This thesis explores the concerns of mid-eighteenth century naval captains through the careers of Captain Thomas Burnett and the cohort of thirty five officers who were posted captain in 1757 soon after the start of the Seven Years' War. A subsidiary cohort, that of the 129 lieutenants who were, like Burnett, first commissioned in 1744 is used as a control against which to measure the statistical worth of the smaller cohort. Examination of the day to day concerns of the captains has been made possible through the rich and varied resource of their letters to the Admiralty, which have hitherto been little used as a source by historians. Despite the formality of these letters not merely the concerns but also the personalities and characters of the writers are vividly conveyed. After tracing the career of Thomas Burnett this thesis examines the 1757 cohort and its progression to the rank of master and commander. At this point the correspondence with the Admiralty begins. The influences, 'interest' and formative experiences behind their appointments are considered. The duties of the mid-eighteenth century captain are outlined, as their relationship with the Admiralty is analysed and the extent to which they were kept under strict Admiralty control by precedent and financial scrutiny is demonstrated. All aspects of manning are shown to dominate the daily concerns of captains. The extent to which 'interest' or chance gave them the opportunity to display their professional expertise and increase their standing within the active naval corps is weighed. Tracking this cohort beyond the war into the years of peace and subsequent wars has revealed the extent to which the timing of being made post captain was crucial and that 'interest' was more significant than merit in accelerating and promoting active careers.

Through a close study of Hawthorne's four major romances--The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, and The Marble Faun-—this thesis singles out all significant references to apparel or accessories and evaluates the use he makes of them.

This thesis is a study of the four long romances, The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, and The Marble Faun, with emphasis upon Hawthorne's use of symbolism as a means of presenting the basic moral and spiritual truths of human life. The first chapter explains the nature of symbolism and the reasons why Hawthorne used it so extensively. In each of the last four chapters, the symbolism in a single romance is considered for the purpose of discovering the manner and effectiveness of its use in exemplifying the central theme of that particular story. Although Hawthorne's short stories are extremely rich in symbolism, it was not possible to include them in the present study.

Má diplomová práce pojednává o sporu mezi Československem a Polskem o území Těšínska v letech (1918-1920). Po ukončení první světové války vznikly dva nové nástupnické státy, které začaly projevovat velký zájem o toto území. Hlavní důvody zájmu ze strany Československa byly především ekonomické, strategické, ale také historické. Polsko jako hlavní důvod k získání tohoto území uvádělo příčiny etnické. V roce 1919 došlo k válce mezi těmito státy (tzv. Sedmidenní válka). Celý tento spor byl nakonec ukončen v roce 1920 na konferenci v belgickém Spa, kde byly stanoveny konečné hranice území. Klíčová slova: Těšínko, spor, Sedmidenní válka, Polsko, Československo. Summary This work is describing the conflict between Czechoslovakia and Poland over Teschen in years (1918-1920). After the end of World War I., both of the two created independent states Polish Republic and Czechoslovak Republik claimed the area of Cieszyn Silesia. Czechoslovakia claimed the area partly especially on economic and strategic grounds, but so historic. The Polish side based its claim to the area on ethnic criteria. In 1919 was a military confrontation between Czechoslovakia and Poland, known in Czech as the Seven day war. A final line was set up at the Spa Conference in Belgium on July 28, 1920. Key words: Teschen, conflict, Seven...

Student Number : 0318162X - MA research report - School of Literature and Language Studies - Faculty of Humanities / This Research Report comprises the preface to an opera libretto based on the English translation by Charles Eglington (1964) of Etienne Leroux’s novel Seven Days at the Silbersteins (1962), and the libretto itself. In the preface I discuss the genre of operatic libretto and the literary and personal context in which Leroux worked, by way of explaining why Seven Days made such a compelling challenge to adapt as libretto. I consider some of the issues involved in transposing a rambling allegorical narrative produced in Afrikaans in the 1960s in the lineage of the plaasroman, into a tighter postapartheid discourse in English in the 2000s, one that creates space for live music, singing, acting, staging, setting and pre-recorded audio-visuals – some of which take over the ‘layered’ significations of Leroux’s earlier literary discourse. A work of great poetic resonance in the original language (beautifully captured by poet and critic Charles Eglington in translation), this surrealist novel, so rooted in cultural and ideological tropes unique to Leroux’s time and yet presented by him as if they belonged to a timeless world, presents opportunities for a new kind of realisation as an operatic text in our own time.

