Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-01-27T16:49:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Bruna Ferreira da Silva - 2015.pdf: 4555183 bytes, checksum: 0ef2a345cd917eedfa28915f7328adb7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-01-28T11:49:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Bruna Ferreira da Silva - 2015.pdf: 4555183 bytes, checksum: 0ef2a345cd917eedfa28915f7328adb7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-28T11:49:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Bruna Ferreira da Silva - 2015.pdf: 4555183 bytes, checksum: 0ef2a345cd917eedfa28915f7328adb7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Hydrological models have been a enough useful tool to management and decision-making support in river basin water resources planning since they are able to reproduce discharges and transport of sediments as well as to simulate different scenarios of land use and water quality. The main objective of this study is to perform the hydrossedimentological modeling of the Samambaia river basin Stream by applying the software SWAT. The study area is located in the north of the city of Goiânia and it has undergone an intense process of urbanization. Daily discharges and suspended sediment concentrations data were collected during 18 months in a specific section of the stream. The monitored data set has been used to analyze the influence of distinct parameters in the SWAT model adjustment. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed the parameters of soil evaporation compensation factor (Esco), threshold depth of water in the shallow aquifer required for return flow to occur (Gwqmn), available water capacity (Sol_Awc) and the depth of the soil layer (Sol_Z) as the most sensitive to simulations in terms of discharge, and the management practices and soil conservation parameter (Usle_P) to simulations in terms of suspended sediment concentrations. Best settings obtained for the precision statistics (Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient - COE) were of 0.56 to 0.72 for calibration in terms of discharges and of 0.56 to 0.69 for calibration in terms of suspended sediment. The performance showed that the simulation with SWAT was adequate in relation to researches conducted in Brazil, whose values for model indicators are quite similar. / O uso de modelos hidrológicos tem sido uma alternativa bastante explorada para o planejamento e a tomada de decisão relacionados ao gerenciamento de bacias hidrográficas, por possibilitarem a estimativa de vazões, transporte de sedimentos e simulação de cenários sobre o uso do solo e qualidade da água. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é realizar a modelagem hidrossedimentológica da bacia hidrográfica do Córrego Samambaia por meio da aplicação do modelo SWAT. A área de estudo localiza-se na região norte da cidade de Goiânia e vem passando por um processo de urbanização intenso. Foram monitorados, durante 18 meses, vazões e concentração de sedimentos em suspensão diários em uma seção no curso d’água. Tais dados foram utilizados para a análise da influência de distintos parâmetros no ajuste do modelo SWAT. Os resultados da análise de sensibilidade apontaram que parâmetros de fator de compensação da evaporação do solo (Esco), profundidade limite de água no aquífero raso para ocorrer o fluxo de retorno (Gwqmn), capacidade de água disponível (Sol_Awc) e a profundidade da camada do solo (Sol_Z) como os mais sensíveis para as simulações em termos da vazão, e a prática de manejo e conservação do solo (Usle_P) para as simulações com ajuste em termos da concentração de sedimentos em suspensão. Os melhores ajustes obtidos nas estatísticas de precisão (Coeficiente de Nash-Sutcliffe - COE) foram de 0,56 a 0,72 para as simulações em termos da vazão e de 0,56 a 0,69 para as simulações em termos do sedimento em suspensão. O desempenho permitiu concluir que a simulação com o SWAT foi adequada em relação às pesquisas que têm sido realizadas no Brasil, cujos valores obtidos para os indicadores são semelhantes.

