Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Computing and Information Sciences / John M. Hatcliff / High-integrity applications are safety- and security-critical applications developed for a variety of critical tasks. The correctness of these applications must be thoroughly tested or formally verified to ensure their reliability and robustness. The major properties to be verified for the correctness of applications include: (1) functional properties, capturing the expected behaviors of a software, (2) dataflow property, tracking data dependency and preventing secret data from leaking to the public, and (3) robustness property, the ability of a program to deal with errors during execution. This dissertation presents and explores formal verification and proof technique, a promising technique using rigorous mathematical methods, to verify critical applications from the above three aspects. Our research is carried out in the context of SPARK, a programming language designed for development of safety- and security-critical applications. First, we have formalized in the Coq proof assistant the dynamic semantics for a significant subset of the SPARK 2014 language, which includes run-time checks as an integral part of the language, as any formal methods for program specification and verification depend on the unambiguous semantics of the language. Second, we have formally defined and proved the correctness of run-time checks generation and optimization based on SPARK reference semantics, and have built the certifying tools within the mechanized proof infrastructure to certify the run-time checks inserted by the GNAT compiler frontend to guarantee the absence of run-time errors. Third, we have proposed a language-based information security policy framework and the associated enforcement algorithm, which is proved to be sound with respect to the formalized program semantics. We have shown how the policy framework can be integrated into SPARK 2014 for more advanced information security analysis.

One of the important discussions in the philosophy of mathematics, is that centered on Benacerraf’s Dilemma. Benacerraf’s dilemma challenges theorists to provide an epistemology and semantics for mathematics, based on their favourite ontology. This challenge is the point on which all philosophies of mathematics are judged, and clarifying how we might acquire mathematical knowledge is one of the main occupations of philosophers of mathematics. In this thesis I argue that this discussion has overlooked an important part of mathematics, namely mathematics as it is exercised by ordinary people (almost everyone without a mathematics degree). I do so by looking at the different theories that have been put forward in the recent debate, and showing for each of these that they are unable to account for the mathematical practices of ordinary people. In order to show that these practices do need to be accounted for, I also argue that ordinary people are (sometimes) doing mathematics, i.e. that they engage in properly mathematical practices. Because these practices are properly mathematical, they should be accounted for by any philosophy of mathematics. The conclusion of my thesis, then, is that current theories fail to do something that they should do, while remaining neutral on how well they perform when it comes to accounting for the practices of professional mathematicians.

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This study represents an attempt to make explicit, within a contrastive perspective, the various types of meaning which can be expressed by the modal auxiliary verbs of English and Afrikaans. Chapter 1 investigates the potential of contrastive analysis for application in the field of foreign-language teaching and it is found that this linguistic technique is of definite pedagogical relevance because negative learning transfer or interference, which results from differences between source and target languages, is a major cause of learner error. It is also noted here that generally speaking the most acceptable type of linguistic theory within which a contrastive analysis should be framed is one which recognises both surface and deeper levels of structure so that the surface forms in each language can be ultimately related to a common semantic base. The modal auxiliaries of the two languages were selected for study because of the high degree of formal similarity or congruence that obtains between the English and Afrikaans counterparts, a fact which can be expected to lead to a considerable amount of learning transfer. As the semantics of these forms is not always equivalent, however, some of this transfer is bound to be negative, i.e. error-generating. In Chapter 2 the syntactic and morphological characteristics of the English and Afrikaans forms are compared. Although, as Chapter 2 reveals, the modal auxiliaries constitute a fairly well-defined formal class in each language, they relate semantically to an extensive set of other expressions, all of which mark modality, a rather complex concept which may be broadly characterised as relating to qualifications on the truth-value of the basic proposition which a speaker expresses. In Chapter 3 various classifications of types of modality are discussed and a basic distinction is made between epistemic modality (qualification relates directly to the speaker's assessment of the factuality of the proposition expressed) and non-epistemic modality (qualifications relate more specifically to conditions on the process referred to). In both cases the 11 qualification" can be expressed as a kind of "possibility" or a kind of "necessity", and within the framework of our analysis modality is represented at the level of deep-semantic structure by POSS and NEC as higher abstract predicates linked to one another by a set of meaning postulates. The interpretation of these predicates depends on the kinds of arguments which accompany them in the semantic representation and these arguments are classified and labelled broadly in accordance with Fillmore's functionalsemantic definitions of "case". The modal abstract predicates take as arguments a predication which is labelled as a Goal and either an Agent or Instrument as a source. Unlike traditional "modal operators", then, they are two-place transitive-causative predicates and the basic structure of the modal content of sentences is seen to be something of the order of "x makes-possible/necessary y (pre di ca ti on)". . Representations of epistemic modality contain a further BELIEVE predicate as part of the Goal predication. Depending on the prelexical transformations that apply (e.g. whether the modality source is deleted or not) syntactically different modality markers are derived from the same basic semantic representation and so expressions such as John allows Fred ... ,Fred is allowed ... and Fred can ... are shown to be broadly synonymous. Our main concern here is not with the actual transformations but with the "semantic primitives" in terms of which different types of modality may be represented and related to one another. Using the framework outlined in Chapter 3, the semantics of the "possibility" and the "necessity" modal auxiliaries in each language is discussed in Chapters 4 and 5 respectively. Both non-oblique ("present") and oblique ("imperfect") forms are related to one another and to other modality markers. Chapter 6 deals briefly with negative forms of the modal auxiliaries before summarising the semantic similarities and contrasts between the congruent English and Afrikaans forms. It is found that in spite of considerable parallelism in the meaning-form relations expressed by the modal auxiliaries in the two languages, there are also a number of basic differences. The pedagogical implications and applications relating to this study, its findings and its approach, are reviewed briefly by way of conclusion. / Linguistics and Modern Languages