Abstract   Purpose: The study focuses on the number seven in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The purpose of this essay was to find out where in the Holy Scriptures and traditions the number seven can be found and also to understand what purpose the number have in these religions.   Method: In order to answer the purpose of the work, various literature studies were used with previous research on the subject. The studies used gave a deeper understanding of the historical background of the number seven. In addition to literature studies, the religious scriptures, the Bible and the Qur'an were used.   Theory: The theory used in the work is intertextuality. Intertextuality is based on the fact that most texts are based on other texts. Given that the religious scriptures were studied in the paper, this theory was very helpful.   Result: The survey of the religious texts revealed that the number seven addresses the moderation of the creation myth which made the characters in the biblical story use the number seven as a symbol of moderation.   The analysis part led to the second result which is based on intertextuality. This theory tells us that religious scriptures are part of an intertextual chain, for example, the Quran incorporates certain elements from previous writings. The same applies to, for example, the Bible. The result of this is that the religious texts are based on each other which means that the number seven may have been mentioned in early texts as a sacred element and texts that came later on incorporated that theory.

<p>Reklamfilmen ”Africa” är en socialmarketing kampanj från svenska Försvarsmakten. Kampanjen går ut på att locka personer till att genomföra utlandstjänstgöring. Syftet med den här studien är finna mottagarnas tolkning av reklamfilmen. Vad tror respondenterna att Försvarsmakten vill uppnå med ”Africa” och hur skulle den se ut för att locka just dem? Respondenterna valdes ut genom snöbollsurval, och den empiriska studien består av nio personer, killar och tjejer, som har deltagit i personliga intervjuer.</p><p>Socialmarketing handlar om att påverka en målgrupp för att på så sätt kunna förändra ett visst beteende. Men ett koncept inom socialmarketing är att målgrupper sällan är eniga när det gäller uppfattningar eller gensvar, och det är på grund av detta som dessa målgrupper bör delas in i olika segment. Slutsatserna visar att ”Africa” lyckas med att skapa känslor hos mottagaren, men kampanjen ses inte som tillräcklig för att klara av att nå fram till målet, själva handlingen, på ett tillfredställande sätt. Utifrån teorier om socialmarketing, KTH (känsla, tanke och handling) och Seven Doors skapas en frågemanual som sedan används vid intervjuerna för att vidare analyseras för att komma fram till intressanta resultat om denna socialmarketing kampanj.</p> / <p>The commercial called ”Africa” is a social marketing campaign from the Swedish national defense. The purpose of the campaign is to attract persons to make them want to go through with military or civil duty in a foreign country. The purpose with this study is to find out what the receivers decoding of this commercial. What do the respondents think that the Swedish national defense wants to achieve with “Africa” and how would the commercial look like to attract the respondents? The respondents was chosen by a so called “snowball selection”, and the empirical study consist of nine persons, both women and men, that has attended in personal interviews. Social marketing is about how to affect a target group to change a certain behavior. But one concept within social marketing is that target groups rarely agree with each other when it comes to opinions or responses, and it is because of this that the target groups should be divided into different segment. The conclusion show that “Africa” succeeds to create emotions at the receiver, but the campaign is not enough to reach all the way to the goal, the action. From theories about social marketing, KTH (emotions, thought and action) and the Seven Doors model, a question manual is created that are used at the interviews to further analyze to get to interesting conclusions about this social marketing campaign.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2005. / Supervisor: Howard Jones. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 264-272). Also available via World Wide Web.

