De nos jours, l’industrie doit faire face à de nombreux défis. La concurrence accrue de l’industrie manufacturière issue d’une mondialisation du marché ainsi que la raréfaction et la hausse du prix des ressources poussent les entreprises à innover afin de rester compétitives notamment en réduisant les flux de matières et d’énergie. De plus, les consommateurs semblent être de plus en plus conscients et soucieux des notions introduites par le concept de développement durable. Les systèmes ‘produits-services’ (associés à l’économie de fonctionnalités) sont montrés comme une opportunité pour l’Industrie de proposer des solutions prospères et respectueuses de l’environnement tout en répondant aux besoins du consommateur. Cependant, ces systèmes ne sont pas soutenables de façon intrinsèque. Il est, par conséquent, nécessaire de créer des outils et méthodes afin d’aider les entreprises à développer ce type de modèle économique dans un objectif de soutenabilité.Ce travail de thèse a donc pour objectif de fournir une méthode d’évaluation de la soutenabilité à l’intérieur du processus de conception d’un PSS. Les caractéristiques spécifiques d'une conception de PSS soutenable doivent être prises en compte afin de fournir aux concepteurs une évaluation de la soutenabilité précieuse et donc un soutien de leur processus de prise de décision. Cette méthode a pour but de fournir un appui supplémentaire lors du processus de prise de décision par le biais d’évaluations de soutenabilité qualitatives et quantitatives. / Nowadays, industry faces many challenges. The increased competition from the manufacturing industry which is resulting from the market globalization and from the scarcity and rising price of resources are pushing companies to innovate in order to remain competitive, in particular by reducing the flow of materials and energy. In addition, consumers seem to be more and more conscious of their impacts introduced by the concept of sustainable development. Products-services systems (or economy of functionality) are shown as an opportunity for the industry to offer solutions that are prosperous and respectful of the environment while meeting the needs of the consumer. However, these systems are not intrinsically sustainable. It is therefore necessary to create tools and methods to help companies develop this type of economic model with a view to sustainability.This research thesis aims to provide a method to assess the sustainability within the design process of a PSS. The specific characteristics of a sustainable PSS design must be taken into account in order to provide designers with valuable sustainability assessment and therefore support for their decision-making process. This method is intended to provide additional support in the decision-making process through qualitative and quantitative sustainability assessments.

Developing a model of a service system and mobile units including cellphone, PDA, Laptop is an important preliminary step of designing the systems which could provide these units some convenient and entertainment services through common short range communication like blue tooth, wireless LAN, etc. In this project, an ontology is created to represent this model. Meanwhile, some basic service rules are also programmed and combined with this ontology can be used to simulate some interactions between items inside this model. The description of this model (ontology) has been made through Protégé and demonstrated by using its graphical interface. The rules have been created by using Jess and implemented with the ontology by using JessTab.

In response to the Ageing of our Society, a new paradigm is evolving that promotes healthy ageing and independency through self-care and wellbeing. The role of the living environments is crucial in the Ageing Society to promote wellbeing. Besides, elderly contribution through social participation is essential for their integration and inclusion in society. This thesis explores the case of Cooperative Housing for elderly in Sweden, a concept that promotes the participation of elderly in the design of their habitats. The research is oriented towards a smoother inclusion of elderly in participatory processes aimed at developing sustainable and need-satisfying habitat solutions for elderly. To do this the author explored how the concepts of PSS, Design Thinking, Human Needs and Needfinding could inform the design of those participatory processes. Based on the results of interviews, questionnaires and three case studies on Cooperative Housing, a set of three distinguished types of recommendations was developed to guide the design of future participatory processes: overarching models, process enablers and specific methods and tools for each of the process phases. Mainly, the discussion focuses on the concepts of PSS, human needs-centered design and sustainability, and how those can enable a smoother inclusion of elderly. / Joaquin Collar 8 8ºE, 01002 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain +34690666663

A practice of applying of Product Service System (PSS)—Xinmade.com is demonstrated by a business plan and this paper discusses about using Crowdsourcing in the traditional New Product Development (NPD). Finally tips of applying Crowdsourcing in PSS are summarized.

This thesis discusses a set of information/intelligence patterns that impact the resilience and sustainability of systems. These patterns are organized into the form of design patterns for later reuse during design processes. The information dynamics of some typical examples of product- service systems are modeled. This model provides a context for further discussions on the application of those information design patterns. The combination of the information dynamics model, together with the set of the behavioral and structural information design patterns, are intended to provide a playground for innovation in designing resilient and sustainable systems. Better knowledge capture and communication, uniformity in the approach to both products and services, and modular extensibility are also considered to be amongst the benefits of such an approach. The discussions and ontological models of those patterns and their impact on resiliency of systems are based on the elements of information theory from Shannon and Kolmogorov and the resilience theory from Holling. Sustainability is considered as the holistic extent of resiliency, especially in the course of product-service systems design. The discussion has been supported by some simple mathematical models, and in one case by the simulation of an agent-based model. Examples have been drawn from different disciplines to provide additional clarity and to demonstrate the versatility and generality of those design patterns.