nÃo hà / Foi analisada tÃcnica-economicamente uma produÃÃo de juvenis de tilÃpia, Orechromis niloticus, em pequena escala no estado do CearÃ. A anÃlise tÃcnica restringiu-se à produÃÃo e manejo da piscicultura, comparada ao seu projeto inicial e a situaÃÃo atual. A anÃlise econÃmica dividiu-se em trÃs partes: medidas de resultados econÃmicos, anÃlise financeira e anÃlise de sensibilidade. Para as medidas de resultados econÃmicos foram considerados os seguintes parÃmetros: receita lÃquida, ponto de nivelamento, Ãndices de rentabilidade e lucratividade, capacidade de pagamento, taxa de remuneraÃÃo e tempo de reposiÃÃo do capital investido, taxa de lucro e relaÃÃo benefÃcio-custo. Na avaliaÃÃo financeira utilizou-se os parÃmetros da taxa interna de retorno (TIR), valor presente lÃquido (VLP) e a relaÃÃo benefÃcio custo atualizado. As anÃlises de sensibilidade consideraram variaÃÃes nas taxas de juros de mercado, nas receitas e custos com raÃÃo e alevinos. Os resultados obtidos foram todos positivos, demonstrando a viabilidade da produÃÃo de juvenis de tilÃpia do Nilo pela Piscicultura Santa Tereza, nos dias atuais e ao longo dos prÃximos anos / A technical and economic analysis tilapia, Orechromis niloticus, juvenile production on a small scale in the state of Ceara. The technical analysis was restricted to the production and handling, compared to its initial design and actual situation. The economic analysis was divided into three parts: measures of economic outcomes, financial analysis and sensitivity analysis. To measure the economic outcomes were considered the following parameters: net income, the point of flatness, profitability ratios and profitability, ability to pay, the rate of return and spare time on invested capital, profit rate and cost-benefit ratio. In the financial evaluation, we used the parameters of the internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV) and benefit cost updated. The sensitivity analysis considered variations in market interest rates, revenues and costs for feed and fingerlings. The results were all positive, demonstrating the feasibility of production of juvenile Nile tilapia fish farming by Santa Tereza, today and over the next years

A atratividade econômica da micro e minigeração está intrinsecamente relacionada às tarifas de energia elétrica convencional, já que o benefício, do ponto de vista financeiro, para o micro/minigerador é o custo evitado para a compra de energia elétrica convencional. Desta forma, realizou-se a avaliação econômico-financeira de sistemas fotovoltaicos de geração distribuída sob a ótica do consumidor residencial. A análise foi realizada para as 27 capitais brasileiras e incluiu estimativas relacionadas às seguintes figuras de mérito: Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) e Payback (tempo de retorno sobre o investimento). Foi realizada uma análise de sensibilidade e uma projeção dos resultados para o ano de 2020, utilizando Simulação de Monte Carlo. Para o ano de 2015, a expectativa é que na maioria das capitais brasileiras já existam condições favoráveis para a micro/minigeração com sistemas fotovoltaicos, dados os reajustes tarifários de energia elétrica aprovados em 2014. Observou-se que, dependendo da diferença entre as tarifas com e sem impostos, o percentual de autoconsumo pode exercer grande influência sobre a atratividade financeira na microgeração. Em 2020, espera-se que a probabilidade de viabilidade da microgeração fotovoltaica, ultrapasse os 90%, enquanto que, em 2015, a probabilidade de viabilidade para as 27 capitais brasileiras está próxima de 62%. / The economic attractiveness of micro and minigeneration is intrinsically related to conventional electricity price, as the benefit from the financial side, to the micro/minigerador is the avoided cost with the energy purchase. In this way, an economic assessment of photovoltaic distributed generation was performed (from the perspective of the residential consumer). The analysis was made for the 27 brazilian capitals and the following results are presented: Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Payback (return time on investment). A sensitivity analysis was made, besides a probabilistic approach for the year 2020, using Monte Carlo Simulation. For 2015, the expectation is that in most brazilian capitals already exist favorable conditions for photovoltaic micro/minigenerators, mainly because the electricity tariffs readjustments approved in 2014. It was also observed that, depending on the difference between the prices with and without taxes, self-consumption percentage could greatly influence the financial attractiveness of microgeneration. By 2020, it is expected that the probability of viability for photovoltaic microgeneration, could be over than 90% in the brazilian capitals, while in 2015, the probability of viability for the 27 capital cities is near 62%.

