Le choix d'un système de transport guidé de surface exploité en site propre (TCSP) est un travail complexe et difficile. Les différents systèmes peuvent sembler offrir des services équivalents pour les utilisateurs tandis que manquent souvent les informations nécessaires pour mieux distinguer les différences entre tel ou tel système. L'objectif de cette recherche vise, au-delà d'une présentation des différents systèmes guidés de surface qui structurent les réseaux de transport public en France, à procéder à une analyse comparative afin de mieux guider les choix des collectivités territoriales, dans le contexte des efforts qu'elles conduisent pour promouvoir des transports urbains répondant aux enjeux du développement durable. Les avantages et points faibles de chaque système est analysé et présenté de manière désagrégée. De manière complémentaire, est proposée et discutée une méthode multicritère ELECTRE III permettant d'agréger les résultats obtenus et de proposer le (ou les) système(s) le(s) mieux adapté(s) à différents contextes d'exploitation. Le résultat principal met en évidence le fait que le tramway moderne sur fer occupe une place privilégiée dans la majorité des scenarii. Cependant, le CIVIS, le Translohr, TVR et même le trolleybus ont leur place selon le contexte d'exploitation, dès lors en particulier que sont pris en compte les coûts d'infrastructure et d'exploitation associés. Les résultats de cette recherche nous encouragent en outre à recommander, chaque fois qu'il y a un projet de système de transport de surface, de passer en revue la gamme des systèmes et d'effectuer l'analyse comparative avec les différentes contraintes du lieu et du moment, en y intégrant une vision de moyen et long terme et les effets prévisibles sur l'aménagement urbain / The choice of a guided surface transit system operated on separated RoW is a complex and difficult task. Even if different transit systems could provide equivalent services to users, we often lack the necessary information to better distinguish among different systems. Beyond giving a presentation of different surface guided systems structuring the public transport networks in France, the aim of this research is to conduct a comparative analysis in order to better guide decisions of local authorities in their efforts to promote urban transport that meets the challenges of sustainable development. The advantages and the drawbacks of each system are analyzed and presented in a disaggregated way. In addition, a multicriteria method ELECTRE III is proposed and discussed for aggregating the results and proposing system(s) best suited for different operating conditions. The main result shows that the modern tramway on rail occupies a privileged place in most scenarios. However, the CIVIS, Translohr, TVR and even trolleybuses have their places with respect to operating conditions, given that the related infrastructure and operating costs are taken into account. The results of this research therefore encourage us to recommend, every time we propose a surface transit system, to review the whole range of systems and to do the comparative analysis with different context and time constraints integrating mid-term and long-term visions and predictable effects on the urban requalification

Les écoulements turbulents à phases séparées sont présents dans de très nombreuses applications. Cependant, la simulation de tels écoulements avec une interface déformable constitue l'un des problèmes les plus complexes de la mécanique des fluides numérique. La prise en compte du bilan des contraintes normales est au cœur du problème de déformation de l'interface. Dans le travail présenté ici, nous développons un algorithme permettant de simuler des écoulements diphasiques incompressibles et turbulents en suivant le déplacement de l'interface par une approche lagrangienne. Les équations de Navier-Stokes instationnaires écrites en variables vitesse-pression sont résolues dans les deux phases en utilisant des maillages curvilignes orthogonaux. Dans un premier temps, nous introduisons un schéma de raccordement des vitesses tangentielles et des cisaillements. Ce schéma est appliqué afin de simuler l'interaction de deux écoulements turbulents séparés par une interface plane. La turbulence est traitée par une approche de simulation des grandes échelles utilisant un modèle dynamique. Un algorithme original est ensuite développé dans le but de satisfaire de façon non-itérative à la fois la continuité des vitesses normales et des contraintes normales sur l'interface et l'incompressibilité dans les deux phases. Différentes simulations d'écoulements diphasiques avec interface déformable sont réalisées afin de valider ces développements. / Turbulent incompressible two-phase separated flows are present in many applications. However, simulation of such flows with a moving interface is one of the most challenging problems in todays computational fluid dynamics. Taking properly into account the normal stress budget accross the interface is the main difficulty of moving interface problems. This work deals with the development of a boundary-fitted method for computing turbulent incompressible two-phase flows. The interface displacement is achieved through a Lagrangian approach. The unsteady Navier-Stokes equations written in a velocity- ressure formulation are solved within the two phases using an orthogonal curvilinear grid. In a first step, we introduce a scheme allowing tangential velocities and shear stresses to match across the interface. We apply this technique to compute the countercurrent flow generated by two streams separated by a plane interface. This scheme is then applied to compute various situations involving the interaction between two turbulent flows separated by a flat interface. The turbulence is treated by using the Large Eddy Simulation approach with a dynamic model. An original algorithm is then developed to satisfy without any internal iteration the continuity of normal velocities and stresses across the interface and the incompressibility condition within both phases. Several simulations of two-phase flows with a moving interface are carried out to validate these developments.

