Neste trabalho, foram efetuados estudos sobre o comportamento eletroforético dos íons hidrônio (H3O+) e hidroxila (OH-) utilizando eletroforese capilar em zona em meio não-tamponado e detecção condutométrica sem contato. Alterações na composição do eletrólito de corrida devido à eletrólise foram evitadas empregando um sistema de eletrólise separada. A determinação de ácidos com pKas menores ou iguais ao pH do eletrólito de corrida foi possível. A possibilidade da análise em bases fortes também foi demonstrada. Eletrólitos de corrida com pH entre 4,5 e 7,0 (para o H3O+) e entre 7,0 e 9,0 (para o OH-) mostraram-se favoráveis para a análise. Ambas as espécies apresentaram interação com os grupos silanóis do capilar. Dificuldades na análise do íon OH- decorreram também de: reação da sílica com o analito e com o eletrólito de corrida e absorção de CO2 atmosférico. A mobilidade do íon H3O+ medida foi 8% abaixo da obtida por outras técnicas. A curva para determinação de OH- em base forte, com solução de trifluoracetato de lítio 10 mmol L-1 (pH 8,5) como eletrólito de corrida, mostrou boa linearidade na faixa de 0,5 a 7,0 mmol L-1. As curvas de quantificação de H3O+ titulável em amostras de ácidos fortes, fracos e suas misturas, com solução de LiCl (pH 5,5) como eletrólito de corrida, apresentaram ampla faixa de resposta linear, com boa linearidade, ao redor de 0,05 a 10 mmol L-1. / In this work, studies about the electrophoretic behavior of hydronium (H3O+) and hydroxyl (OH-) ions using capillary zone electrophoresis in unbuffered medium and contactless conductity detection were developed. Variations in running electrolyte composition due to electrolysis were avoided using an electrolysis separated system. The analysis of acids with the same or lower pKa than the running electrolyte pH was possible. The possibility of strong bases analysis was demonstrated as well. Good results were achieved using running electrolytes with pH between 4.5 and 7.0, for H3O+ analysis, and between 7.0 and 9.0, for OH- analysis. Both species interacted with the silanol groups of silica capillary. Other problems in the determination of OH- were: reaction of silica with the analyte as well as with the running electrolyte and absorption of atmospheric CO2. The H3O+ mobility calculated was 8% lower than values obtained in the literature. Analytical curve of OH- ion in strong base, using 10 mmol L-1 litium trifluoracetate (pH 8.5) as running electrolyte, resulted in good linearity in a range of 0.5 to 7.0 mmol L-1. Analytical curves of titrable hydronium ion in samples of strong and weak acids, as well in their mixture, using 10 mmol L-1 LiCl (pH 5.5) as running electrolyte, resulted in wide linear range (0.05 mmol L-1 to 10 mmol L-1).