As metodologias normalmente utilizadas para otimizar as dimensões de uma usina hidroelétrica, incluindo os métodos empregados pelo Setor Elétrico Brasileiro, baseiam-se em análises do tipo custo/benefício. Os custos provêm de gastos diretos com a construção da usina e os benefícios correspondem a receitas proporcionadas pela venda de energia. Para avaliar os benefícios, são realizadas simulações da operação da usina e a energia produzida é valorizada economicamente. Esta necessidade das simulações da operação faz com que o problema de dimensionamento não possua uma função analítica explícita para determinar os benefícios energéticos, o que dificulta a implementação de métodos tradicionais de otimização. O objetivo deste trabalho é justamente desenvolver e implementar uma metodologia de dimensionamento que permita que o processo de busca pelas dimensões ótimas seja automático. Para tanto, acoplam-se um modelo de otimização evolutiva e um modelo de simulação da operação de sistemas hidroelétricos. Adicionalmente, o modelo proposto também deve ser flexível, permitindo que as regras de operação do sistema hidroelétrico, o conjunto de vazões afluentes, a forma de valorização da energia gerada e uma série de outros fatores sejam tratados como parâmetros do modelo. Os resultados encontrados indicam que, sob o ponto de vista computacional, o modelo proposto é automático, flexível e eficiente. Além disso, as várias análises de sensibilidade realizadas atestam a consistência da metodologia proposta e permitem avaliar a forma como os diferentes parâmetros do modelo influenciam as próprias dimensões da usina sob dimensionamento. A partir destas análises, sugerem-se algumas medidas de regulamentação e planejamento para que as dimensões de novas usinas não sejam determinadas a partir de sinalizações imprecisas de parâmetros que influenciam de forma decisiva suas dimensões ótimas. / The methods normally applied to optimally size a hydropower plant, including the ones used by the Brazilian Power Industry, are based on cost/benefit analysis. The costs are due to direct expenses with the hydropower plant construction and the benefits correspond to incomes from selling energy. The benefits are evaluated throughout computing simulations of the hydropower plant operation, followed by the assignment of an economical value to the energy produced by it. The need for computing simulations turns out a non-analytical objective function for the sizing problem, what makes the use of traditional optimization tools very hard. The objective of this work is just to develop and implement a sizing method that automatically performs the search for the optimal sizes of a hydropower plant. The proposed method combines an evolutionary optimization technique and a simulation model for the operation of hydropower systems. Additionally, the proposed model is also flexible in the sense that the operation rules for the hydroelectric system simulation, the set of water inflows, the way the energy is valued and some other factors that may influence the results are treated as parameters. The results show that, from the computing point of view, the proposed method is automatic, flexible and efficient. Furthermore, the sensitivity analyses performed validate the method consistency and establish relationships among the different parameters and the way they affect the optimal features of the new hydropower plant. Based on the results of such analyses, some regulation and planning measures are suggested in order to avoid sizing hydropower plants with mistaken parameters that can substantially change its optimal features.

Em epidemiologia matemática, muitos modelos de propagação de doenças infecciosas em populações têm sido analisados matematicamente e aplicados para doenças específicas. Neste trabalho um modelo de propagação de dengue é analisado considerando-se diferentes hipóteses sobre o tamanho da população humana. Mais precisamente, estamos interessados em verificar o impacto das variações populacionais a longo prazo no cálculo do parâmetro Ro e no equilíbrio endêmico. Vamos discutir algumas ideias que nortearam o processo de definição do parâmetro Ro a partir da construção do Operador de Próxima Geração. Através de um estudo qualitativo do modelo matemático, obtivemos que o equilíbrio livre de doença é globalmente assintoticamente estável se Ro é menor ou igual a 1 e instável se Ro>1. Para Ro>1, a estabilidade global do equilíbrio endêmico é provada usando um critério geral para estabilidade orbital de órbitas periódicas associadas a sistemas autônomos não lineares de altas ordens e resultados da teoria de sistemas competitivos para equações diferenciais ordinárias. Também foi desenvolvida uma análise de sensibilidade do Ro e do equilíbrio endêmico com relação aos parâmetros do modelo de propagação. Diversos cenários foram simulados a partir dos índices de sensibilidade obtidos nesta análise. Os resultados demonstram que, de forma geral, o parâmetro Ro e o equilíbrio endêmico apresentam considerável sensibilidade a taxa de picadas do vetor e a taxa de mortalidade do vetor. / In mathematical epidemiology many models of spread of infectious diseases in populations have been analyzed mathematically and applied to specific diseases. In this work a dengue propagation model is analyzed considering different assumptions about the size of the human population. More precisely, we are interested to verify the impact of population long-term variations in the calculation of the parameter Ro and endemic equilibrium. We will discuss some ideas that guided the parameter setting process Ro from the construction of the Next Generation Operator. Through a qualitative study of the mathematical model, we found that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if Ro is less or equal than 1 and unstable if Ro> 1. For Ro> 1 the global stability of the endemic equilibrium is proved using a general criterion for orbital stability of periodic orbits associated with nonlinear autonomous systems of higher orders and results of the theory of competitive systems for ordinary differential equations. Also a sensitivity analysis of the Ro and the endemic equilibrium with respect to the parameters of the propagation model was developed. Several scenarios were simulated from the sensitivity index obtained in this analysis. The results demonstrate that in general the parameter Ro and the endemic equilibrium are the most sensitive to the vector biting rate and the vector mortality rate.