The overall aim of the thesis is to explore legislators’ perceptions of unaccompanied children in the development of migration law, and how case-officers transform the policy in arguments for and against residency in asylum-cases. More specifically, this thesis explores how Swedish legislators experienced parliamentary work when putting in place the 2005 Aliens Act and the new system for appeals and procedures. In addition, it explores legislators understanding of the concept of unaccompanied minors, and how the Swedish Migration Agency (SMA) case-officers understand unaccompanied minors’ credibility. It draws on interview data with 15 legislators of the Swedish parliament and an analysis of 916 decisions in asylum cases concerning unaccompanied minors. The thesis is theoretically informed by interpretative phenomenology and social constructionism. The method used builds on detailed coding procedures in qualitative social research as they are applied in interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), thematic analysis and text analysis. Study 1 examines the experiences of 15 legislators when negotiating migration reform in parliament. The findings indicate that the preceding political negotiations can be one of the reasons for unclear aims when politicians’ propose new legislation. In addition, it seems that other policy areas, such as fiscal considerations and state-municipality relations, took precedence in the negotiations when the legislators were attempting to make sense of their experiences in discussing asylum policy. Study 2 explores legislators’ perceptions of unaccompanied minors arriving in Sweden. The findings show that chronological age is a key reference point concerning how legislators understand unaccompanied minors’ claims for asylum and other needs. In addition, the findings suggest that legislators perceive unaccompanied minors as an ambivalent category and that this understanding is influenced by deep-rooted welfare ideology. Furthermore, the findings indicate that legislators develop policy concerning unaccompanied children without considering that they need to be recognised as individuals with different backgrounds, agendas and needs. Study 3 scrutinises how SMA case-officers construct unaccompanied minors credibility in asylum decisions. It shows that case-officers use similar techniques both when approving and rejecting decisions. These techniques consistently question the competence and political agency of the chid in such a way that the element of individual assessment in asylum procedure can become severely restricted. In brief, this thesis identifies that the connection between migration and child policy is complex as legislators appear to struggle with “drawing the limits” of who to include or exclude in policy aims. Hence, the juridical field was seen as the answer to improve legitimation. This also means that the concept of asylum has become de-politicised. In addition, case-officers also seem to use a limited repertoire of arguments when drawing the limits for unaccompanied minors’ credibility in asylum decisions. This thesis points to possible dilemmas in asylum policy and procedure concerning unaccompanied minors. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Accepted. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de dispositivos usando cristais piezelétricos de quartzo com eletrodos separados (ESPC) que, através do monitoramento da freqüência de oscilação e do espectro de impedância, permitem estudar modificações superficiais do cristal. Para o monitoramento de freqüência de oscilação, usou-se um circuito oscilador TTL seguido por um freqüencímetro e por uma interface conectada a um microcomputador. Para o controle desta interface, foi desenvolvida uma biblioteca de ligação dinâmica e um programa em HP-VEE 4.0. Os espectros de impedância foram obtidos via programas que controlam um analisador de impedâncias via protocolo GPIB. O primeiro dispositivo presta-se a estudos de filmes depositados (DFD) e é feito em acrílico com eletrodos em latão posicionados a décimos de milímetros do cristal. Sua parte superior possui uma camisa de água para a termostatização. O segundo, semelhante ao primeiro, permite a modificação de superfície (DMS) de ESPC através da introdução de reagentes na fase gasosa. Os dois dispositivos foram caracterizados e o primeiro mostrou boa linearidade entre as massas depositadas e aquelas estimadas pela equação de Sauerbrey. O DFD foi utilizado para monitoramento em tempo não real da modificação superficial do cristal por N-[3-(trimetoxisilil)propil]-1,2-etanodiamina seguida por reação com ácido iodoacético. Os resultados mostraram evidências de aumento de massa e mudança nas propriedades viscoelásticas do filme. O DMS foi utilizado para monitoramento em tempo real da modificação superficial com trimetilclorosilano (TMCS) e dimetildiclorosilano (DMDCS). Com o TMCS, devido à formação de uma monocamada, não foi possível monitorar