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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Voltametrické stanovení 4-aminobifenylu na modifikovaných uhlíkových pastových elektrodách / Voltammetric Determination of 4-Aminobiphenyl at Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes

Kalusová, Michaela January 2010 (has links)
Amino derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are well-known chemical carcinogens which should be carefully monitored in our environment. They are amenable to anodic oxida- tion on suitable solid or paste electrodes. This fact was exploited for voltammetric determina- tion of 4-aminobiphenyl on unmodified carbon paste electrode and carbon paste electrodes modified by montmorillonite and sepiolite. The optimum pH of BR buffer for measurement on unmodified carbon paste electrode is pH 2, pH 10 for CPE-SEP and pH 11 for CPE-MMT. It was possible to increase sensitivity of the determination using adsorptive stripping voltam- metry on modified electrodes. The optimum time for accumulation of 4-aminobiphenyl is 5 minutes. The limits of quantification of the order of 10−6 mol dm−3 were obtained for each electrode. After accumulation, the limits of quantification decreased to the 10−7 mol dm−3 . The newly developed method was tested for the determination of 4-aminobiphenyl in model sam- ples of drinking and river water, reaching limits of quantification of the order of 10−7 mol dm−3 .
12

Hybrid pigments from fibrous clays and chromophores inspired by the color of fruits, flowers and wine / Pigmentos híbridos a partir de argilas fibrosas e cromóforos inspirados nas cores de frutas, flores e vinhos

Silva, Gustavo Thalmer de Medeiros 05 June 2019 (has links)
Features such as color, brightness, fluorescence and stability are extremely important in applications of pigments. Anthocyanins, the natural pigment responsible for most of the purple, blue and red colors of flowers and fruits, have great potential for practical applications as dyes or antioxidants. However, these applications are limited by their chemical reactivity, which is affected by several factors, including pH, temperature, light, and oxygen, among others. Hybrid materials inspired by the ancient Maya Blue pigment are a promising alternative to improve the properties and applicability of natural and synthetic dyes. Flavylium cations serve as models for the chemical and photochemical reactivity of anthocyanins. Likewise, pyranoflavylium cations serve as models of the fundamental chromophoric moiety of pyranoanthocyanins, molecules that can form from reactions of the grape anthocyanins in red wines during their maturation. Fibrous clays, constituents responsible by the excellent stability of Maya blue pigment, have channels that can potentially allow partial or full insertion of these dyes molecules. Therefore, in the present thesis, hybrid pigments were prepared by the adsorption of a series of synthetic flavylium cations and synthetic pyranoflavylium cations on the fibrous clays palygorskite and sepiolite and their photophysical properties and stability were evaluated. The observation of biexponential fluorescence decays is consistent with emission from dye molecules adsorbed at two distinct sites on the fibrous clays. The fluorescence properties of dye molecules can be improved, depending on the amount of dyes adsorbed on the clay, by the formation of dye/clay hybrids. The color of the adsorbed dye molecules wassomewhat more resistant to changes in external pH, photochemical stability was maintained and the thermal lability was markedly improved. Besides the development of novel hybrid flavylium cation/fibrous clay, we have achieved advances in the stabilization of these dye molecules, with regard mainly to the pH-dependent equilibrium and thermal treatment. In addition, the present work represents the first systematic study of hybrid materials prepared from pyranoflavylium cations. Therefore, the results obtained here definitively point to flavylium cations and pyranoflavylium cations as promising chromophores and fibrous clays as promising substrates for the development of novel, highly fluorescent hybrid pigments with attractive colors and marked chemical and thermal stability. / Características como cor, brilho, fluorescência e estabilidade são extremamente importantes em aplicações de pigmentos. As antocianinas, os pigmentos naturais responsáveis pela maioria das cores púrpura, azul e vermelha das flores e frutas, têm grande potencial para aplicações práticas como corantes ou antioxidantes. No entanto, estas aplicações são limitadas pela sua reatividade química, que é afetada por diversos fatores, incluindo o pH, temperatura, luz e oxigênio, entre outros. Os materiais híbridos inspirados no antigo pigmento Maya Blue são uma alternativa promissora para melhorar as propriedades e a aplicabilidade dos corantes naturais e sintéticos. Os cátions flavílios servem como modelos para a reatividade química e fotoquímica das antocianinas. Da mesma forma, os cátions piranoflavílios servem como modelos do cromóforo fundamental das piranoantocianinas, moléculas que podem se formar a partir de reações das antocianinas das uvas em vinhos tintos durante sua maturação. Argilas fibrosas, constituintes responsáveis pela excelente estabilidade do pigmento Azul Maia, possuem canais que podem potencialmente permitir a inserção parcial ou total dessas moléculas corantes. Portanto, na presente tese, pigmentos híbridos foram preparados pela adsorção de uma série de cátions flavílio e piranoflavílio sintéticos nas argilas fibrosas paligorsquita e sepiolita e suas propriedades fotofísicas e estabilidade foram avaliadas. A observação de decaimentos biexponenciais de fluorescência é condizente com a emissãode moléculas do corante adsorvidas em dois sítios distintos nas argilas fibrosas. As propriedades de fluorescência das moléculas de corante podem ser melhoradas, dependendo da quantidade de corante adsorvida na argila, aos híbridos do tipo corante/argila. A cor das moléculas de corante adsorvidas foi um pouco mais resistente a alterações no pH externo, a estabilidade fotoquímica foi mantida e a labilidade térmica foi marcadamente melhorada. Além do desenvolvimento de novos híbridos de cátions flavílios/argilas fibrosas, obtivemos avanços na estabilização dessas moléculas corantes, principalmente no que diz respeito aos equilíbrios dependentes do pH e ao tratamento térmico. Ao mesmo tempo, o presente trabalho representa o primeiro estudo sistemático de materiais híbridos preparados a partir de cátions piranoflavílios. Portanto, os resultados aqui obtidos apontam definitivamente para cátions flavílios e cátions piranoflavílios como cromóforos promissores e argilas fibrosas como substratos promissores para o desenvolvimento de novos pigmentos híbridos altamente fluorescentes com cores atrativas e estabilidade química e térmica marcante.
13