Orientador: Madson Cortes de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T03:46:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_RicardoAugustode_M.pdf: 1212312 bytes, checksum: 401c38dac32e9784866225fb23096b21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O problema do planejamento da operação de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica consiste em determinar os ajustes para os taps dos transformadores e reguladores de tensão, para os bancos de capacitores e para as injeções de potências ativas e reativas dos geradores distribuídos e da subestação, obedecendo aos limites físicos e operacionais da rede, a fim de melhorar o seu desempenho. Este pode ser formulado como um problema de Fluxo de Potência Ótimo (FPO) bastante complexo, pois envolve fatores técnicos, como a regulação de tensão em regime permanente, e econômicos, como a redução de perdas e a valoração da energia fornecida por produtores independentes. Este trabalho propõe dois algoritmos para resolver o problema de planejamento da operação. No primeiro, é usado um algoritmo genético similar ao desenvolvido por Chu e Beasley, somado a um esquema especial de criação da população inicial. Este algoritmo pode prover soluções de boa qualidade e até mesmo a solução ótima global do problema. O segundo algoritmo é baseado na análise de sensibilidades e é capaz de encontrar soluções de boa qualidade a um custo computacional bastante inferior ao custo do algoritmo genético proposto. Além de poder ser aplicado no planejamento de curto-prazo da operação de modernas redes de distribuição de energia elétrica, os métodos propostos podem, por exemplo, auxiliar as concessionárias de energia elétrica na definição de condições para o estabelecimento de contratos com produtores independentes de energia. Os resultados apresentados, baseados nos sistemas de distribuição radiais de 34, 70 e 135 barras, mostram que os algoritmos propostos são promissores / Abstract: The distribution system operation planning stage is concerned with the determination of capacitor bank, transformer and voltage regulator settings. This must be accomplished considering active and reactive power injections of distributed generators and at the main substation, as well as physical and regulatory issues in order to improve the network performance. This is a quite complex Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem because it involves technical factors such as steady state voltage regulation, economic factors such as losses reduction and energy bids from independent power producers. This work proposes two approaches to solve this operation planning problem. The first one uses a genetic algorithm similar to that developed by Chu and Beasley, however with a different strategy to create the initial population. This algorithm can provide good quality solutions and in some cases even optimal solutions. The second one is based on the use of sensitivities, where good quality solutions are obtained at low computing times, much lower than those obtained using the proposed genetic algorithm. Besides being applicable in short-term operation planning of distribution networks, the proposed methods could also assist the utility operator in setting up conditions for establishing contracts with independent power producers. The results presented here using radial distribution systems of 34, 70 and 135 buses demonstrated the potential of the proposed algorithms / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Plus d'un million de personnes meurent dans des accidents sur les routes du monde et beaucoup de millions sont gravement blessés chaque année. Selon les études, ‘Run-Off-Road accidents (ROR)’, c'est-à-dire que le véhicule a au moins une collision avec des équipements routiers, représentent environ 10% des accidents routières, mais 45% de tous les accidents mortels sont des ROR. Les dispositifs de retenue des véhicules (DDR) sont les infrastructures installées sur la route pour fournir un niveau de confinement du véhicule ‘hors de contrôle’. La barrière de sécurité routière est un DDR continu installé à côté ou sur la réserve centrale d'une route pour empêcher les véhicules errants de s'écraser sur les obstacles routiers et de les conserver en toute sécurité. Les résultats statistique montrent que l'existence des barrières peut réduire les morts jusqu'à un facteur de 4 par rapport aux collisions contre d'autres obstacles routiers. Les performances de sauvetage d'un DDR dépendent de la conception de l'appareil. Des normes telles que EN1317 ont normalisé les conditions des essais de chocs sous lesquelles une conception de DDR doit être testée et ont défini les critères pour l'évaluation des performances d'une conception. En fait, un DDR ne puisse pas vraiment être optimisé: il existe des critères multiples pour l'évaluation de la performance d'un DDR et tous les critères ne peuvent pas être optimisés en même temps; les conditions de travail d’un DDR, c'est-à-dire