Os consumidores estão cada vez mais conscientes e informados sobre a relação entre ingestão de sódio e o desenvolvimento da hipertensão. Desta forma, a indústria de alimentos vem desenvolvendo numerosos produtos com baixo teor de sódio para atender às necessidades deste novo perfil de consumidores. O presente projeto estudou os impactos tecnológicos, sensoriais e microbiológicos em salsichas com teor reduzido de sódio, adicionadas de fosfato e cloreto de potássio. Foram realizadas avaliações em duas matrizes cárneas: a) com carne bovina e suína e b) de carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) de frango. Na primeira etapa foram estudadas emulsões, na qual a otimização do processo utilizou como técnica o planejamento fatorial com delineamento composto central rotacional - DCCR, baseado na Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta, sendo as variáveis independentes: fosfato, cloreto de sódio e cloreto de potássio. Esta etapa foi realizada em sistema modelo obtendo as massas em mini cutter com todos os ingredientes previstos para obtenção de salsicha, variando os teores de fosfato, sal (NaCl) e cloreto de potássio (KCl). Na segunda etapa os melhores níveis de fosfato e KCl foram fixados e o cloreto de sódio continuou sendo avaliado em 3 níveis (1,00%, 1,30% e 1,75%), os tratamentos foram processados em planta piloto e realizados as análises físico-químicas, tecnológicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais. Os tratamentos foram monitorados ao longo de 56 dias nos produtos embalados à vácuo e estocados à 5 ± 2ºC em cinco períodos (1, 14, 28, 42 e 56 dias). Na emulsão de carne os melhores níveis de KCl e fosfato foram 0,85% e 0,25% respectivamente e na salsicha os tratamentos com 1,30 e 1,75% de NaCl apresentaram melhor desempenho na maioria das análises, principalmente na análise sensorial com consumidor. Já na emulsão de CMS os melhores níveis de KCl e fosfato foram 0,46% e 0,40%, respectivamente e na salsicha de CMS os tratamentos com 1,3% e 1,75% de NaCl apresentaram os melhores resultados principalmente na análise sensorial com consumidor. A redução da adição de 1,75% de NaCl para 1,3%, representa uma redução de cloreto de sódio de aproximadamente 25% e é viável do ponto de vista tecnológico, microbiológico e sensorial. / Consumers are increasingly aware and informed about the relationship between sodium intake and the development of hypertension with subsequent coronary problems. Thus, the food industry has developed numerous products with low sodium content to meet the needs of this new consumer profile. This project studied the technological, sensory, and microbiological impacts on low sodium sausages, with phosphate and potassium chloride added. Evaluations were performed in two meat matrices: a) beef and pork b) mechanically recovered poultry meat (MRPM). In the first stage, emulsions were studied, in which the optimization process used the technique of factorial design with a central composite design, based on Response Surface Methodology, and the independent variables were phosphate, sodium chloride and potassium chloride. This stage was performed in a model system obtaining the mass in a mini cutter with all the ingredients to obtain sausage with varying levels of phosphate, salt (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl). In the second stage, the best levels of phosphate and KCl were fixed and sodium chloride remained rated at three contents (1.00 %, 1.30 %, and 1.75 %). The treatments were processed in a pilot plant and the physical/chemical, technological, microbiological, and sensorial analyses were performed. The treatments were monitored over 56 days in vacuum packaged products and stored at 5 ± 2°C in five periods (1, 14, 28, 42, and 56 days). In meat emulsion, the best contents of KCl and phosphate were 0.85% and 0.25%, respectively. In sausage, the treatments with 1.30 and 1.75% NaCl showed the best performance in most analyses, mainly in the sensory analysis. In emulsion of mechanically recovered poultry meat, the best contents of KCl and phosphate were 0.46 % and 0.40 %, respectively, and sausage MRPM treatments with 1.3% and 1.75% NaCl showed the best results mainly in the sensory analysis. The reduction of 1.75% to 1.3% of NaCl represents a reduction of about 25% of sodium chloride and is viable in terms of technological, microbiological, and sensorial aspects.

Doctor of Philosophy / Curriculum and Instruction Programs / Jacqueline Spears / The purpose of this study is to explore the classroom configurations and technologies used to mediate instruction to female students in gender-separated classrooms at Qassim University and Alfaisal University in Saudi Arabia. The study describes the methods used, evaluates and compares the effectiveness of the approaches, and describes the issues and challenges that female students and their male professors face in gender-separated classrooms. The study was conducted using a sequential exploratory mixed-methods design and contains two phases, a qualitative phase and a quantitative phase. Two theoretical frameworks, Community of Inquiry and Technology Acceptance model, were used to guide the data collection in the qualitative component of the study. The results of the qualitative component were then used to develop a survey instrument that was used to collect data from a larger sample of the population. The qualitative phase focused on identifying the approaches used to mediate instruction to female students and explored the experiences of female students and male professors in gender-separated classrooms. A multiple case study design was used for collecting and analyzing the qualitative data. It included observations of five gender-separated classrooms that are equipped with different technologies and classroom configurations in Qassim and Alfaisal universities, focus groups made up of female students, and interviews with the male professors who taught those classes. Based on the themes and findings from the qualitative study, a survey instrument was developed and distributed to a sample of female students and male faculty members who teach female classrooms at Qassim University. The quantitative data enabled the researcher to report findings reflective of a larger and more diverse sample of female students and male professors at Qassim University. In conclusion, the qualitative phase of this study identified five different classroom configurations used in gender-separated classrooms: VCR, CCTV, and VC at Qassim University and Double deck and Partition at Alfaisal University. VCR was found to be the least effective classroom configuration due to the numerous technical problems associated with its use and limited instructional capabilities. CCTV was found to have fewer technical problems but also had limited instructional capabilities. VC also had fewer technical problems and advanced instructional capabilities, making it the most effective classroom configuration observed at Qassim University. At Alfaisal University, Partition classrooms appeared to be the most effective due to the enhanced educational experience provided by face-to-face instruction in the small sized classrooms. Double deck classrooms were found to be less effective. Students reported feeling isolated and disconnected in the classroom.

