Este trabalho de investigação refere-se ao uso do reator anaeróbio híbrido para tratamento de esgoto sanitário, com configuração baseada no reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo (UASB) com inclusão de: meio suporte sobre as calhas de coleta de gás (denominado reator anaeróbio híbrido - UAHB) e, também, meio suporte na zona de reação (denominado reator anaeróbio híbrido modificado - UAHBmod). Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, no Campus I da USP de São Carlos-SP foram construídos dois reatores experimentais de 18,8 m3 cada: um reator UASB, com função de controle, e um reator UAHB. Primeiramente os reatores foram operados por período de 200 dias, com tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 6 h. Após serem inoculados, com 80 dias de operação, os reatores atingiram o estado de equilíbrio dinâmico aparente, com geração de alcalinidade, baixa concentração de ácidos voláteis e eficiência de remoção média de DQO, de 84% e 85% e de DBO de 87% e 91%, respectivamente para o UASB e o UAHB. Após esse período, os reatores foram submetidos a aumento da velocidade ascensional (Vasc) (mediante recirculação do efluente) de 0,78 m.h-1; 1,17 m.h-1; 1,56 m.h-1 e de 1,96 m.h-1. O UAHB mostrou ser menos susceptível ao aumento da Vasc do que o UASB. Além da análise da operação dos reatores, foram realizados os ensaios hidrodinâmicos e avaliada a estrutura da comunidade microbiana, por microscopia ótica, epifluorescência e pela técnica do DGGE. Após esse período preliminar, os reatores UAHB e UAHBmod, operados com TDH de 6h e Vasc de 0,78 m.h-1, atingiram o estado de equilíbrio dinâmico aparente, com geração de alcalinidade, baixa concentração de ácidos voláteis e eficiência de remoção média da matéria orgânica, de 71% e 76% em DQO, e de 72% e 87% em DBO, respectivamente para o UAHB e UAHBmod. Após este período, o reator UAHBmod, submetido a Vasc de 1,56 m.h-1, promoveu remoção de 74% de DQO, e de 87% de DBO. / This research refers to the use of a hybrid anaerobic reactor (UAHB) for domestic wastewater treatment. The configuration of this reactor is based on a sludge bed anaerobic reactor (UASB); in the first instance, a media support above the gas collection apparatus (also known as hybrid anaerobic reactor) was provided and later, a media support on the reaction zone (also known as hybrid modified anaerobic reactor - UAHBmod) was provided. Two reactors, with a volume of 18.8 m3, each, were built for this research at Campus I, USP in São Carlos - SP-Brazil. One UASB reactor acted as a control, and the other as a UAHB reactor. In the preliminary essays, the reactors were operated with 6h of hydraulic detention time (HDT) for 200 days. After inoculation, the reactors attained the apparent dynamic equilibrium state after 80 days of operation, with alkalinity generation, low volatile acids concentration and mean organic matter removal of 84% and 85% in terms of COD, and 87% and 91% in terms of BOD, for UASB and UAHB reactors, respectively. After this period, the reactors were submitted to an increasing in up velocity (Vup) of 0.78 m.h-1; 1.17 m.h-1; 1.56 m.h-1 and 1.96 m.h-1. The UAHB reactor showed lesser susceptibility for Vup increase than the UASB reactor. Hydrodynamic tests were also done on the reactors, in addition to routine operational analysis. The structure of the microbial community was evaluated by optical and epifluorescence microscopy, and the DGGE technique. After this step, the UAHB and the UAHBmod reactors were operated out 6h of HDT and Vup of 0.78 m.h-1. The reactors attained the apparent dynamic equilibrium state with alkalinity generation, low volatile acids concentration and mean organic matter removal of 71% and 76% in terms of COD, and 72% and 87% in terms of BOD for the UASB and UAHBmod reactors, respectively. After this period, the UAHBmod reactor was subjected to a Vup of 1.56 m.h-1 and achieved removal efficiencies of 74% COD and 87% BOD.