les conditions d'impact d’un DDR avec un véhicule errant, sont nombreuses; les facteurs incertains du DDR peuvent dégrader les performances d'une conception. La thèse vise à définir une approche qui peut servir : l'analyse de sensibilité (AS) et la conception robuste du DDR ; enrichissement des normes existantes dans la conception du DDR. Le cas d'une barrière de sécurité routière est spécifié dans l'étude : une barrière a été testée expérimentalement, le programme Ls-Dyna est utilisé pour la simulation de choc de l'appareil ; en tenant compte des propriétés du modèle de choc, les efficacités de différentes méthodes de l’AS ont été étudiées ; les influences des facteurs critiques dont les incertitudes contribuent le plus à l'instabilité de la barrière ont été quantifiées avec les approches d’AS sélectionnées ; compte tenu des incertitudes des facteurs critiques, l’optimisation robuste de multi-objectif de la barrière est réalisée ; des simulations d'impact de la barrière optimisée ont été effectuées sous des conditions d'impact différentes pour évaluer ses performances dans les véritables accidents. Les approches présentées dans l'article peuvent être utiles pour la conception d'autres DDR ou plus largement d'autres systèmes d'ingénierie complexes. On peut espérer que l'analyse de robustesse et l'analyse de la généralisation (c'est-à-dire l'évaluation de la performance du DDR sous différentes conditions d'impact) du DDR pourraient enrichir les normes de la conception des DDR / More than 1 million people die in crashes on the world’s roads and many millions are seriously injured each year. According to the studies: Run-Off-Road accidents (ROR), i.e. the vehicle run-off the road into the roadside and has at least one collision with either roadside equipment or the roadside itself, “represent about 10% of the total road accidents, while 45% of all fatal accidents are ROR”. Vehicle Restraint Systems (VRS) are the infrastructures installed on the road to provide a level of containment for an errant vehicle. Safety barrier is “continuous VRS installed alongside, or on the central reserve, of a road to prevent errant vehicles from crashing on roadside obstacles, and to retain them safely”. Statistic results show that “the existence of protective barriers on road can reduce fatalities up to a factor of 4 when compared to collisions against other road obstacles.” The life-saving performances of a VRS depend on the design of the device. Standards such as EN1317 normalized the impact conditions under which a design of VRS must be tested by crash tests, and defined the criteria for performance evaluation of a design. While a VRS cannot really be optimized: Multi-criteria exist for performance evaluation of a VRS and all the criteria cannot be optimized in the same time; the impact conditions of the VRS with the errant vehicle are numerous; uncertain factors of the VRS may degrade the performances of a design. The thesis aims to define an approach that can serve: sensitivity analysis (SA) and robust design of the VRS; Enrichment for the existing standards in the design of VRS. The case of a safety barrier is specified in the study: a safety barrier has been test experimentally, the program Ls-Dyna was used for crash simulation of the device; considering properties of the crash model, efficiencies of different SA methods were studied and influences of the critical factors whose uncertainties contribute the most to the instability of the barrier were quantified with the selected SA approaches; considering the uncertainties of the critical factors, Multi-Objective robust optimization of the tested barrier were realized; under different impact conditions, crash simulations of the optimized barrier were carried out to evaluate its performances in the real crash accidents. The approaches presented in the article can be useful for the design of other VRS or more broadly, other complex engineering systems. Hopefully, the robustness analysis and generalization analysis (i.e. performance evaluation of the VRS under different impact conditions) of the safety barrier could enrich the standards for the design of VRS

Les mousses de polyuréthane (PU) hautement poreuses sont largement utilisées dans différentes industries pour dissiper l’énergie des ondes sonores et vibratoires. La propagation des ondes acoustiques dans ces matériaux poroélastiques est décrite à partir d’un ensemble de paramètres physiques connus sous le nom de paramètres de Biot (pour les matériaux isotropes, ils sont composés de 5 paramètres non acoustiques et de 4 paramètres mécaniques). Il est bien connu que les propriétés macroscopiques dépendent intrinsèquement des propriétés de la microstructure de la mousse. Ainsi, une compréhension claire des corrélations entre la structure interne des mousses de PU et leurs paramètres de Biot ainsi que la contribution de chaque paramètre, soit microscopique ou macroscopique, sur l’indicateur vibroacoustique désiré est d’un