Reklamfilmen ”Africa” är en socialmarketing kampanj från svenska Försvarsmakten. Kampanjen går ut på att locka personer till att genomföra utlandstjänstgöring. Syftet med den här studien är finna mottagarnas tolkning av reklamfilmen. Vad tror respondenterna att Försvarsmakten vill uppnå med ”Africa” och hur skulle den se ut för att locka just dem? Respondenterna valdes ut genom snöbollsurval, och den empiriska studien består av nio personer, killar och tjejer, som har deltagit i personliga intervjuer. Socialmarketing handlar om att påverka en målgrupp för att på så sätt kunna förändra ett visst beteende. Men ett koncept inom socialmarketing är att målgrupper sällan är eniga när det gäller uppfattningar eller gensvar, och det är på grund av detta som dessa målgrupper bör delas in i olika segment. Slutsatserna visar att ”Africa” lyckas med att skapa känslor hos mottagaren, men kampanjen ses inte som tillräcklig för att klara av att nå fram till målet, själva handlingen, på ett tillfredställande sätt. Utifrån teorier om socialmarketing, KTH (känsla, tanke och handling) och Seven Doors skapas en frågemanual som sedan används vid intervjuerna för att vidare analyseras för att komma fram till intressanta resultat om denna socialmarketing kampanj. / The commercial called ”Africa” is a social marketing campaign from the Swedish national defense. The purpose of the campaign is to attract persons to make them want to go through with military or civil duty in a foreign country. The purpose with this study is to find out what the receivers decoding of this commercial. What do the respondents think that the Swedish national defense wants to achieve with “Africa” and how would the commercial look like to attract the respondents? The respondents was chosen by a so called “snowball selection”, and the empirical study consist of nine persons, both women and men, that has attended in personal interviews. Social marketing is about how to affect a target group to change a certain behavior. But one concept within social marketing is that target groups rarely agree with each other when it comes to opinions or responses, and it is because of this that the target groups should be divided into different segment. The conclusion show that “Africa” succeeds to create emotions at the receiver, but the campaign is not enough to reach all the way to the goal, the action. From theories about social marketing, KTH (emotions, thought and action) and the Seven Doors model, a question manual is created that are used at the interviews to further analyze to get to interesting conclusions about this social marketing campaign.

<p>Chemokine receptors are members of the seven transmembrane receptor (7TMR) superfamily and are regulated by the G-protein coupled Receptor Kinase (GRK)/ b-arrestin system. CCL19 and CCL21 are endogenous agonists for the chemokine receptor CCR7. They are known to be equipotent in promoting Gi/o mediated calcium mobilization, chemotaxis and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity. Here we test the hypothesis that these ligands are biased agonists that differentially activate the G-protein coupled Receptor Kinase (GRK)/ b-arrestin system.</p><p>In order to test whether these ligands have distinct activity, murine T lymphocytes were used to compare the effects of CCL19 and CCL21 activation of CCR7 at endogenous expression levels. While each ligand stimulates similar chemotactic responses, we also find that CCR7 ligands lead to differential signaling. For instance, CCL19 is markedly more efficacious than CCL21 for the activation of ERK and JNK, but not AKT in these cells. Furthermore, ERK activation and chemotaxis are maintained as separate pathways, also distinguishable by their dependency upon PKC and PI3 kinase, respectively. Thus, CCL19 and CCL21 stimulate equal activation of PI3 kinase, AKT, and chemotaxis, but are in fact biased agonists leading to differential activation of MAP kinase in murine T lymphocytes. </p><p>To determine the mechanism of CCR7 ligand bias, we used HEK-293 cells expressing CCR7 to compare the proximate signaling events following CCL19 and CCL21 activation. We found striking differences in the activation of the GRK/ b-arrestin system. CCL19 leads to robust CCR7 phosphorylation and b-arrestin2 recruitment catalyzed by both GRK3 and GRK6 while CCL21 activates GRK6 alone. This differential GRK activation leads to distinct functional consequences. Only CCL19 leads to the recruitment of b-arrestin2-GFP into endocytic vesicles and classical receptor desensitization. In contrast, each agonist is fully capable of signaling to MAP kinase through b-arrestin2 in a GRK6 dependent fashion. </p><p>Therefore, CCR7 and its ligands represent a natural example of ligand bias whose mechanism involves differential GRK isoform utilization by CCL19 and CCL21 despite similar G-protein signaling. This study suggests that the GRK signatures of 7TMRs can determine the function of discrete pools of b-arrestin and thus guide its cellular effects.</p> / Dissertation