O propósito do presente estudo foi investigar e monitorar a remoção de cistos de Giardia spp. e oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. por diferentes processos de uma estação de tratamento de esgoto (ETE) em escala plena, composta basicamente por tratamento preliminar, reator UASB e flotador por ar dissolvido, e verificar a ocorrência desses protozoários no lodo do reator UASB e do flotador. Além disso, avaliou-se a remoção desses parasitos pelo processo de flotação por ar dissolvido em escala de bancada (equipamento Flotateste). Analisou-se a qualidade das amostras a partir de variáveis físicas e químicas, e pela detecção de microrganismos indicadores - E. coli, coliformes totais e Clostridium perfringens. Os métodos de detecção de protozoários se basearam nas etapas de concentração (tripla centrifugação ou filtração em membrana seguida de tripla centrifugação); purificação por separação imunomagnética (IMS); detecção por reação de imunofluorescência direta (RID). As recuperações de cistos variaram de 32,6 a 67,0 % dependendo do método adotado, já para os oocistos as recuperações estiveram na faixa de 5,6 a 12,0 %. Na ETE-Monjolinho foram detectadas significativas quantidades de cistos de Giardia spp. em 100% das amostras de esgoto analisadas, com concentração média de 1,89 x 104 e 2,35 x 102 cistos.L-1 no esgoto bruto e tratado, respectivamente. Já os oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. foram detectados em 39,0 % das amostras de esgoto, com concentração média de 1,35 x 102 oocistos.L-1 no esgoto bruto e 5,87 oocistos.L-1 em esgoto tratado (após flotador). A remoção global da ETE para remoção de Giardia spp. foi em média 2,03 log. O lodo do reator UASB e lodo do flotador apresentaram altas quantidade de (oo)cistos, constatando-se a tendência desses sistemas em concentrar os (oo)cistos por seus processos físicos. Algumas correlações significativas foram encontradas, como correlação entre a concentração de cistos no lodo e a variável sólidos totais, a concentração de cistos no esgoto bruto e as variáveis cor aparente, DQO total e particulada, e a concentração de cistos no efluente UASB e o microrganismo Clostridium perfringens. Diferentemente do flotador em escala plena, o processo do flotação por ar dissolvido em escala de bancada alcançou elevadas remoções médias de cistos de Giardia spp., entre 2,5 e 2,7 log nas diferentes condições de floculação estudadas. / The aim of this study was to investigate and monitor the removal of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts through different processes of a sewage treatment plant (STP) in full scale, consisted of preliminary treatment, UASB reactor, dissolved air flotator, and to verify the occurrence of the protozoa in the sludge derived from UASB reactor and flotator. Besides that, it was evaluated the removal of these parasites through the dissolved air flotation process in bench scale. It was analyzed the quality of the samples through physical and chemical variables, and detection of indicator microorganisms – E. coli, total coliforms and Clostridium perfringens. The detection methods of protozoa were based on steps of concentration (triple concentration or membrane filtration followed by triple concentration); purification by immunomagnetic separation (IMS); immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The recovery of cysts ranged from 32,6 to 67,0 % according to the adopted method, while the recovery for the oocysts ranged from 5,6 to 12,0 %. It was detected significant quantities of Giardia spp. cysts in 100 % of the analyzed sewage samples at the STP-Monjolinho, with mean concentration of 1,89 x 104 e 2,35 x 102 cysts.L-1in raw sewage and treated sewage, respectively. The oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 39,0 % of the sewage samples, with mean concentration of 1,35 x 102 oocysts.L-1 in raw sewage and 5,87 oocysts.L-1 in treated sewage (after flotator). The overall removal for Giardia spp. was on average of 2,03 log. The sludge from UASB reactor and flotator presented high quantities of (oo)cysts, implying the tendency of these systems to concentrate (oo)cysts through its physical processes. Some correlations were obtained, such as correlation between the concentration of cysts in the sludge and total solids, the concentration of cysts in the raw sewage and apparent color, total and particulate COD (chemical oxygen demand), and the concentration of cysts in the UASB effluent and the microorganism Clostridium perfringens. Unlike the full flotator, the dissolved air flotation in bench scale reached significant mean removal of Giardia spp. cysts, between 2,5 and 2,7 log according to the different flocculation conditions.