Nanocompósitos de pet virgem e reciclado/argila sepiolita via extrusão : correlação entre estrutura e propriedades

Fitaroni, Lays Batista January 2016 (has links)
Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Sandra Andrea Cruz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências e Materiais Avançados, 2016. / O presente trabalho consistiu em produzir (nano)compósitos de poli(tereftalato de etileno) (PET) (reciclado e virgem) com argila sepiolita (Sep) (pura e modificada) e compreender as propriedades térmicas, reológicas e as morfologias obtidas. Foi realizado um estudo da argila, primeiramente modificando-a com dois modificadores orgânicos diferentes: CTAB (brometo de hexadeciltrimetil amônio) e TTAB (brometo de tetradeciltrimetil amônio) e, posteriormente, realizando a sua caracterização química (potencial zeta, adsorção/dessorção, espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier e ressonância magnética nuclear de Si29), morfológica (difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura) e térmica (análise termogravimétrica). Os resultados indicaram que a sepiolita modificada com TTAB apresentou maior estabilidade térmica em atmosfera oxidativa, além da redução na área superficial decorrente da modificação. Então, foi escolhida essa argila para a produção dos (nano)compósitos PET/Sep. A partir dos resultados obtidos, notou-se que a adição de argila ao PETv e PETrec contribuiu para antecipar os processos degradativos das matrizes, indicando que as matrizes puras apresentam maior estabilidade do que os (nano)compósitos produzidos neste trabalho. Apesar de não terem sido obtidos (nano)compósitos com boa dispersão, pode-se perceber que a modificação superficial da argila aumentou a afinidade com as matrizes poliméricas provavelmente devido a maior interação entre a matriz e a argila intermediada pelo modificador orgânico. Pelo o estudo da cristalização quiescente e não quiescente dos materiais notou-se que as nanocargas empregadas influenciaram diretamente na cristalização do PETv e do PETrec, e que esta influência depende principalmente das condições de cristalização que foram impostas aos materiais. Por fim, conclui-se que a modificação orgânica da sepiolita auxilia na melhoria da dispersão da mesma e que o processamento dos (nano)compósitos deve ser melhor investigado. As propriedades dos (nano)compósitos obtidos foram alteradas em função tanto da presença da carga com e sem modificação. / This work was conducted to produce and understand the morphological, rheological and thermal properties of nanocomposites of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) (pristine, PETv, and recycled, PETrec) with sepiolite clay (Sep) (pristine and modified). A study on the clay was done, firstly modifying it with two different organic modifiers: CTAB (hexadecylltrimethylammonium bromide) and TTAB (tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide), and subsequently performing their chemical (zeta potential, B.E.T., Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance of Si29), morphological (X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy) and thermal (thermal gravimetric analysis) characterizations. The results indicated that the sepiolite modified with TTAB showed higher thermal stability in oxidative atmosphere, besides the reduction in the surface area resulting from the modification. For these reasons, this clay was chosen to produce PET/Sep nanocomposites. From the results obtained, it was observed that the addition of clay in the PETv and PETrec matrices contributed to anticipate the degradation processes, indicating that the pristine matrices present greater stability than the (nano)composites produced in this work. Although no (nano)composite with good dispersion was obtained, the clay surface modification increased the affinity with the polymer matrices probably due to the greater interaction between the matrix and the clay intermediated by the organic modifier. From the study of the quiescent and non-quiescent crystallization of the materials, it was noticed that the nanofillers employed directly influenced the crystallization of PETv and PETrec, and that this influence depends mainly on the crystallization conditions that were imposed on the materials. Finally, it is concluded that the organic modification of sepiolite helps to improve its dispersion and that the processing of (nano)composites should be better investigated. The properties of the obtained (nano)composites were altered as a function of both the presence of the filler with and without modification.
14