Due to the current, global challenges such as resource depletion and economic crisis, and international societal mega-trends such as multi-internationalisation, we are in transition from conventional methods of production to relatively novel methods that strives to be competitive, satisfy customer needs and have a lower environmental impact. Product-Service System (PSS) method is deemed to be a solid alternative towards this vision. To do that, we are in need of novel approaches to re-envision the current system. Therefore, Innovation methods are the backbone of PSS. Since PSS highly emphasizes the customers' needs and co-creation with them, user-innovation methods are required in order to boost PSS Innovation. Among user-innovation methods, Crowdsourcing seems to be valid option which would enable us to attract a large, undefined network of people to the innovation process. In this research, a success model for crowdsourcing practice is proposed and validated by literature and expert interviews. As a follow-up, based on the success model, a strategic guideline for innovation using open modes of collaboration is proposed. Moreover, we discuss the implication of PSS and sustainability and how these concepts can be empowered by crowdsourcing.

In recent years, sustainable thinking has been gradually recognized and accepted by more and more users, enterprises, and stakeholders. However, in daily life, there is often a gap between the value of users’ pursuit of sustainable lifestyles and their behavior habits. Also, the connection between different stakeholders is often ignored. The project started by the observation of unsustainable water usage habits of some tenants in the Växjö local housing company Växjöbostäder, and investigated the gaps in the water supply/toll system of Växjö municipality for some apartment tenants and the limitations of current solutions. Therefore, it is necessary to find a more effective solution. The author attempts to guide and change the user’s behavior through design interventions led by digital user experience design, connect the gap between the user and the system, and provide a more sustainable choice. At the same time, as a precedent, this project’s attempt to apply sustainable behavioral interventions to the field of digital user experience products at the system level can also provide some reference for similar projects or designs that may appear in the future. The aim of this project is trying to find solutions to bridge the existing gap between the water management system and the apartment users’ water consumption behavior. The project studies the relevant theories of behavior, analyzes the causes of motivations that lead to behavioral and habits changing, the methods of digital user experience design, and the theory of building sustainable systems. Action research has been used as a methodological guide to design processes, analysis, and reflection. The final design outcome “Drops” is an application based on mobile platforms that develop sustainable water-using habits. The application associates gamification motivation mechanisms, behavioral habit interventions, community social sharing, and the process of using the application with the user’s actual behavior, promotes the formation of user sustainable behavior and inspires users to a sustainable society thinking. From a hierarchical analysis of the system, “Drops” connects different stakeholders in the municipal water supply system, facilitating communications between tenants and communities to achieve positive interactions that promote sustainable behavior.  At the end of this article, the author analyzed the project outcome from the perspective of Växjöbostäder, one of the stakeholders and a possible product distributor, elaborated on the possible advantages of the design for the company’s ecological sustainability and the possibility of the company deploying this application in the market. Also, the author also analyzed and evaluated this project from the perspective of the product itself and different stakeholders, and explained the current limitations and the possibility of future development.

Les Systèmes Produit-Service (PSS) résultent d'une intégration de composants hétérogènes couvrant à la fois des aspects matériels et immatériels (mécanique, électrique,logiciel, processus, organisation, etc.). Le processus de développement d’un PSS est fortement collaboratif impliquant des acteurs métier très variés.Ce caractère interdisciplinaire nécessite des référentiels sémantiques standardisés pour gérer la multitude des points de vue métier et faciliter l’intégration de tous les composants hétérogènes dans un système unique. Ceci est encore plus complexe dans le cas des PSS personnalisables, majoritaires dans le milieu industriel. Malgré les nombreuses méthodologies dans littérature, la gestion des processus de développement du PSS reste encore limitée face à cette complexité. Dans ce contexte, l'Ingénierie des systèmes (IS) pourrait être une solution avantageuse au regard de ses qualités bien prouvé pour la modélisation et la gestion de systèmes complexes. Cette thèse vise à explorer le potentiel d'utilisation de l'Ingénierie des systèmes (IS) comme fondement conceptuel pour représenter d’une façon intégrée tous les différents points de vue métier associés au cycle de vie du PSS. Dans ce cadre, un méta-modèle de PSS est proposé et exemplifié dans des cas industriels. Un modèle ontologique est aussi présenté comme une application d’une partie des modèles pour structurer le référentiel commun de la plateforme ICP4Life. / Product-service systems (PSS) result from the integration of heterogeneous components covering both tangible and intangible aspects(mechanical, electrical, software, process, organization, etc.). The process of developing PSS is highly collaborative involving a wide variety of stakeholders. This interdisciplinary nature requires standardized semantic repositories to handle the multitude of business views and facilitate the integration of all heterogeneous components into a single system. This is even more complex in the case of customizable PSS in the industrial sector. Despite the many methodologies in literature, the management of the development processes of the PSS is still limited to face this complexity. In this context, Systems Engineering (SE) could bean advantageous solution in terms of its proven qualities for the modeling and management of complex systems. This thesis aims at exploring the potentials of Systems Engineering (SE) as a conceptual foundation to represent various different business perspectives associated with the life cycle of the PSS. In this context, a meta-model for PSS is proposed and verified in industrial cases. An ontological model is also presented as an application of a part of the model to structure the common repository of the ICP4Life platform.