Para auxiliar os gestores das organizações em seu processo decisório, o emprego de métodos de apoio à tomada de decisão é utilizado desde o século passado, a partir da década de 1950, havendo forte ênfase nas questões econômico-financeiras e operacionais das alternativas. Atualmente, o uso de métodos que consideram as questões relativas à sustentabilidade ambiental das alternativas é um assunto que tem despertado interesse, conforme se observa na literatura recente, ainda que relativamente escassa. Contudo, a práxis da maioria dos métodos multicritério existentes tem embasamento no tomador de decisão como um indivíduo ao invés de um grupo e a ampla diferença entre o comportamento de um indivíduo e de um grupo é negligenciado. Neste novo tipo de abordagem, soluções para resolver os conflitos que inevitavelmente surgem da necessidade de atender os diferentes critérios dos agentes envolvidos devem ser propostas. Para estes casos, a Teoria dos Jogos é reconhecidamente uma abordagem que permite a resolução de conflitos por meio da avaliação de diferentes cenários com diferentes alternativas. Neste sentido, a presente pesquisa apresenta um método multicriterial, baseado em indicadores de sustentabilidade em conjunto com a Teoria dos Jogos e o equilíbrio de Nash, para que seja uma das ferramentas de apoio na escolha do sistema de tratamento de esgoto sanitário para municípios. Para tornar possível a metodologia proposta, indicadores de sustentabilidade foram selecionados para serem usados como critérios na avaliação de alternativas de sistema de tratamento de esgoto. Além disto, vetores de pesos para os critérios foram definidos para representar perfis de jogadores. A partir disto, foi proposta uma função de pagamentos e um exemplo foi gerado a partir da definição do jogo e seus jogadores, tendo sido o software Gambit utilizado para encontrar o equilíbrio de Nash do jogo. Como resultado, a aplicação da metodologia proposta permite tratar o processo de escolha de ETE como um processo de escolha em grupo, ao invés de uma escolha individual, e visa contribuir para quebrar o paradigma da busca pela eficiência baseada nos critérios formados pelo binômio técnico e econômico na escolha de sistemas de tratamento de esgoto. Desta forma, a aplicação do novo método visa proporcionar meios para se enxergar o mesmo problema sobre diferentes focos e, com a utilização de diferentes critérios, poderia facilitar o processo da tomada de decisão para a escolha da alternativa técnica, econômica, ambiental e socialmente mais adequada. / To assist the managers of organizations in their decision making, the use of methods to support the decision are used since the last century, from the 1950s, with a strong emphasis on economic issues, financial and operational details of the treatment plants sewage. Currently, the use of methods to consider issues relating to the environmental sustainability of wastewater treatment plants is a subject that has attracted attention, as shown in recent studies, although relatively scarce. However, the practice of most existing methods are based on multicriteria decision-maker as an individual instead of a group and the wide difference between the behavior of an individual and a group is neglected. In this new approach, solutions to resolve the conflicts that inevitably arise from the need to meet the various criteria of the parties involved must be proposed. For these cases, game theory is admittedly an approach that allows the resolution of conflicts through the evaluation of different scenarios with different alternatives. With this research we sought to develop a measurement methodology based on indicators of sustainability in conjunction with game theory and Nash equilibrium, that is one of tools to support the choice of system of sewage treatment for a particular municipality . For the proposed new methodology, sustainability indicators were selected to be used as criteria in the evaluation of alternative system of sewage treatment and weight vectors for the criteria were defined as profiles of players. From this, we choose a function of reward and an example was generated from the definition of the game and its players, the software Gambit was used to find the Nash equilibrium of the game. The proposed methodology allows us to treat the process of choosing ETE as a selection process in group, rather than an individual choice, and aims to deconstruct the paradigm of the quest for efficiency based on criteria formed the duo in the technical and economic choice of systems for wastewater treatment. Thus, applying the new method aims at providing means to see the same problem on different sides, and with the use of different criteria, could facilitate the process of decision making for the choice of alternative technical, economic, environmental and socially suitable.