Mise au point d'un nouvel échantillonneur intégratif à base de solide naturel poreux / Development of a new passive sampler using a natural porous material

Ansanay-Alex, Salomé 19 December 2013 (has links)
L’échantillonnage passif est une alternative prometteuse à l’échantillonnage ponctuel. Cette technique permet d’accumuler les contaminants présents dans l’eau directement in-situ, intégrant ainsi les variations de concentrations temporelles qui ne sont pas détectables avec l’échantillonnage ponctuel. Cependant la plupart des échantillonneurs commercialisés actuellement utilisent des phases complexes et coûteuses. Ces travaux de thèse ont pour objectif de mettre au point un nouvel échantillonneur intégratif plus robuste et moins coûteux, capable d’échantillonner autant les contaminants métalliques que les composés organiques. Pour cela, l’idée était d’utiliser comme phase adsorbante un minéral naturel poreux doté de fortes capacités d’adsorption ; des zéolithes et une sépiolite naturelle ont été envisagées. Le développement d’un tel dispositif est un processus complexe qui passe tout d’abord par l’étude des capacités d’adsorption des différents solides pour les contaminants métalliques ainsi que pour les composés organiques. La comparaison des capacités d’adsorption des différents solides démontre que la sépiolite est la plus efficace pour la rétention de la majorité des contaminants étudiés. Sur la base de ces résultats la sépiolite est sélectionnée comme phase réceptrice du nouvel échantillonneur. Le déploiement de ces nouveaux dispositifs dans un milieu semi-contrôlé soumis à différents scénarios de contamination met en lumière une importante capacité d’échantillonnage tant pour les métaux que pour les contaminants organiques hydrophiles. Enfin, dans une dernière étape. / Passive sampling is a promising alternative to grab sampling. This approach consists in accumulating contaminants from water directly in-situ. Contrary to conventional grab sampling, this method allows integrating the temporal variations of the concentration. However most commercial samplers use complex and expensive adsorbent phases. In this work, we aimed to develop a new integrative sampler, more robust and less expensive than the commercial ones, able to sample both metals and organic compounds. For this the use of porous natural minerals with high adsorption capacities was investigated. Zeolites and natural sepiolite were considered. The development of this kind of device is a complex process involving a double approach laboratory/field. The first step consists in studying the adsorption capacity of different solids towards metals and organic compounds. The comparison of adsorption efficiency of different solids shows that sepiolite is the most efficient for the retention of most of the studied contaminants. Based on these results, it was selected as receiving phase of the new sampler. Deployment of these new devices in a semi-controlled environment with various scenarios of contamination was tested. This experiment highlighted that sepiolite has an important sampling ability both for metals and for hydrophilic organic contaminants. Finally, the last step of this process consisted in a validation of these samplers in a natural environment and in industrial effluent.
15