intérêt majeur au stade précoce de la conception et de l’optimisation de ces matériaux poroélastiques. Le développement d’un modèle micromacro qui corrèle les propriétés de la microstructure aux paramètres macroscopiques de Biot est donc nécessaire. Récemment, un modèle qui corrèle les propriétés de la microstructure des mousses PU hautement poreuses à leurs propriétés non acoustiques a été présenté par Doutres et coll. [24, 25]. Dans cette étude, les propriétés de la microstructure (dimensions de la cellule et taux de réticulation) sont d’abord caractérisées par un microscope électronique à balayage (SEM). Ensuite, l’effet du taux de réticulation (mesurant le pourcentage de fenêtres ouvertes), de la taille des cellules et de la densité relative sur les propriétés mécaniques de la mousse de polyuréthane a été élucidé à l’aide d’un modèle numérique. Se basant sur ce modèle, un modelé analytique existant, qui corrèle les propriétés de la microstructure de mousses PU entièrement réticulées à ses propriétés mécaniques, a été revu et corrigé pour tenir compte de l’effet important du taux de réticulation. En combinant le modèle de Doutres avec le modèle mécanique développé dans cette thèse, un modèle micro-macro complet est ainsi obtenu. Utilisant ce modèle, l’impact de la variabilité de la microstructure et la contribution de chacun des paramètres microstructuraux à la réponse vibroacoustique ont été étudiés utilisant une méthode d’analyse de sensibilité globale (FAST). La méthode FAST a été utilisée pour identifier l’impact de la microstructure sur, premièrement, les paramètres de Biot-Allard et, deuxièmement, sur les indicateurs vibroacoustiques (absorption et perte par transmission) des mousses de polyuréthane poroélastiques. Une fois les modèles micro-macro et la contribution des propriétés de la microstructure connus, la performance vibroacoustique de la mousse a été optimisée. Ainsi nous avons testé numériquement la performance acoustique de mousses homogènes et de mousses graduellement structurées (variation de propriétés suivant l’épaisseur de la mousse). Cette étude ouvre ainsi de nouvelles portes pour concevoir des mousses PU innovantes avec une microstructure modifiée et des performances vibroacoustique améliorées. / Abstract : Highly porous polyurethane (PU) foams are widely used in different industries to dissipate the energy of sound and vibration waves. Propagation of acoustic waves in such poroelastic materials is explained based on a set of physical parameters known as the Biot's parameters (for isotropic materials these are comprised of 5 non-acoustical parameters and 4 mechanical parameters). These macroscopic properties are inherently dependent on the microstructure properties of the foam. Hence, a clear understanding of correlations between the internal structure of PU foams and their Biot's parameters and the contribution of each parameter, either microscopic or macroscopic, to classical vibro-acoustic indicators is of utmost interest at the early stage of design and optimization of such poroelastic materials. In consequence, a micro macro model that correlates microstructure properties to macroscopic Biot's parameters is needed. Recently, a model that correlates the microstructure properties of highly porous PU foams to their non-acoustical properties was presented by~\citet{Doutres2011,Doutres2013}. In this study, micro-structure properties (strut length, strut thickness, and open pore content) are first characterized using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Then, a numerical study is performed to elucidate the effect of open pore content (known as reticulation rate), cell size, and relative density on the mechanical properties of polyurethane foam. Based on this study, an existing analytical model~\cite{Gong2005} that correlates fully reticulated unit cell microstructure properties of PU foams to its mechanical properties is corrected and updated to account for these important parameters. Combined with Doutres’ model, the proposed extension lead to a full micro-macro model for predicting the acoustic performance of PU foams from its microstructure. Using this model, the contribution of the unit cell parameters and effect of their variability on classical vibro-acoustic indicators (absorption and transmission loss) is investigated using a global sensitivity analysis method (FAST). The FAST method is used to identify the impact of microstructure role on, first, the Biot-Allard parameters and, second, on vibro-acoustical indicators of poroelastic polyurethane foams. Based on this sensitivity analysis study, the developed micro-macro model, is used to design both optimum homogeneous foam and functionally graded foams (properties optimally varnish along the thickness of the foam) targeting specific in absorption and/or transmission loss problems. This study opens thus a new door to design innovative PU foams with modified micro-structure and improved vibro-acoustical performance.