variações significativas de freqüência de oscilação. Com o DMDCS foi possível verificar a formação de poli(dimetilsiloxano). / This dissertation describes the development of devices based on separated-electrode piezoelectric quartz crystals (ESPC) to study surface modifications. This is accomplished by monitoring the oscillation frequency and impedance spectrum of the crystal in the cell. A TTL oscillator coupled to a frequency counter and a microcomputer interface is used for monitoring the oscillation frequency. A dynamic link library and HP-VEE 4.0 programs were developed to control the interface. Other programs were also developed to acquire the impedance spectra from a spectrum analyzer by using the GPIB protocol. The first device (DFD) is intended to study deposited films. It is made in Plexiglas, with brass electrodes positioned at a few tenths of millimeters from the crystal surface, and a thermostatic water jacket. The second device (DMS) is similar to the first one, but allows the use of corrosive reagents in the gas phase for surface modification. The performance of both devices was evaluated and the results showed good agreement between the deposited mass and the one predicted by Sauerbrey equation. The DFD was used for offline monitoring of the crystal surface modification by N-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2-ethanediamine followed by iodoacetic acid. The results show evidences of mass and viscoelastic variations of the film. The DMS was used for on-line monitoring during surface modification with trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) and dimethyldichlorosilane (DMDCS). Due to the monolayer formed by TMCS, no significant frequency variation could be observed. On the other hand, the polymerization of DMDCS could be monitored.

A importância de toda a cadeia produtiva de aves no Brasil é fortemente impulsionada pela produção, exportação de carne de frango e pelo seu consumo per capita, que em 2009 foi de 11 milhões de toneladas, 3.3 milhões de toneladas e 40,1 Kg/hab/ano respectivamente. Porém a exportação de cortes e a preferência dos consumidores por cortes de frangos e filés ao invés dos frangos inteiros despertaram a necessidade de encontrar meios para o aproveitamento de dorsos, pescoços e ossos resultantes da desossa. A produção de carne mecanicamente separada com essas partes tornou-se ao longo dos anos uma alternativa viável, produzindo uma matéria-prima de baixo custo. O desenvolvimento de um produto reestruturado cozido congelado com carne de ave, com a utilização de pedaços desossados de peito e sobrecoxa, adicionados de carne mecanicamente separada do dorso da carcaça das aves tornou-se interessante para a indústria e consumidor. Porém as características desejadas pelo consumidor deste tipo de produto são consistência, força de adesão e suculência, ou seja, características de um filé de frango íntegro. Para conseguir essas características desejadas objetivou-se utilizar ingredientes não cárneos como a transglutaminase e albumina de ovo em pó, sendo esses ingredientes adicionais somados a adição de carne mecanicamente separada o estudo deste projeto. Para determinar a qualidade do produto foi realizada análise microbiológica no produto cru e após o cozimento e posteriormente para avaliar sua qualidade durante o armazenamento e sua vida útil a -18°C, foram realizadas análises como pH, cor instrumental, valor de TBARS e análise sensorial, sendo esta última para determinar aceitação do produto por consumidores. / The importance poultry production chain in Brazil is strongly stimulated by meat poultry exportation 11 million of tons, 3,3 million of tons and by per capita consumption 40,1 kg/hab/year. Although the preference of exportation cuts and the consumer preference by cuts instead of whole chicken so theres a search for the use of backs, necks, and bones from the boning. The mechanically separated meat production with that parts over the years one viable alternative, resulting in low cost raw material. Then the develop of restructured product frozen and cooked with poultry meat, the utilization of boning meat from chest and thighs , added to most from back bones is extremity interesting for industry and consumers. But the features desired by consumers for this product are the cohesiveness, richness and strength of accession, that means whole chicken characteristics. To achieve these desired features aimed to use non meat ingredients as transglutaminase and egg albumin powder were used, and these non meat ingredients added to the minced meat in the objective of this project. To determine the quality of the product, microbiological analyses in the raw product and after cooking were performed, and later, to evaluate its quality during storage and service life at -18°C, analyses such as pH, instrumental color, TBARS values and analysis sensory were performed, the latter being performed to determine the acceptance of the product by consumers.