Relationship separation is prevalent in Western society and ongoing problems for adults and children are common, resulting in high personal and social costs. A literature review revealed that no existing measure of separation adjustment assessed multiple domains of separation adjustment, and was psychometrically sound. Additionally, a literature review revealed that few studies have investigated change in separation adjustment over time using cognitive predictors. This thesis is a program of research investigating separation adjustment in recently separated adults. Five studies were conducted with three main aims: (1) to develop a multidimensional, psychometrically reliable and valid measure of separation adjustment; (2) to assess the trajectory of separation adjustment over time; and (3) to test the hypothesis that certain cognitive variables predict the trajectory of separation adjustment. A conceptualisation of separation adjustment was developed consisting of the following five domains: Connection to the former partner, loneliness and emotional negativity (referred to as lonely negativity), parenting negotiation, parent-child relationship and general psychological adjustment. The Problems After Separation Test (PAST) was developed to reflect the first four of the five domains. In Study 1, 268 participants separated for up to 18 months, were recruited to assess the factor structure and internal consistency of the PAST. In Study 2, 209 participants were recruited to assess the stability of the factor structure, and temporal stability. In Study 3, participants from Study 2 were used to obtain convergent and divergent validity. The results of the first three studies showed that separation adjustment is a multidimensional construct, and that the PAST is a reliable and valid measure of separation adjustment. Study 4 aimed to assess the trajectory of separation adjustment over a 6 month period using the PAST and another measure of general psychological adjustment. Participants from both Study 1 and 2 were used, and a longitudinal cohort sequential design was employed. The sample consisted of three cohorts: those separated for up to six months, those separated between 6 and 12 months, and those separated between 12 and 18 months. The results showed that connection to the former partner, lonely negativity, and general psychological adjustment improved over time, but parent-child relationships and parenting negotiation were stable, and chronic parenting problems were common. Men showed greater parent-child relationship problems than women, possibly because men were most likely to be the non-resident parent. Participants separating from a de facto relationship reported only slightly more problems on lonely negativity, general psychological distress and parent-child relationships than participants separating from a marriage. Study 4 also provides information on clinical and reliable change, suggested cut-offs that might be used to define normal, moderate and severe adjustment problems, and attrition analyses. Using participants from Study 2, Study 5 aimed to assess cognitive predictors of change on connection to the former partner, lonely negativity and psychological distress. The cognitions assessed at each data collection were dysfunctional attitudes, attachment style, causal attributions, threat appraisal, and self-efficacy. Causal attributions were obtained by asking participants "For three minutes tell my about the problems you had in your relationship and what lead to the separation". The responses were transcribed, a coding manual was devised, and inter-rater reliability of coding was good. Cross-sectionally, the majority of cognitions were associated with one or more domains of separation adjustment, however longitudinally, cognitions did not predict change in separation adjustment over a 6-month period. Cognitions themselves were found to be somewhat variable, which is not surprising given that stressful life events, such as relationship separation would alter cognitions. Other variables that might be responsible for changes in separation adjustment trajectory are discussed. The results of the combined 5 studies have both theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, separation adjustment is a construct made up of distinct domains which have different trajectories. Connection, lonely negativity and psychological adjustment generally represent transient problems. Although the current research found that a non-trivial minority of participants continued to show distress on these domains two years post separation. On the other hand, parenting negotiation and the parent-child relationship was a chronic problem for many separated people, particularly men. Practically, the results of the current research suggests that most therapeutic attention should be directed towards improving parenting adjustment post separation. Limitations of the current research and suggestions for future research are discussed.