No presente trabalho foi utilizado um sistema de tratamento seqüencial de esgoto sanitário constituído de um reator anaeróbio de leito expandido (Ralex), com vazão de 10 m3/h, seguido de unidade piloto de flotação por ar dissolvido de alta taxa (FADAT) contendo placas paralelas em seu interior, com vazão de 5,58 m3/h. Para tempo de floculação de 20 min, foram estudados, como coagulantes, dosagens de cloreto férrico de 50 mg/L e 70 mg/L, taxas de aplicação superficial de 21 m/h e 42 m/h, gradiente médio de velocidade de floculação de 60 s-1, 80 s-1 e 100 s-1 e frações de recirculação de 8%, 13% e 18%. Dentre o conjunto de condições operacionais da unidade piloto FADAT estudada, foi considerado o mais vantajoso: taxa de aplicação superficial no flotador de 21 m/h, dosagem de cloreto férrico de 70 mg/L, gradiente médio de velocidade de floculação de 80 s-1 e 8,1 g de ar/m3 de efluente. Nessas condições foram obtidas as seguintes remoções: 84% de turbidez (residual entre 6,3 e 62 uT), 73% de DQO (residual entre 20 e 156 mgO2/L), 75% de fósforo (residual entre 0,5 e 1,9 mgP/L) e 67% de SST (residual entre 8 e 80 mg/L de SST). Os resultados demonstraram que o emprego da unidade FADAT como pós-tratamento de efluente de reator anaeróbio proporciona economia de energia, tendo em vista requererem de 75 a 50% da quantidade de ar exigida pelos sistemas de flotação convencional. / In this wok a sewage sequential treatment consisting of an expanded bed anaerobic reactor (EBAR) with 10 m3/h flow was used, folowed by a high rate DAF containing parallel plates in its interior, with 58 m3/h. For a floculation time of 20 minutes, were studied chemical additives, ferric chlorode dosages of 50 mg/L and 70 mg/L, overflow rates of 21 m/h and 42 m/h, velocity gradients of 60 s-1, 80 s-1 e 100 s-1 and reciculation rate between 8%, 13% and 18%. Among the group of operational conditions of the pilot unit studied high rate DAF the most advantageous was considered: overflow rates of 21 m/h in the high rate DAF of 21 m/h, ferric chlorode dosages of 70 mg/L, velocity gradients of 60 s-1, and air requirements of 8,1 g of air/m3 of wastewater. In those conditions they were obtained the following removals: 84% of turbidez (residual between 6,3 and 62 UT), 73% of DQO (residual\' between 20 and 156 mgO2/L), 75% of phosphorus (residual between 0,5 and 1,9 mgP/L) and 67% of SST (residual between 8 and 80 mg/L of SST). The results demonstrated that the employment of the unit high rate DAF as post-treatment of the anaerobic eflluents provides economy of energy, tends in view they request of 75 to 50% of the amount of air demanded by the systems of conventional flotation.