The surges in the deterioration on all fronts of sustainability have led to the conceptualization of the Circular Economy (CE). The compliance of production and consumption tightly knitted with the linear model has created a much-needed debate as well as a barrier to the transition towards the CE. In order to drive the transition from linear to CE, various typologies of CE business models have been derived. The Product-Service System (PSS), a business model for creating a circular flow of materials, necessitates the transformation of consumers from being owners into mere users. The textile industry, where the use of virgin materials is deemed to be a primary component for its production and consumption, requires the ingestion of CE-based business models. However, such a transition requires a constant and conscious effort from various actors as well as consumers.   The study takes a holistic perspective targeting both the PSS provider as well as the consumers in providing an understanding of frictions that occur between a PSS Business model and the existing consumption practices. As different actors form a network to drive a PSS business model, this study, firstly aims to develop an understanding of the interactions that take place between two different actors who aim to develop a PSS business model within the domain of textiles. Secondly, as there tend to be consumers who oppose business models that change their existing habits and routines, one such as PSS, this study focuses on analyzing the existing practices related to the consumption of textiles. By contemplating between the consumption side and the PSS provider side, the thesis concludes with a model on how a PSS business model can be made to stabilize the differences with respect to consumption practices by taking into account the factors that influence the consumption of a product.

Vad som har gjort dagens autonoma teknologi möjlig och som lagt grunden till dess hastiga framsteg har varit den tekniska utvecklingen i datorhårdvara. I takt med att datorer har ökat i både prestanda och hastighet och samtidigt minskat i pris har autonoma lösningar ökat extremt mycket i nästan alla scenarios av vårt vardagsliv där människa-maskinsystem finns. Automation har också spridit sig till fordonsutvecklingen; förarlösa bilar kan redan ses på gatorna och i gruvindustrin används redan autonoma dumpers i viss utsträckning. Det är bara en tidsfråga innan fullt autonoma tyngre maskiner entrar scenen med målet att fortsatt öka produktiviteten i samhället. Men då den autonoma teknologin blir mer och mer komplex så finns det en del som verkar bli viktigare; tillit. Tillit behövs i alla situationer där det inte är möjligt att förstå alla inblandade faktorer. Tillit fungerar som en guide i beslutsfattning och är en förutsättning som är nödvändig för att automation överhuvudtaget ska användas. Men är tilliten för hög eller för låg kan det resultera i att automationen används felaktigt med eventuellt farliga sitationer som påföljd. I den här rapporten definieras autonomi och tillit för att sedan få en djup förstående för de båda för att kunna se sambanden emellan dem. Resultatet i denna rapporten är ett set klart definierade kritiska faktorer som behövs på en arbetsplats där både tunga maskiner och människor vistas. Detta för att skapa och upprätthålla tillit. Dessa kritiska faktorer är sedan satta i en begreppsmässig modell för byggande av tillit och senare exemplifierade in ett system som är utvecklat i ett större sammanhang. Det finns också rekommendationer för hur dessa kritiska faktorer kan få stöd genom product- och tjänstesystems innovation. Den här rapporten visar att det inte är en exakt vetenskap att designa för automation eftersom det finns många avgränsningar att ta hänsyn till som t.ex. kulturella och individuella skillnader hos individen som kan påverka vid interaktionen av autonom teknologi. När man designar för lämplig tillit i autonom teknologi behövs hela systemet tas i åtanke med både människor, maskiner och miljön de vistas i. / What has made the autonomy of today possible and what laid the foundation of its rapid advancement has been the technical development in computer hardware. As computers have increased in power and speed and at the same time decreased in price, autonomous solutions has increased enormously in nearly all scenarios of life where human-machine systems can be found. Automation has also started to spread into vehicle technology; driverless cars can be seen roaming the streets and the mining industry, autonomous haulers are already in use to some extent. It is just a matter of time before fully automated heavy machinery enters the scene with the goal further increase the productivity in our society. But when autonomy gets more and more complex, there is one thing that seems so get more important; trust. Trust is needed in situations where a total understanding of all factors involved is hard to grasp. It will act as a guide in decision-making and is a prerequisite that needs to exist if the automation is to be used. Although, if the trust is too high or low the result could be that automation is used inappropriately with possible dangerous situations as an outcome. In this thesis autonomy and trust gets defined and understood and then intertwined to get an understanding of how they are related. The outcome from this thesis is a set of clearly defined crucial factors that is needed on a worksite with heavy equipment machinery and humans to create and maintain trust. These crucial factors are put in a conceptual model of trust building and later exemplified in a system solution created in a larger context. There are also recommendations on how to support these crucial factors through PSS design. This thesis shows that designing for automation is not an exact science, since there is much delimitation to take into account such as cultural and individual differences in the human being that is subject to the autonomy. When designing for appropriate trust in automated technology it needs to be done by taking the whole system into account with humans, machines and the environment they are in. / ME310 Design Innovation at Stanford University