<p>This thesis describes an interdisciplinary project, where the aim is to mimic the initial reactions in photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, the absorption of light is followed by the formation of charge-separated states. The energy stored in these charge-separated states is further used for the oxidation of water and reduction of carbon dioxide. In this thesis the photo-induced processes in a range of supramolecular complexes have been investigated with time resolved spectroscopic techniques. The complexes studied consist of three types of units; photosensitizers (P) capable of absorbing light, electron acceptors (A) that are easily reduced and electron donors (D) that are easily oxidised. Our results are important for the future design of artificial photosystems, where the goal is to produce hydrogen from light and water. </p><p>Two molecular triads with a D-P-A architecture are presented. In the first one, a photo-induced charge-separated state was formed in an unusually high yield (φ>90%). In the second triad, photo-irradiation led to the formation of an extremely long-lived charge-separated state (τ = 500 ms at 140K). This is also the first synthetically made triad containing a dinuclear manganese unit as electron donor.</p><p>Further, two sets of P-A dyads are presented. In both, the expected photo-induced reduction of the electron acceptor is diminished due to competing energy transfer to the triplet state of the acceptor.</p><p>Finally, a P-P-A complex containing two separate photosensitizers is described. The idea is to produce high-energy charge-separated states by using the energy from two photons.</p>

This thesis describes an interdisciplinary project, where the aim is to mimic the initial reactions in photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, the absorption of light is followed by the formation of charge-separated states. The energy stored in these charge-separated states is further used for the oxidation of water and reduction of carbon dioxide. In this thesis the photo-induced processes in a range of supramolecular complexes have been investigated with time resolved spectroscopic techniques. The complexes studied consist of three types of units; photosensitizers (P) capable of absorbing light, electron acceptors (A) that are easily reduced and electron donors (D) that are easily oxidised. Our results are important for the future design of artificial photosystems, where the goal is to produce hydrogen from light and water. Two molecular triads with a D-P-A architecture are presented. In the first one, a photo-induced charge-separated state was formed in an unusually high yield (φ&gt;90%). In the second triad, photo-irradiation led to the formation of an extremely long-lived charge-separated state (τ = 500 ms at 140K). This is also the first synthetically made triad containing a dinuclear manganese unit as electron donor. Further, two sets of P-A dyads are presented. In both, the expected photo-induced reduction of the electron acceptor is diminished due to competing energy transfer to the triplet state of the acceptor. Finally, a P-P-A complex containing two separate photosensitizers is described. The idea is to produce high-energy charge-separated states by using the energy from two photons.