Os sólidos grosseiros, sedimentáveis e flutuantes são removidos no sistema de tratamento preliminar de estações de tratamento de esgoto e, de forma geral, dispostos em aterros sanitários e lixões, sem preocupação relacionada ao seu potencial de aproveitamento, redução, recuperação e impactos ambientais. Apesar da falta de importância atribuída, esses resíduos se mostram um dos problemas no gerenciamento de estações no que se refere ao manuseio, tratamento e destinação final. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo demonstrar a potencialidade do aproveitamento dos resíduos removidos no tratamento preliminar de Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE), tomando-se como referência a ETE Monjolinho em São Carlos-SP (com capacidade de atendimento de 258.000 habitantes). Para atingir este propósito, foi avaliada a potencialidade do uso dos materiais removidos na unidade do tratamento preliminar, como fontes de energia e de matéria-prima, enfocando tema pouco explorado. Foram estudados os resíduos: i) removidos nos gradeamentos grosseiro e fino, visando seu uso como combustível; ii) o material sedimentável retido nos desarenadores, com intuito de utilizá-lo como agregado para argamassa e concreto não estrutural na construção civil; e, iii) os óleos e graxas removidos, visando o seu aproveitamento como insumo para produção de biocombustível; e também foi avaliada a degradação aeróbia e anaeróbia deste tipo de material. Em relação a cada tipo de resíduo foi possível verificar: i) a potencialidade da geração de energia a partir dos resíduos removidos nos gradeamentos de estações de tratamento de esgoto, tendo em vista os elevados resultados do poder calorífico inferior (4.837 kcal.kg-1 para resíduos do gradeamento grosseiro e 5.059 kcal.kg-1 para resíduos do gradeamento fino) e baixos valores na geração de cinzas (15,91% para resíduos do gradeamento grosseiro e 9,60% para resíduos do gradeamento fino); ii) a viabilidade técnica, econômica e ambiental da utilização da areia residual, removida nos desarenadores de ETEs, como agregado miúdo na incorporação de argamassas para revestimento e preparação de concreto não estrutural, desde que seja submetida ao procedimento de limpeza e secagem; iii) não foi possível obter biodiesel a partir do material flutuante removido nos desarenadores, uma vez que esse resíduo apresentou baixa concentração de óleos e graxas se comparado à outras matérias primas e grande quantidade de sólidos, sendo esses, em boa parte, de natureza orgânica, em consequência disso foi comprovada a potencialidade da degradação aeróbia e anaeróbia do material flutuante, resultando na redução de carga orgânica a ser aplicada nas unidades subsequentes do processo de tratamento. / The coarse, settleable and floating solids are removed in the system of preliminary treatment of the sewage treatment station and are generally disposed in landfills and dumps, regardless of their potential use, reduction, recovery and its environmental impacts. Despite the lack of recognizable relevance, such waste constitutes one of the problems in the management of stations with regard to the handling, treatment and disposal. In this context, the current investigation aims at demonstrating the potential of the use of the waste removed in the preliminary treatment of STPs, taking as reference the Monjolinho STP in Sao Carlos-Brazil (with service capacity of 258,000 population equivalent). To this end, we evaluated the potential use of the material removed in the primary treatment unit, as sources of energy and raw materials, focusing on underexplored topics. The following residues were studied: i) those removed in the coarse and fine screens, aiming its use as fuel; ii) the settleable material retained in the grit chambers, with the intention of using it as aggregate for mortar and nonstructural concrete in construction; and, iii) the oil and grease removed, using it a feedstock for biofuel production; and the aerobic and anaerobic degradations of such material were also evaluated. For each type of waste could be verified: i) the potential of generating energy from waste removed in the screens of the sewage treatment plant, due to the relatively high results of lower calorific value (4,837 kcal.kg-1 for waste collected in the coarse screens and 5,059 kcal.kg-1 for the fine screening residue) and low values regarding the generation of ash (15.91% and 9.60% for the coarse and fine screening, respectively); ii) technical, economic and environmental feasibility of the use of residual sand, removed in the grit chambers, as fine aggregate in the incorporation of mortars for coating and preparation of non-structural concrete, provided that it is submitted to cleaning and drying procedures; iii) it was not possible to obtain biodiesel from the floating material removed in the grit chambers, since this residue showed low concentration of oils and greases when compared to other raw materials and a high content of solids, largely organic in nature. Therefore, it was proved the potential for aerobic and anaerobic degradation of the floating material, resulting in the reduction of the organic load to be applied in the subsequent treatment process units.