Catalytic Properties of Novel Microporous Minerals

Cymes, Brittany Allison 24 April 2020 (has links)
No description available.
16

Valorization of Bio-Alcohols into Added Value Chemicals

Balestra, Giulia 28 July 2022 (has links)
[ES] El presente trabajo de investigación está centrado en la valorización y la mejora del bioetanol, empleando catalizadores heterogéneos, en un reactor de flujo continuo a escala de laboratorio. En primer lugar, en los laboratorios del Departamento de Química Industrial de la Universidad de Bolonia (Unibo), se ha estudiado la conversión catalítica del etanol en fase gaseosa sobre catalizadores basados en hidroxiapatitas (HAP). Los ensayos catalíticos se llevaron a cabo alimentando un reactor de lecho fijo a escala de laboratorio, empleando el catalizador en forma de pellets y una mezcla de etanol/He, en el rango de temperatura de 300-600 ºC. El interés se focalizó en la formación de productos de alta condensación, con el fin de obtener una mezcla orgánica que pueda ser empleada como bio-combustible. Tras seleccionar las condiciones de reacción, se sintetizaron y probaron diferentes hidroxiapatitas con capacidad de intercambio iónico que poseen metales de transición (Fe, Cu) y metales alcalinotérreos (Sr) en su composición. Mientras que las HAP conteniendo metales de transición actúan esencialmente como catalizadores ácidos, produciendo principalmente el producto de la deshidratación del etanol, el etileno, el catalizador de Sr-HAP permite la formación de una mezcla de reacción compleja, la cual necesita de una mayor optimización para cumplir con los requisitos adecuados para su posterior empleo como biofuel. A continuación, en los laboratorios del Instituto de Tecnología Química (ITQ) de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), el estudio se centró en dos materiales catalíticos diferentes, el óxido de zirconio y la sepiolita, una arcilla natural abundante en España. Ambos materiales se han probados para la transformación de etanol, en el rango de temperatura de 300-450 ºC, empleando un reactor de lecho fijo a escala laboratorio, con el catalizador en forma de pellets, y usando una mezcla de etanol/N2. Los catalizadores con óxido de zirconio se prepararon mediante dos métodos diferentes, precipitación e hidrotermal, variando algunos de los parámetros de síntesis (pH, naturaleza de la base), y empleando algunos metales de transición como elementos dopantes (Ti, Y). La presencia de un elemento dopante en la estructura de la zirconia favorece la estabilización de las fases tetragonal y cúbica frente a fase monoclínica. Todas las muestras exhibieron un comportamiento ácido. Resulta interesante que la zirconia dopada con 5%mol de Ti exhibe un comportamiento catalítico diferente, produciendo el dietiléter como principal producto a 300ºC, mientras que los otros catalizadores producen principalmente etileno, ambos, productos de la deshidratación del etanol. Por otra parte, se ha estudiado el efecto de las propiedades ácido-base de la sepiolita, modificada con metales alcalinos (Na, K, Cs) y cargas de metal variables (2, 4, 5, 7, 14 wt%), y de las propiedades redox de la sepiolita, como soporte de CuO o NiO, sobre la conversión catalítica de etanol a n-butanol. Las sepiolitas tratadas térmicamente actúan principalmente como catalizadores ácidos, produciendo preferentemente productos de deshidratación del etanol (etileno y dietiléter). Mientras que la presencia de un metal de transición no favorece la producción de n-butanol, la presencia de un metal alcalino en el sistema catalítico parece ser crucial para la formación de n-butanol. Los mejores resultados en términos de actividad (conversión de etanol, 59%) y selectividad (30%) de n-butanol se han obtenido a 400 ºC y un tiempo de contacto, W/F, de 2 g/mL·s, con el catalizador basado en sepiolita calcinada a 500 ºC, y modificada con 7 wt% de cesio, mediante impregnación en fase acuosa. / [CA] El present treball de recerca està centrat en la valorització i la millora del bioetanol, emprant catalitzadors heterogenis, en un reactor de flux continu a escala de laboratori. En primer lloc, en els laboratoris del Departament de Química Industrial de la Universitat de Bolonya (Unibo), s'ha estudiat la conversió catalítica de l'etanol en fase gasosa sobre catalitzadors basats en hidroxiapatitas (HAP). Els assajos catalítics es van dur a terme alimentant un reactor de llit fix, a escala de laboratori, contenint el catalitzador en forma de pèl·lets amb una mescla d'etanol/He, en el rang de temperatura de 300-600 °C. L'interés es va focalitzar en la formació de productes d'alta condensació, amb la finalitat d'obtindre una mescla orgànica que puga ser emprada com a bio-combustible. Després de seleccionar les condicions de reacció, es van sintetitzar i van provar diferents hidroxiapatitas amb capacitat d'intercanvi iònic que posseeixen metalls de transició (Fe, Cu) i metalls alcalinotérreos (Sr) en la seua composició. Mentre que les HAP contenint metalls de transició actuen essencialment com a catalitzadors àcids produint principalment el producte de la deshidratació de l'etanol, l'etilé, el catalitzador de Sr-HAP permet la formació d'una mescla de reacció complexa, la qual necessita d'una major optimització per a complir amb els requisits adequats per a la seua posterior ocupació com biofuel. A continuació, en els laboratoris de l'Institut de Tecnologia Química (ITQ) de la Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), l'estudi es va centrar en dos materials catalítics diferents, l'òxid de zirconio i sepiolita, una argila natural abundant a Espanya. Tots dos materials s'han provats per a la transformació d'etanol en el rang de temperatura de 300-450 °C, emprant un reactor de llit fix a escala laboratori, contenint el catalitzador en forma de pèl·lets, i usant una mescla d'etanol/N2 Els catalitzadors amb òxid de zirconio es van preparar mitjançant dos mètodes diferents, precipitació i hidrotermal, variant alguns dels paràmetres de síntesis (pH, naturalesa de la base), i emprant alguns metalls de transició com a elements dopants (Ti, Y). La presència d'un element dopant en l'estructura de la zircònia afavoreix l'estabilització de les fases tetragonal i cúbica enfront de fase monoclínica Totes les mostres van exhibir un comportament àcid. Resulta interessant que la zircònia dopada amb 5%mol de Ti exhibisca un comportament catalític diferent, produint el dietiléter com a principal producte a 300 °C, mentre que les altres mostres produeixen principalment etilé, tots dos, productes de la deshidratació de l'etanol. D'altra banda s'ha estudiat l'efecte de les propietats àcid-base de la sepiolita, modificada amb metalls alcalins (Na, K, Cs) i càrregues de metall variables (2, 4, 5, 7, 14 wt%), i de les propietats redox de la sepiolita, com a suport de CuO o NiO, sobre la conversió catalítica d'etanol a n-butanol. Les sepiolites tractades tèrmicament actuen principalment com a catalitzadors àcids, produint principalment productes de deshidratació de l'etanol (etilé i dietiléter). Mentre que la presència d'un metall de transició no afavoreix la producció de n-butanol, la presència d'un metall alcalí en el sistema catalític sembla ser crucial per a la formació del n-butanol. Els millors resultats en termes d'activitat (conversió d'etanol, 59%) i selectivitat (30%) de n-butanol s'han obtingut a 400°C i un temps de contacte, W/F, de 2 g/ml·s amb el catalitzador compost de sepiolita calcinada a 500 °C, i modificada amb 7 wt% de Cs. / [EN] The present research work focused on the valorisation and upgrading of bio-ethanol over heterogeneous catalysts in a lab-scale continuous gas-flow system. Firstly, in the laboratories of the Department of Industrial Chemistry of the University of Bologna (Unibo), the catalytic ethanol gas-phase conversion was studied over hydroxyapatite (HAP) based catalysts. Catalytic tests have been carried out in the temperature range 300-600°C by feeding an ethanol/He mixture into a quartz lab-scale fixed bed reactor of pelletized catalyst. The focus was placed on enhancing the formation of higher condensation products in order to obtain an organic mixture with application as bio-fuel. After choosing the reaction conditions, ion-exchanged hydroxyapatite with transition metals (i.e., Fe, Cu) and alkaline earth metal (i.e., Sr) have been synthesized and tested. While the transition metal-exchanged HAP acted essentially as acid catalysts, yielding mainly the dehydration product of ethanol, ethylene, the Sr-HAP catalyst led to the formation of a complex reaction mixture the composition of which need further optimization in order to fill the requisite to be used as fuel-blend. Then, in the laboratories of the Institute of Chemical Technology (ITQ) of the Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV), the study focused on two different catalytic materials, zirconium oxide and the natural clay sepiolite. Both the materials have been tested into the ethanol transformation carrying out the catalytic tests in the temperature range 300-450 °C by feeding an ethanol/N2 mixture into a quartz lab-scale fixed bed reactor of pelletized catalyst. Zirconium-oxide based catalysts have been prepared through two different methods, precipitation and hydrothermal, by varying some synthetic parameters (i.e., pH, the nature of the base) and by adding a transition metal as dopant agent (i.e., Ti and Y). The presence of a dopant into the zirconia structure favoured the stabilization of the tetragonal or cubic phase against the monoclinic one. All samples exhibited acidic behaviour. Interestingly, 5%mol Ti-doped zirconia exhibited a different catalytic behaviour yielding diethyl ether as major product at 300°C, while all the others samples produced mainly ethylene, both dehydration products of ethanol. The effect of acid-base properties of sepiolite, using alkali metals (i.e., Na, K, Cs) with different metal loading (i.e., 2, 4, 5, 7, 14 wt%) as promoters, and of the redox properties of sepiolite-supported CuO or NiO, on the catalytic conversion of ethanol into n-butanol has been investigated. Thermal treated sepiolite samples mainly acted as acid catalyst, yielding preferentially the dehydration products of ethanol (ethylene and diethyl ether). While the presence of a transition metal did not favour n-butanol production, the presence of an alkali metal into the catalytic system appeared to be crucial for n-butanol formation. Best results in terms of activity (ethanol conversion, 59%) and n-butanol selectivity (30%) where obtained at 400ºC and a contact time, W/F, of 2 g/mL·s over the catalyst consisting of sepiolite calcined at 500ºC modified with 7 wt% of cesium. / Balestra, G. (2022). Valorization of Bio-Alcohols into Added Value Chemicals [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/184991
17