The aim of the logic for pragmatics considered in this work is to provide a logical framework that formalises reasoning about the pragmatic forces with which a sentence may be uttered. The concept of pragmatic or illocutionary force comes from speech act theory and plays a crucial role also in certain branches of artificial intelligence, in particular in the development of communication protocols for software agents. Instead of considering the full-blown theory of speech acts, we focus on speech acts that either have the pragmatic force of an assertion or the pragmatic force of an obligation, and on how these speech acts may be related to each other. In particular, we are interested in a principle proposed by Bellin and Dalla Pozza that allows one to promote acts of obligations through causal chains of acts of assertions. The main achievement of this thesis is a sound and complete categorical semantics for a logic for pragmatics incorporating the aforementioned principle. One of the benefits of the proposed semantics is that it allows one to deal with conditional obligations as well, thus extending the framework in a very interesting way. Although the logical framework considered in this work incorporates only two types of speech acts, we hope to be able to show that we have a well-behaved core fragment that can serve as a fruitful basis for further investigations.

This thesis provides a model-theoretic semantic analysis of aspects of the LF logical framework

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Thesis. 1977. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES. / Vita. / Bibliography : leaves 231-236. / Ph.D.

殷子俊. / "2004年7月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2004. / 參考文獻(leaves 101-106). / "2004 nian 7 yue". / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Yin Zijun. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2004. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 101-106). / 摘要 --- p.i / 鳴謝 --- p.iii / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 本文主旨 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 二十世紀語意整全論的先驅一奎因 --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- 整全論的性質 --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- 整全論與分子論 --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- 整全論的分類 --- p.12 / Chapter 第二章 --- 真理與意義 --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1 --- 戴維森的語意理論 --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- 戴維森的約定T理論 --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 外延滿足性及組合性 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- 約定T理論的技術問題 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- 戴維森的真理理論 --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 爲真理的槪念辯護 --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 兩種錯誤的真理觀 --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- 意義、信念與真理 --- p.34 / Chapter 第三章 --- 徹底的詮釋 --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1 --- 翻譯與詮釋 --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2 --- 徹底的詮釋 --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- 寬容原則 --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- 三角測量 --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3 --- 戴維森的整全論 --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 從徹底的詮釋到整全論 --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 戴維森整全論的歸類 --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- 整全論與組合性 --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- 整全論與理解 --- p.62 / Chapter 第四章 --- 溝通的整全性一論弗達與拿玻的反整全論 --- p.65 / Chapter 4.1 --- 弗達與拿玻的立場與前設 --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2 --- 弗達與拿玻的論證 --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 組合性論證 --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 規範性論證 --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- 寬容原則論證 --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- 信念的基本性論證 --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3 --- 總結：徹底詮釋論與語意整全論 --- p.94 / 詞彙翻譯對照表 --- p.98 / 哲學家譯名對照表 --- p.100 / 參考書目 --- p.101

陳榮開. / "2005年1月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2005. / 參考文獻(leaves 68-72). / "2005 nian 1 yue". / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Chen Rongkai. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2005. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 68-72). / 論文目錄 / 中文提要 --- p.3 / 英文提要 --- p.5 / Chapter 第一章- --- 引言 --- p.6 / Chapter 第二章- --- 今文《¯‘ة書´Ø周書》詞彙與西周金文互證 --- p.8 / Chapter 第一節： --- 《周書》詞彙訓釋證補 --- p.9 / Chapter (1) --- 《周書》「毖」字與金文「霸」字 / Chapter (2) --- 《周書》「由」、「迪」與金文「早」字 / Chapter (3) --- 《周書´Ø康誥》「衣德言」 / Chapter (4) --- 《周書´Ø召誥》「其惟王位在德元」 / Chapter (5) --- 《周書´Ø康誥》「不敢侮鰥寡，庸庸祗祗威威顯民」 / Chapter 第二節： --- 《周書》所見今、古文有異說之詞彙探析 --- p.29 / Chapter (1) --- 《周書》「懋」、「冒」、「勖」與金文「覭」字 / Chapter (2) --- 《周書》「懋」、「冒」、「勖」今、古文不同用法分析 / Chapter (3) --- 《周書》「寧王」問題 / Chapter (4) --- 《周書´Ø大誥》「休畢」 / Chapter (5) --- 《周書´Ø康誥》「周公初基作新大邑于東國洛」 / Chapter (6) --- 《周書´Ø酒誥》「辜在商邑越殷國滅無罹」 / Chapter (7) --- 《周書´Ø洛誥》「殷乃引考」 / Chapter (8) --- 《周書´Ø立政》「耿光」 / Chapter 第三章- --- 今文《¯‘ة書´Ø周書》歎詞、助詞、代詞與西周金文互證硏究 --- p.52 / Chapter 第一節： --- 歎詞、助詞與西周金文互證 --- p.52 / Chapter (1) --- 嗚呼 / Chapter (2) --- 已、噫、徂 / Chapter (3) --- 矣 / Chapter 第二節： --- 代詞與西周金文互證 --- p.59 / Chapter (1) --- 我 / Chapter (2) --- 予 / Chapter (3) --- 朕 / Chapter 第四章- --- 總結 --- p.64 / 參考書目及參考論文 --- p.68 / 附錄一----今文《周書》歎詞「嗚呼」用例表 --- p.73 / 附錄二----今文《周書》與西周金文字例互證舉隅 --- p.75 / 附錄三----本文引用古文字材料拓本或摹本 --- p.79