Orientadores: Bruno Coraucci Filho, Antonio Carlos Zuffo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T19:55:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reami_Luciano_D.pdf: 2591741 bytes, checksum: 95ef60f5829d1546c834b6d43c144726 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Baseado em projetos de estações de tratamento de esgotos implantados e a implantar, foi realizado uma pesquisa de custos de implantação de 8 modalidades, tendo os valores tratados na forma de custos unitários por capacidade de tratamento, em termos de "R$/m3.d-1 de capacidade". Foram compostos valores unitários de custos de operação e manutenção dos sistemas pesquisados em termos de "R$/m3 tratado". Além dos custos unitários, foram pesquisados critérios utilizados para o auxílio à tomada de decisão, para uma determinada comunidade, e aplicados em um estudo de caso para o município de Restinga-SP. Utilizou-se três métodos de auxílio à tomada de decisão, o MAUT, o CP e o CGT, com 20 alternativas, sendo 4 delas considerando-se a adaptação do sistema existente, e aplicados 94 questionários para valoração dos critérios por atores envolvidos na tomada de decisão. Os resultados indicaram que o custo unitário de implantação é reduzido na medida em que se eleva a capacidade do sistema. Para os custos operacionais em termos percentuais, concluiu-se entre outras, que a energia elétrica e a remoção e destinação de lodo são bastante significativos. Os métodos muticriteriais aplicados apresentaram resultados semelhantes apenas para a opinião do representante da Prefeitura Municipal, e para os demais ocorreram variações entre as 1ª e 2ª ordem de preferência. As alternativas de melhor compromisso entre os opinantes corresponderam à conversão da lagoa anaeróbia existente em aerada facultativa e implantação de terceira lagoa facultativa em área ao lado da ETE existente, implantação de lagoa facultativa seguida de lagoa de maturação, e implantação de lagoa aerada seguida de lagoa de decantação (aerada de mistura completa) / Abstract: Based on existing and new sewage treatment plant projects, a research on the implementation costs of 8 sewage treatment modes was executed resulting in unit costs per treatment capacity, in terms of "R$ / m3. d-1 of capacity." Unit values were composed of operating and maintenance costs of the surveyed systems, in terms of "R$ / m3 treated". In addition to unit costs, criteria that can be taken into account to support decision making for a specific community were researched and applied on a case study for the city of Restinga-SP. Three decision making support systems were used, MAUT, CP and CGT, with 20 alternatives, 4 of them considering the adaptation of the existing system, and the undertaking of 94 questionnaires for the valuation of the criteria by actors involved in the decision making process. The results indicated that the unit cost of implementation is reduced as the system capacity is enhanced. In regard to the operating costs it was possible to observe that the electricity and the removal and disposal of sludge were quite significant. The multicriteria methods presented similar results only in the opinion of the municipal representatives, in the other cases a difference was noted between the 1st and 2nd order of preference. The alternatives of best compromise between personal opinions corresponded to the conversion of the existing anaerobic pond into an aerated facultative and third facultative pond using an area next to the existing WWTP, implementation of facultative pond followed by maturation pond, and aerated pond (complete mix aerated) with decantation pond / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

The thesis is focused on the sludge management at root sewage treatment plants with focus on volum eis highest – sludge manahement. Sludge dewatering using sludge dryiing bed is still condemned designers mainly due to their lack of experience, while at the same time enforcing technologically complex solutions. Therefore, the thesis focuses on the break down balance hydrological equation sludge drying bed, which includes all parameters affecting water balance system. The result is a proposal not only design, but in particular a description of input data and the governing equations in software Reed-Bed, which is calibrated own operational results obtainde for the two sewage treatment plants (village Dražovice and Kotenčice). Reed-Bed software will perform sevetal functions: setting the ground area of sludge bed, investment costs required for the implementation of sludge bed, return on investment, the determination of moisture contene of sludge in the sludge bed and maximum lenght of the dewatering period with regard to wetland vegetation. The second largest item within sludge system creates biomass wetland plants, so work deals with possibilities biomass processing plant at the end of the growing season. Technological processing of biomass was tested on common reed, final product pellets for heating.

The master’s thesis designs and checks the reinforced concrete tanks of sewage plant. Part of this thesis are also drawings. Tanks are designed as a watertight underground structure with aspect on standards and watertight function. Foundation slab and concrete walls were designed according to ultimate and serviceability limit states. The thesis includes design of reinforcement according to non-force effects in early stage. The structure is checked also to loss of equilibrium of a structure due to uplift by vertical actions from water pressure.