Physicochemical characterization of DNA-based bionanocomposites using nonafibrous clay minerals : biological applications / Caractérisation physico-chimique de bionanocomposites à base d'ADN et de minéraux argileux nano-fibreux : applications biologiques

Castro Smirnov, Fidel Antonio 15 October 2014 (has links)
Parmi les différents minéraux argileux, la sépiolite, qui est un silicate fibreux naturel, est un potentiel nano-transporteur prometteur pour le transfert non-viral de biomolécules. Il a en effet été montré que la sépiolite interagissait avec des molécules biologiques telles que les lipides, les polysaccharides et les protéines. Dans ce travail, nous démontrons que la sépiolite interagit également efficacement avec différents types de molécules d'ADN (génomique, plasmidique, oligonucléotides simple et double brin), et nous présentons la première étude détaillée sur les mécanismes d'interaction entre la sépiolite et l'ADN, ainsi qu’une caractérisation physico-chimique de bionanocomposites ADN-sepiolite. Une analyse spectroscopique a montré tout d’abord que l’interaction de l'ADN avec la sépiolite était plus forte en présence de polycations, la valence de ces derniers accroissant le rendement d’absorption, et deuxièmement, que l'ADN ainsi adsorbé pouvait être récupéré avec un rendement modulé par la présence d’EDTA, la structure de l'ADN et son activité biologique étant conservées. Par spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (FTIR) nous avons identifié les groupes silanol externes comme les principaux sites d'interaction avec l'ADN. Nous avons ensuite prouvé qu'il est possible d'utiliser la sépiolite pour extraire l'ADN de bactéries, pour la purification de l'ADN et pour la purification de toute contamination bactérienne. En combinant la microscopie à fluorescence, la microscopie électronique à transmission (MET), la vidéo-microscopie et l’analyse par cytométrie en flux (FACS), nous avons montré que la sépiolite peut être spontanément internalisée dans des cellules de mammifère par le biais de deux voies, l’endocytose et la macropinocytose. En tant que preuve de concept, nous montrons que la sépiolite est capable de transférer de manière stable l'ADN de plasmide dans des bactéries et des cellules de mammifères. Il a également été prouvé qu’en incubant des bactéries avec des bionanocomposites ADN-sepiolite, initialement préparés en présence d'une faible concentration en cations divalents et avec de la sépiolite traitée aux ultrasons (sSep), il était possible d'augmenter l'efficacité de la transformation bactérienne 20 à 30 fois par rapport aux méthodes basées sur l'«effet Yoshida». En outre, nous montrons que l'efficacité du transfert de gènes par la sépiolite peut être optimisée : l'utilisation de sSep et l'exposition à la chloroquine augmentent d’un facteur 100 et 2, respectivement, l’efficacité de transfection. Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à l'utilisation de bionanocomposites à base de sépiolite comme de nouveaux potentiels nano-transporteurs hybrides potentiels, à la fois pour la thérapie génique et le développement de nouveaux modèles biologiques en sciences fondamentales et appliquées. / Among the various clay minerals, sepiolite, which is a natural fibrous silicate, isa potential promising nanocarrier for the non-viral transfer of bio-molecules. Indeed,sepiolite has been shown to interact with biological molecules such as lipids,polysaccharides and proteins. Here, we show that sepiolite efficiently binds differenttypes of DNA molecules (genomic, plasmid, single strand and double strandoligonucleotides), introducing the first detailed study on the interaction mechanismsbetween sepiolite and DNA, as well as the physicochemical characterization of theresulting DNA-sepiolite bionanocomposites. The interaction mechanisms aresuggested to be electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, cation bridges, andhydrogen bonding. Spectroscopy analysis showed that the binding of DNA to sepiolitewas increased by polycations with valence dependent efficiency, and the DNApreviously adsorbed could be recovered with an efficiency that could be modulatedusing a chelating agent (EDTA), preserving the DNA structure and biological activity.Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy identified the external silanol groups as themain sites of interaction with the DNA. It was proved that it is possible to use sepiolitefor extracting DNA from bacteria, for DNA purification and for purification from bacterialcontamination. By combining fluorescence microscopy, transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM), time-lapse video microscopy and flow cytometry analysis (FACS),we show that sepiolite can be spontaneously internalized into mammalian cells throughboth endocytic and non-endocytic pathways. As a proof of concept, we show thatsepiolite is able to stably transfer plasmid DNA into bacteria and mammalian cells. Itwas also proved that with the incubation of bacteria with the Sep/DNAbionanocomposite initially prepared in the presence of a low concentration of divalentcation, and using sonicated sepiolite (sSep), it is possible to increase the bacterialtransformation efficiency from 20 to 30-fold compared to previously reported methodswhich are based in the “Yoshida effect”. Additionally, we show that the efficiency ofsepiolite-mediated gene transfer can be optimized: the use of sSep and the exposureto the endosome disrupter chloroquine 100-fold and 2-fold stimulated DNA transfectionefficiency, respectively. These results open the way to the use of sepiolite-basedbionanocomposites as a novel class of hybrid nanocarriers for both potential genetherapy and the development of novel biological models of interest for academic andapplied sciences.
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Huiles végétales époxydées et alcool furfurylique : deux types de monomères pour l’élaboration de thermodurcissables et de composites biosourcés / Epoxydized vegetable oils and furfuryl alcohol : two types of monomers for the elaboration of biobased thermosets and composites