<p>The aim of the study was to analyse relations between the school and the surrounding world and how these relations affects the schools’ work for sustainable development. This was mainly an interview study but teachers’ self-valuations have also been used. Totally six teachers at two primary schools has been interwied. The schools were chosen because of their acknowledged work for sustainable development. From the interviews, it was found how the teachers interpreted the conception the schools´ surrounding world, what relations the schools had with the surrounding world and how that affected the schools´ work for sustainable development. The surrounding world was interpreted as both the close and immediate neighborhood but also in a wider perspective as other countries. The schools had mostly contacts with the close-by immediate surroundings. The school situated in the urban environment had more access the culture of the city and the school situated near nature used the forest and water more often. The schools had a few national and international contacts. The relationships with surrounding world changed over time and with age of the pupils. Personal contacts and interest helped to establish contacts. The teachers see the school as an integral part of the society. The relations with the surrounding world seem to have a positive impact on education for sustainable development. The learning became concrete, varied and the pupils view themselves as a part of something larger. Ecological, social and economic perspective could be identified in the schools relations with surrounding world. According to the self-evaluations the schools had more contacts to the surrounding world than to the society.</p> / <p>Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka relationer mellan skola och omvärld och hur de påverkar skolornas arbete för hållbar utveckling. Sex pedagoger intervjuades och en kvantitativ sammanställning av pedagogers självvärdering gjordes. Skolorna valdes utifrån sitt uttalade arbete för hållbar utveckling. Intervjuerna undersökte hur pedagogerna tolkade begreppet skolans omvärld, vilka omvärldskontakter man hade och hur de påverkade lärande för hållbar utveckling. Omvärlden tolkades som skolans omedelbara närhet men även i ett vidare perspektiv. Skolorna hade flest kontakter med den närliggande omvärlden. Eventuellt kunde skolan placerad i en urban miljö utnyttja stadens kultur mer och den andra skolan placerad nära naturen utnyttjade skog och vatten mer. Nationella och enstaka internationella kontakter förekom. Kontakterna varierade över tid och förändrades med elevernas ålder. Personligt nätverk och internet var framgångsfaktorer för att skapa kontakter. Pedagogerna såg skolan som en del av samhället (det integrerade perspektivet). Genom omvärldskontakter blev lärandet för hållbar utveckling konkret, varierat och eleverna såg sig själva som en del av något större. Ekologiskt, socialt och ekonomiskt perspektiv urskiljdes i skolornas omvärldskontakter. Enligt skolornas självvärdering fanns fler kontakter med omvärlden än med samhället.</p>

The primary aim of the study was to develop knowledge about how unaccompanied asylum-seeking children manage their life circumstances and challenges after being granted a residence permit and maturing into adulthood in Sweden. A second aim was to develop knowledge about the life circumstances of these children in their respective countries of origin, the motives behind their flight to Sweden, the means by which they came to Sweden.  The thesis is a ten-year follow-up study. The first set of data is clinical in nature: 100 unaccompanied children were interviewed shortly after their arrival. Ten years later a register study was made of these now young adults. The research group was now reduced to the 68 young adults who remained in Sweden after receiving their permanent resident permits. Twenty of them were chosen for a qualitative interview by means of strategic sampling. The unaccompanied asylum-seeking children who, ten years after becoming permanent residents, remained in Sweden have become established in a favourable life situation as young adults. The process of becoming established in Sweden from the stressing conditions in the country of origin is marked by both risks and possibilities that occur in periodical sequences in the life course of the unaccompanied asylum-seeking children.  The children/youths may have come alone, but they did not remain alone. A majority were taken in hand by relatives in Sweden who were links to the family’s transnational network. The other children who had no family with which to reunite sought to establish transnational links on their own. A transnational perspective can shed light on how these young adults have created cross-national networks and this appears to have been of decisive importance for their socialisation and favourable establishment in Sweden.

The aim of the study was to analyse relations between the school and the surrounding world and how these relations affects the schools’ work for sustainable development. This was mainly an interview study but teachers’ self-valuations have also been used. Totally six teachers at two primary schools has been interwied. The schools were chosen because of their acknowledged work for sustainable development. From the interviews, it was found how the teachers interpreted the conception the schools´ surrounding world, what relations the schools had with the surrounding world and how that affected the schools´ work for sustainable development. The surrounding world was interpreted as both the close and immediate neighborhood but also in a wider perspective as other countries. The schools had mostly contacts with the close-by immediate surroundings. The school situated in the urban environment had more access the culture of the city and the school situated near nature used the forest and water more often. The schools had a few national and international contacts. The relationships with surrounding world changed over time and with age of the pupils. Personal contacts and interest helped to establish contacts. The teachers see the school as an integral part of the society. The relations with the surrounding world seem to have a positive impact on education for sustainable development. The learning became concrete, varied and the pupils view themselves as a part of something larger. Ecological, social and economic perspective could be identified in the schools relations with surrounding world. According to the self-evaluations the schools had more contacts to the surrounding world than to the society. / Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka relationer mellan skola och omvärld och hur de påverkar skolornas arbete för hållbar utveckling. Sex pedagoger intervjuades och en kvantitativ sammanställning av pedagogers självvärdering gjordes. Skolorna valdes utifrån sitt uttalade arbete för hållbar utveckling. Intervjuerna undersökte hur pedagogerna tolkade begreppet skolans omvärld, vilka omvärldskontakter man hade och hur de påverkade lärande för hållbar utveckling. Omvärlden tolkades som skolans omedelbara närhet men även i ett vidare perspektiv. Skolorna hade flest kontakter med den närliggande omvärlden. Eventuellt kunde skolan placerad i en urban miljö utnyttja stadens kultur mer och den andra skolan placerad nära naturen utnyttjade skog och vatten mer. Nationella och enstaka internationella kontakter förekom. Kontakterna varierade över tid och förändrades med elevernas ålder. Personligt nätverk och internet var framgångsfaktorer för att skapa kontakter. Pedagogerna såg skolan som en del av samhället (det integrerade perspektivet). Genom omvärldskontakter blev lärandet för hållbar utveckling konkret, varierat och eleverna såg sig själva som en del av något större. Ekologiskt, socialt och ekonomiskt perspektiv urskiljdes i skolornas omvärldskontakter. Enligt skolornas självvärdering fanns fler kontakter med omvärlden än med samhället.