The Florida Showcase Green Envirohome (FSGE) incorporates many green technologies. FSGE is built to meet or exceed 12 green building guidelines and obtain 8 green building certificates. The two-story 3292 ft2 home is a "Near Zero-Loss Home", "Near Zero-Energy Home", "Near Zero-Runoff Home", and "Near Zero-Maintenance Home". It is spawned from the consumer-driven necessity to build a home resistant to hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, fire, mold, termites, impacts, and even earthquakes given up to 500% increase in insurance premiums in natural disaster zones, the dwindling flexibility and coverage of insurance policies, and rising energy, water and maintenance costs (FSGE 2008). The FSGE captures its stormwater runoff from the green roof, metal roof and wood decking area and routes it to the sustainable water cistern. Graywater from the home (after being disinfected using ozone) is also routed to the sustainable water cistern. This water stored in the sustainable water cistern is used for irrigation of the green roof, ground level landscape, and for toilet flushing water. This study was done in two phases. During phase one, only stormwater runoff from the green roof, metal roof and wood decking area is routed to the sustainable water cistern. Then, during phase two, the water from the graywater system is added to the sustainable water cistern. The sustainable water cistern quality is analyzed during both phases to determine if the water is acceptable for irrigation and also if it is suitable for use as toilet flushing water. The water quality of the sustainable cistern is acceptable for irrigation. The intent of the home is to not pollute the environment, so as much nutrients as possible should be removed from the wastewater before it is discharged into the groundwater. Thus, the FSGE design is to evaluate a new on-site sewage treatment and disposal (OSTD) system which consists of a sorption media labeled as Bold and GoldTM filtration media. The Bold and GoldTM filtration media is a mixture of tire crumb and other materials. This new OSTD system has sampling ports through the system to monitor the wastewater quality as it passes through. Also, the effluent wastewater quality is compared to that of a conventional system on the campus of the University of Central Florida. The cost-benefit optimization model focused on designing a residential home which incorporated a green roof, cistern and graywater systems. This model had two forms, the base model and the grey linear model. The base model used current average cost of construction of materials and installation. The grey model used an interval for the cost of construction materials and green roof energy savings. Both models included a probabilistic term to describe the rainfall amount. The cost and energy operation of a typical Florida home was used as a case study for these models. Also, some of the parameters of the model were varied to determine their effect on the results. The modeling showed that the FSGE 4500 gallon cistern design was cost effective in providing irrigation water. Also, the green roof area could have been smaller to be cost effective, because the green roof cost is relatively much higher than the cost of a regular roof.

Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit „Metaanalyse vorhandener Ökobilanzen der Siedlungsentwässerung“ wird mit Hilfe einer qualitativen Metaanalyse vorhandener Ökobilanzen der Siedlungsentwässerung untersucht, welche wichtigen Stellschrauben es in der Umweltleistung von Abwasserreinigungsanlagen gibt und welchen Einfluss diese auf den demographischen Wandel haben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen Stromverbrauch, Schlamm und damit verbundene Toxizität sowie Eutrophierung als Indikatoren der Umweltleistung der Abwasserreinigung, die zur Reaktion auf den demographischen Wandel berücksichtigt werden müssen. Im zweiten Tei. „Ökologische Analyse des Gesamtsystems der Siedlungsentwässerung unter Betrachtung des Siedlungsanschlusses“ werden die ökologischen Auswirkungen des Gesamtsystems der Abwasserentsorgung über den gesamten Lebenszyklus analysiert. Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass diese Entscheidung für ein zentrales oder ein dezentrales System sowohl von der Siedlungsgröße, als auch von der Entfernung zur bestehenden Kläranlage abhängig ist. Der dritte Teil „Ökologische Analyse von Kleinkläranlagen“ analysiert eine Alternative zur in Deutschland üblichen Methode der Abwassereinigung durch eine zentrale Kläranlage. Die Kleinkläranlage ist eine dezentrale Lösung für die Haushalte, die nicht an das kommunale Abwassernetz angeschlossen werden. In der Arbeit wird eine SBR-Anlage im Hinblick auf ihre ökologischen Auswirkungen mittels einer Ökobilanzierung mit Hilfe der Software SimaPro untersucht.