Falco, Guillaume 21 December 2016 (has links)
Cette thèse présente l’élaboration de thermodurcissables et de composites biosourcés synthétisés à partir d’huiles végétales époxydées (lin et soja) et d’alcool furfurylique (FA). La première partie de ce travail concerne l’étude de la polymérisation du FA en polyalcool furfurylique (PFA) (i) en solvants protiques polaires, (ii) en combinaison avec le bois et (iii) suivant l’ajout de nouveaux amorceurs. En solvant, les changements de structures observés ont été reliés aux propriétés thermomécaniques. Une autre modification de structure du PFA a été obtenue grâce au 2,5 diméthylfurane. Ce travail a permis d’obtenir une meilleure compréhension de la réactivité du FA au sein du bois et montre que les composites bois/PFA ont une densité et une résistance plus élevées que leurs homologues non modifiés. Enfin, l’amorçage des réactions du FA par l’acide lévulinique ou par le p-toluène sulfonylhydrazine permet de proposer deux nouveaux amorceurs, respectivement biosourcé et « latent ». La seconde partie de ce travail concerne l’élaboration d’une résine époxyde totalement biosourcée et synthétisée à partir d’huiles végétales époxydées. L’huile de lin et de soja ont été chacune copolymérisées avec un acide dicarboxylique. Un premier travail fondamental a consisté à corréler la réactivité de copolymérisation avec les structures des polymères obtenus puis à établir le lien avec les propriétés thermomécaniques. Ensuite, des nanocomposites ont été synthétisés à partir de ces résines époxydes et de sépiolite. Les différentes voies de dispersion et de modification de la sépiolite mises en œuvre conduisent à des niveaux de dispersion différents de la nanocharge au sein de la matrice. / The work presents the elaboration of biobased thermosets and composites synthesized from epoxidized vegetable oils (linseed and soybean) and furfuryl alcohol (FA). A first area of research focused on the study of the polymerisation of FA into polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) (i) in protic polar solvents, (ii) in combination with wood and (iii) in the presence of new reaction initiators. In presence of solvents, the observed structural changes have been linked to the thermomechanical properties. Another PFA structure modification was obtained with 2,5 dimethylfuran. This work allowed a better understanding of the reactivity of FA within the wood and shows that the obtained wood/PFA composites have higher density and resistance than their non-modified equivalents. Finally, the initiation of FA polymerization by levulinic acid and p-toluene sulfonylhydrazine, respectively biobased and « latent » initiators has been studied. The second topic of thesis concerns a new type of fully bio-based epoxy resin synthesized from epoxidized vegetable oils. Linseed and soybean oils have both been copolymerized with a dicarboxylic acid as curing agent. A first fundamental work was to correlate the reactivity of copolymerization with the polymer structure and to link them with thermomechanical properties. The obtained thermosets have been used to prepare nanocomposites with sepiolite. Different methods of dispersion and/or modification of sepiolite conduct to diverse morphologies of nanofiller dispersions into the matrix.
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Chloride penetration assessment on self-healing capability of conventional, high-performance, and ultra high-performance concrete