Today many separated children and youth up to 18 years - children in the sense of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child - flee from war and armed conflicts around the world. Many of them come to Sweden for protection and to apply for asylum. The aim of this study is to examine how the national Swedish news agency Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå - TT - constructs the image of separated children and youth. The main research questions have been: How does TT construct the image of the separated refugee children? The more detailed questions put to examine this main question have been: what are the issues being focused in the reporting and what discourses, voices and sources are let into the journalistic material? The theoretical perspective should be considered as social constructionistic where the basic idea is that the image of the separated child also constructs the way society looks upon them, their rights and their needs, affecting how these children will be welcomed and treated when thay arrive in our society. The empirical study is a qualitative analysis of text, produced in the span 2007- April 20th 2010. In a first mapping, 35 news articles have been selected to be examined. The scientific method applied has mainly been Norman Faircloughs critical discourse analysis. The study shows that the reporting of TT depicts the separated children as a problem. This problem consists of three themes: as at threat of Swedish economy, a threat to our national security and as a victim that has to be cared for. These threats are often described in a contextual way by choice of angle, linguistic performance and selection of sources. The study also sheds light on the fact, that there are four general discourses discussing the children as a problem: the administrative discourse, the police discourse, the politcal discourse and the humanitarian discourse. The separated children themselves never get an opportunity to describe their own situation. instad TT allows the Swedish Migration Board to picture them. / Många barn – upp till 18 år enligt FN:s konvention om barnets rättigheter – som flyr från krig och konfliktområden kommer till Sverige för att söka skydd och asyl. Målet med den här studien är att undersöka hur den svenska nyhetsbyrån Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå – TT – konstruerar bilden av det flyende barnet. För att kunna svara på huvudfrågan: Hur konstruerar TT bilden av ”ensamkommande flyktingbarn”?, har följande underfrågor ställts: Vilka ämnen fokuseras i rapporteringen och vilka diskurser, röster och källor släpps in i det journalistiska materialet? Det teoretiska perspektivet kan beskrivas som socialkonstruktionistiskt, en benämning för olika teorier om samhälle och kulturer som delar synen på språkets roll för den sociala konstruktionen. Härigenom kan man se hur TT:s bild av ”ensamkommande flyktingbarn” också konstruerar det sätt på vilket samhället ser på barnen, deras rättigheter och behov, samt påverkar hur barnen välkomnas och behandlas när de anländer. Den empiriska studien utgörs av en kvalitativ analys av nyhetstexter producerade mellan 2007 och 20 april 2010. Efter en första kartläggning har 35 artiklar valts ut för att undersökas. Den vetenskapliga metod som använts är i huvudsak Norman Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys. Studiens resultat visar att TT:s rapportering presenterar ”ensamkommande flyktingbarn” som ett problem med tre teman: som ett hot mot svensk ekonomi, ett hot mot vår nationella säkerhet samt som offer som måste tas om hand. Detta beskrivs ofta kontextuellt genom val av vinkel, presentationsform och val av källor. Studien belyser också det faktum att det finns fyra generella diskurser inom TT:s material som diskuterar de flyende barnen: den administrativa diskursen, den polisiära -, den politiska - samt den humanitära diskursen. Barnen får aldrig någon möjlighet att själva beskriva sin situation, istället låter TT Migrationsverket presentera sin bild av dem.

Among the different types of flows encountered in practical applications, the physics of turbulent separated flows and turbulence induced secondary motion are not fully understood despite the large amount of previous experimental and numerical work. The objectives of this work are to study theoretically and computationally the conditions at the separation and reattachment point, the numerical simulation of turbulence induced secondary motion in non-circular ducts, and to provide a comprehensive test of different RANS models of these types of flow. In a theoretical study of flow separation, a Lagrangian approach was first used to derive an Eulerian criterion, which associates separation and reattachment points to a critical point in the eigenvalues of the Cauchy-Green tensor. A turbulent separated boundary layer under the influence of an adverse pressure gradient was simulated using DNS and LES techniques. A bootstrapping method was used to obtain high fidelity results at a relatively high Reynolds number with which the performance of some of the most commonly used eddy-viscosity turbulence models was evaluated. The DNS and LES results were used to assess the consistency of the different terms in the k−e , ζ −f , k −ω and Spalart-Allmaras models. Different wall-modelling techniques were employed for the calculation of separated boundary layers. The exact values of the modelled terms were calculated using the reference DNS and LES dataset. These results were used for both a priori and a posteriori tests. It was determined that the eddy-viscosity assumption works well, and that anisotropic effects are not significant in separated boundary layer. For the secondary flow calculation in non-circular ducts, direct numerical simulations of turbulent flow in square and skewed ducts were carried out to determine the effect of the duct (rhombus) included angle on both the mean and turbulence energy budgets. Two skewed ducts, with included angles of 30 and 60 degrees, were simulated. The capability of different turbulence models to predict the secondary velocity field was investigated. Results obtained from a non-linear stress-strain constitutive relation was found to be fairly accurate for the flows at the range of Reynolds number considered in this study. / Thesis (Ph.D, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-11-26 13:52:18.361

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