Les codes de simulation du cycle du combustible nucléaire sont des outils permettant d’évaluer les stratégies futures du cycle du combustible nucléaire et de comprendre la physique de ce cycle. Dans le contexte d’incertitude entourant l’évolution future du parc nucléaire français, notamment concernant le déploiement de Réacteurs à Neutrons Rapides au sodium (RNR-Na), la problématique de cette thèse est d’étudier des solutions alternatives de gestion du plutonium et des autres noyaux lourds, basées sur les Réacteurs à Eau Pressurisés (REP). Les stratégies étudiées s’appuient sur deux hypothèses. La première suppose un retard important dans le déploiement des RNR-Na, impliquant une stratégie d’attente visant à stabiliser l’inventaire en plutonium. La deuxième hypothèse suppose un abandon de la stratégie de déploiement des RNR. Dans ce cadre, une stratégie d’incinération du plutonium a été étudiée pour quantifier la capacité de réduction de l’inventaire par les REP. Le code de simulation CLASS, développé par le CNRS/IN2P3 et l’IRSN, est utilisé. Le multi-recyclage du plutonium en REP requiert un combustible dédié. Des développements ont été réalisés pour modéliser le combustible étudié, composé de MOX sur un support d'uranium enrichi. Une méthodologie innovante d’évaluation de scénarios nucléaires basée sur l’analyse globale de sensibilité a été appliquée. Cette méthode a permis d’identifier des scénarios de référence pour la stabilisation et la réduction de l’inventaire en plutonium et actinides mineurs. Des simulations du cycle détaillées ont été réalisées afin d'analyser la capacité des REP à gérer le plutonium à l’échelle du cycle. / Nuclear fuel cycle simulation codes are used to evaluate fuel cycle future strategies and understand the nuclear fuel cycle physics. In the context of uncertainty related to the future of French nuclear fleet, especially on theSodium Fast Reactor (SFR) deployment, the present work aims to study alternative solutions for plutonium and heavy isotopes management, based on Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR). Two hypothesis have been formulated to identify strategies. First, a delay has been expected in SFR deployment which induces a stabilization of plutonium inventory before SFR integration. The second hypothesis is based on the assumption that SFR won’t be deployed in France. For this specific case, a plutonium incineration strategy has been studied to quantify the PWR plutonium inventory reduction capacity. Fuel cycle simulations are performed using the fuel cycle simulator CLASS developed by the CNRS/IN2P3 in collaboration with IRSN. Plutonium multi-reprocessing in thermal reactor requires an innovative fuel. Developments have been made to simulate a fuel composed of MOX on enriched uranium support. An innovative methodology for fuel cycle simulation evaluation, based on Global Sensitivity Analysis, has been applied. This methodology leads to reference scenarios identification for plutonium and minor actinides inventories stabilization and reduction. Fuel cycle detailed simulations have been performed to produce fuel cycle data, to analyze PWR plutonium management at the cycle scale.

