tool for teaching introductory computer programming at the university level and how these systems can best be utilized.

The main research question was What are the relationships between parenting style, self-regulated learning (SRL) and the academic achievement of selected (upper) primary school students in Ethiopia? The following specific research questions were formulated: • What are the views of the students on the parenting styles, and on parental acceptance and control, the cognitive strategies they use, and their self-regulated learning? • What is the relationship between parenting style and SRL? • What is the relationship between parenting style and academic achievement? • What is the relationship between SRL and academic achievement? • Does SRL moderate the relationship between parenting style and academic achievement? In this study a correlational design was used, but it was also exploratory and descriptive. Data were collected by means of a self-report questionnaire, while the academic achievements of the students were derived from official records. The questionnaire was completed by 477 randomly selected students from two classes in each of five schools in Hawasa, Ethiopia. The analysis of the data was done by means of descriptive, correlation, and ANOVA tests. The major findings included the following: Most of the children experienced acceptance by their parents, in particular from their female parents/guardians. The best levels of acceptance were, for example, “When I get a poor grade at school, my parents encourage me to try harder”, or “I can count on my parents to help me if I have some kind of a problem”, and “My parents keep pushing me to do my best in whatever I do”. However, it was found that the parents seldom spent time merely talking to their children. The female parents/guardians seemed to control their children more than the male parents/guardians, and were more involved with their children. The children, though, also believed that their parents/guardians did not really know how they spent their leisure time. More often the children perceived their parents as being neglectful. Regarding their cognitive strategies, the students particularly made use of memorization. The cognitive strategies of the children whose parents were authoritative were significantly better than those of the other children. When a student’s self-regulation increased, his/her cognitive strategies also increased, and when the cognitive strategies improved, so did the average achievement. The parents’ parenting styles were also significantly related to their children’s achievement, and were moderated by cognitive strategies as co-variants. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)