Separated flows about single and multi-element airfoils are featured in many scenarios of practical interest, including: stall of fixed wing aircraft, dynamic stall of rotorcraft blades, and stall of compressor and turbine elements within jet engines. In each case, static and/or dynamic stall can lead to losses in performance. More importantly, modeling and analysis tools for stalled flows are relatively poorly evolved and designs must completely avoid stall due to a lack of understanding. The underlying argument is that advancements are necessary to facilitate understanding of and applications involving static and dynamic stall. The state-of-the-art in modeling stall involves numerical solutions to the governing equations of fluids. These tools often either lack fidelity or are prohibitively expensive. Ever-increasing computational power will likely lead to increased application of numerical solutions. The focus of this thesis is improvements in numerical modeling of stall, the need of which arises from poorly evolved analysis tools and the spread of numerical approaches. Technical barriers have included ensuring unsteady flow field and vorticity reproduction, transition modeling, non-linear effects such as viscosity, and convergence of predictions. Contributions to static and dynamic stall analysis have been been made. A hybrid Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes/Large-Eddy-Simulation turbulence technique was demonstrated to predict the unsteadiness and acoustics within a cavity with accuracy approaching Large-Eddy-Simulation. Practices to model separated flows were developed and applied to stalled airfoils. Convergence was characterized to allow computational resources to be focused only as needed. Techniques were established for estimation of integrated coefficients, onset of stall, and reattachment from unconverged data. Separation and stall onset were governed by turbulent transport, while the location of reattachment depended on the mean flow. Application of these methodologies to oscillating flapped airfoils revealed flow through the gap was dominated by the flap angle for low angles of attack. Lag between the aerodynamic response and input flap scheduling was associated with increased oscillation frequency and airfoil/flap gap size. Massively separated flow structures were also examined.

Aqueous ammonia treatment of organic material to increase enzymatic digestibility is a growing area of research for animal fodder and biofuel production. The application of this treatment in the municipal composting process has not previously been investigated. Litterbags were used to investigate the effects of an aqueous ammonia treatment prior to composting on source-separated organic waste. The treatment consisted of soaking organic material in aqueous ammonia prior to introducing the material back into the composting process. Dry mass, ash content, ash-free dry mass, and water-solubility were measured. Three experiments were performed: one in the laboratory, one in an in-vessel system, and one in windrows. The aqueous ammonia treatment removed more dry mass compared to controls; however, the results indicate that the majority of the loss occurred during the soak. This treatment may be of interest for compost facilities if the leachate produced can be used in an economically beneficial way. / Ontario Centres of Excellence

An experimental study was undertaken to investigate the effect of roughness on the characteristics of separated and reattached turbulent shear flow downstream of a backward facing step. Particle image velocimetry technique was used to conducted refined velocity measurements over a reference smooth acrylic wall and rough walls produced from sandpaper 36 and 24 grits positioned downstream of a backward facing step, one after another. Each experiment was conducted at Reynolds number based on the step height and centerline mean velocity of 7050. The results showed that sandpaper 36 and 24 grits increased the reattachment length by 5% and 7%, respectively, compared with the value obtained over the smooth wall. The distributions of the mean velocities, Reynolds stresses, triple velocity correlations and turbulence production are used to examine roughness effects on the flow field downstream of the backward facing step. Two-point auto-correlation function and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) are also used to investigate the impact of wall roughness on the large scale structures.