Doostkami, Hesam 02 September 2024 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / [ES] El hormigón, material de construcción fundamental en la ingeniería civil, ha sido muy estudiado para cuantificar y mejorar su resiliencia y vida útil. La exposi-ción prolongada a ciertas condiciones ambientales, y la carga mecánica en con-diciones de servicio, pueden resultar en la aparición de fisuras (< 0.4 mm), que no amenazan la integridad de la estructura, pero en algunos casos pueden redu-cir su durabilidad. En los últimos años, se han buscado nuevos enfoques para ob-tener la autosanación o autorreparación de fisuras en el hormigón. El hormigón autosanable se considera un enfoque prometedor para desarro-llar materiales de construcción duraderos y respetuosos con el medio ambiente. La autosanación en el hormigón implica la reducción de las fisuras, lo que reduci-ría las consecuencias negativas de su presencia. El hormigón tiene una capacidad inherente de autosanación, denominada sanación autógena, pero su capacidad es limitada. Se han investigado diversos enfoques para estimular la autosanación, incluida la introducción de productos innovadores dentro de la matriz del hor-migón o la mejora de sus capacidades inherentes. Esta tesis examina la capacidad de autosanado de varios tipos de hormigón, incluidos los convencionales, de altas prestaciones y de ultra altas prestaciones, y estudia y propone diferentes metodologías para evaluar y comparar hormigones con diferente comportamiento, como aquellos con tendencia a la multifisura-ción. Las metodologías realizadas son ensayos de cierre de fisuras, ensayos de permeabilidad y ensayos de penetración de cloruros. La tesis también examina la incorporación de diversos aditivos, como Aditivos Cristalinos, Polímeros Su-perabsorbentes, sepiolita, nanofibras de alúmina, nanocelulosa y bacterias, con el fin de estudiar su potencial mejora de la capacidad de autosanado. El objetivo de esta investigación surge de la necesidad de comprender me-jor los mecanismos de autosanado y su efecto en la durabilidad de las estructuras de hormigón. Esto incluye la evaluación y cuantificación del autosanado de dife-rentes hormigones, que sanaron en diferentes ambientes y condiciones de ini-ciación. Estos parámetros se eligen para proporcionar una evaluación integral de la respuesta del material. La aplicabilidad práctica de los resultados obtenidos se verifica en prototipos reducidos y a escala real, ampliando los experimentos más allá de las limitaciones del laboratorio y aumentando el nivel de madurez de la tecnología. Esta tesis proporciona un análisis amplio y en profundidad del hormigón au-tosanable. Los resultados obtenidos tienen el potencial no sólo de mejorar el conocimiento académico en el campo sino también de estimular mejoras en el diseño y la construcción de estructuras de hormigón duraderas y resilientes. / [CA] El formigó, un material de construcció fonamental a l'enginyeria civil, ha es-tat estudiat sovint per quantificar i millorar la seva resiliència i vida útil. L'exposi-ció perllongada a certes condicions ambientals, i la càrrega mecànica en condi-cions de servei, pot resultar en l'aparició de fisures (< 0.4 mm), que no suposen un perill per a la integritat de l'estructura, però que en alguns casos poden re-duir la seua durabilitat. En els últims anys, s'han buscat nous enfocs per obtenir l'autosanació o autoreparació de fissures al formigó. El formigó autosanable es considera un enfoc prometedor per desenvolupar materials de construcció duraders i respectuosos amb el medi ambient. L'auto-sanació al formigó implica la reducció de les fissures, cosa que reduiria les con-seqüències negatives de la seva presència. El formigó té una capacitat inherent d'autosanació, anomenada sanació autògena, però la seva capacitat és limitada. S'han investigat diversos enfocs per estimular l'autosanació, inclosa la introduc-ció de productes innovadors dins la matriu del formigó o la millora de les capaci-tats inherents. Aquesta tesi examina la capacitat d'autosanat de diversos tipus de formigó, inclosos els convencionals, d'altes prestacions i d'ultra altes prestacions, i estudia i proposa diferents metodologies per avaluar i comparar formigons amb com-portament diferent, com aquells amb tendència a la multifisuració. Les metodo-logies realitzades són assaigs de tancament de fissures, assaigs de permeabilitat i assaigs de penetració de clorurs. La tesi també examina la incorporació de diver-sos additius, com Additius Cristal·lins, Polímers Superabsorbents, sepiolita, nano-fibres d'alumini, nanocel·lulosa i bactèries, per tal d'estudiar la potencial millora de la capacitat d'autosanat. L'objectiu d'aquesta investigació sorgeix de la necessitat de comprendre mi-llor els mecanismes dautosanat i el seu efecte en la durabilitat de les estructures de formigó. Això inclou l'avaluació i la quantificació de l'autosanat de diferents formigons, que van curar-se en diferents ambients i condicions d'iniciació. Aquests paràmetres es trien per proporcionar una avaluació integral de la res-posta del material. L'aplicabilitat pràctica dels resultats obtinguts es verifica en prototips reduïts ia escala real, ampliant els experiments més enllà de les limita-cions del laboratori i augmentant el nivell de maduresa de la tecnologia. Aquesta tesi proporciona una anàlisi àmplia i en profunditat del formigó au-tosanable. Els resultats obtinguts tenen el potencial no només de millorar el coneixement acadèmic al camp sinó també d'estimular millores en el disseny i la construcció d'estructures de formigó duraderes i resilients. / [EN] Concrete, a primary construction material in civil engineering, has been fre-quently examined to quantify and improve its resilience and lifespan. Prolonged exposure to certain environmental conditions, as well as mechanical loading in service conditions, may result in the development of small cracks (< 0.4 mm), which do not threaten the safety of the structure but, in some cases, may reduce its durability. In the last few years, researchers have pursued novel approaches to obtain self-healing or self-repair of cracks in concrete. Self-healing concrete has emerged as a promising approach to developing durable and environmentally friendly construction materials. Self-healing in concrete involves the reduction of cracks, which would reduce the negative consequences of its presence. Concrete has an inherent self-healing capacity and autogenous healing, but its capability is limited. Diverse approaches have been investigated to stimulate self-healing, including introducing innovative products inside concrete matrix or improving its inherent abilities. The current thesis examines the self-healing capability of various concrete types, including conventional, high-performance, and ultra-high-performance concretes, and studies and proposes different methodologies for evaluating and comparing concretes with different behavior, such as those with the tendency to show multi-cracking. The methodologies performed are crack closing tests, permeability tests, and chloride penetration tests. The thesis also examines the incorporation of various additives, such as Crystalline Admixture, Superabsor-bent Polymers, sepiolite, alumina nano-fibers, nanocellulose, and bacteria, to study their potential enhancement of the self-healing capability. The purpose of this research comes from the need to comprehend the self-healing mechanisms and their influence on the durability of concrete structures. This includes the evaluation and quantification of the material's performance in different concretes that healed in different healing exposures and with different initiation conditions. These parameters are chosen to provide a comprehensive assessment of the material's performance. The practical applicability of the re-sults obtained is verified in reduced and full-scale prototypes, upgrading the experiments beyond the limitations of the laboratory and increasing the Tech-nology Readiness Level. This thesis provides a broad and in-depth analysis of self-healing concrete, ex-amining its potential. The findings cannot only enhance academic knowledge but also stimulate improvements in the design and construction of long-lasting and resilient concrete structures. / Doostkami, H. (2024). Chloride penetration assessment on self-healing capability of conventional, high-performance, and ultra high-performance concrete [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/207287 / Compendio

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