Energieffektiviseringar behövs för att klara klimatmålen. Syftet med detta arbete har därför varit att undersöka ventilationen i förskolebyggnaden Rymden i Eskilstuna kommun. Fokus i arbetet har legat på att göra en analys på energibesparingar där variabelt luftflöde, VAV-system och konstant luftflöde, CAV-system jämförs i tre olika scenarier. Metodiken för att lösa arbetets frågeställningar har varit genom informationsinsamling, beräkningsprogram, intervju samt platsbesök. Informationsinsamling har varit i form av vetenskapliga tidskrifter samt arbeten som behandlar det aktuella problemområdet. Olika programvaror har använts, dessa är MagiCAD, IDA ICE, Sektionsdata 4.21 samt Microsoft Excel. För ökad förståelse för den aktuella byggnaden har platsbesök gjorts på förskolebyggnaden samt en intervju med den projektöransvarige för ventilationen i förskolan. Resultatet visar att den mest energieffektiva systemlösningen är en roterande värmeväxlare med VAV-styrning i kombination med en korsströmsvärmeväxlare för köksavdelningen. VAV-styrning med en sådan systemlösning har en total årlig energianvändning på 20 684 kWh, medan CAV-systemet med samma systemlösning använder 30 900 kWh. Ekonomisk analys visar däremot att CAV-systemet med samma systemlösning är mest lönsam. Den totala livscykelkostnaden, LCC ligger på 2 386 857 kr för CAV-systemet vid en kalkyltid på 30 år, i jämförelse med 2 420 117 kr för VAV-systemet. För att VAV-systemet skall vara lönsam, visar känslighetsanalysen att kalkylräntan måste sjunka från 5 % till 2,56 % eller energiprisutvecklingen öka med 2,44 % årligen eller en sänkning av den årliga underhållskostnaden för VAV-styrning med 2 164 kr. Övrig känslighetsanalys visar att vid nederbörd då personer stannar inomhus är det fördel för VAV-systemet, då skillnaden i total LCC-kostnad sjunker med 1 758 kr. Vid 74 % av personnärvaro minskar LCC-skillnaden mellan systemen från 39 240 kr till 26 371 kr, alltså utgör detta även en fördel för VAV-systemet. Slutsatsen som dras för förskolebyggnaden Framtiden är att större energibesparingar kan göras med ett VAV-system, men ett CAV-system är bättre ur en ekonomisk synpunkt. Känslighetsanalysen visar dock att små förändringar behövs för att VAV-systemet skall bli ekonomiskt lönsamt. Andra faktorer som påverkar valet mellan VAV- och CAV-system är exempelvis en minskning av personnärvaron relativt till det dimensionerade. En sådan minskning utgör en fördel för VAV-systemet. Detta på grund av att med ett CAV-system överventileras byggnaden. Även högre specifik fläkteffekt har en stor betydelse i valet, då mer energiåtgång till fläktarna leder till större energibesparing för VAV-system. En högre temperaturverkningsgrad för luftbehandlingsaggregat medför däremot en fördel för CAV-system. / This thesis work has been done in collaboration with Sweco Systems in Eskilstuna, Sweden. The purpose with this work is to investigate the ventilation in a preschool in Eskilstuna. The focus of the work is to analyze the potential energy savings of using a variable air volume system instead of a constant air volume system. An analysis is also made to investigate the economical profitability of three different scenarios. The method used to solve the problem formulation has been through gathering information, in form of scientific journals in the current problem area. Information has also been gathered through an interview and a site visit. Various software has been used in this thesis work for calculations, such as MagiCAD, IDA ICE, Sektionsdata 4.21 and Microsoft Excel. The result shows that the most energy efficient solution is a rotary heat exchanger with variable air volume control in combination with a cross-flow heat exchanger for the kitchen section. However, the most profitable solution from an economical point of view is the same system, but with constant air volume control. Sensitivity analysis shows that for a profitable variable air volume system, either the interest rate has to be lowered from 5 % to 2,56 %, the energy price needs to increase by 2,44 % yearly. Or maintenance cost for the variable air volume system needs to be lowered by 2 164 kr. The conclusion of this thesis work is that energy savings can be done with a variable air volume system. However from an economical point of view, the constant air volume is better than variable air volume for the investigated preschool. The sensitivity analysis shows that small changes are needed to make a variable air volume system profitable. The choice between the systems are influenced by certain factors. A decrease of the attendance than the dimensioned are an advantage for variable air volume systems. This is due to the fact that a constant air volume system ventilates more than needed. A higher specific fan power number are also of great importance in the choice, as more energy consumption by the fans leads to greater energy savings for variable air volume systems.