Föreliggande uppsats har syftat till att med de queerteoretiska begreppen genus, heteronormativitet och sexuella värdehierarkier analysera tre grundskollärares utsagor om den egna sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen. I studien har jag sökt svara på hur normer som är kopplade till dessa begrepp kommer till uttryck i lärarnas utsagor samt hur samma normer utmanas och/eller upprätthålls. Datainsamlingen har skett genom kvalitativa samtalsintervjuer med grundskollärare med varierande ämnesinriktningar och tidpunkt för lärarexamen. Lärarnas utsagor har kunnat dela in lärarna i olika kategorier baserade på deras normkritiska förhållningssätt där olika grader av upprätthållande och utmanande av normerna kunde skönjas. Resultatet visar att två av lärarna till övervägande del bidrog till att upprätthålla normer kopplade till de queerteoretiska begreppen medan en lärare i högre grad bidrog till att utmana samma normer. Resultatet visar dessutom att mycket av det som sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen tidigare kritiserats för återspeglas i lärarnas utsagor om den egna undervisningen.

1. Culture media and conditions were developed to maximize the sexual development of <I>Nannizzia incurvata</I> using liquid culture and solid media, modified Sabouraud's 1/6 salts + hair medium being the most suitable. 2. Strong evidence for the existence of two sex hormones which regulate sexual differentiation was found. It is proposed that these hormones are named (+)-factor (which is produced by (+)-cells and induce a sexual response in (-)-cells) and (-)-factor (which is produced by (-)-cells and induce a sexual response in (+)-cells). 3. Addition of active extracts of concentrated mated culture filtrates caused a switch from asexual to sexual development and the formation of the characteristic sexual cleistothecia. The hormones present are probably extracellular, as mycelial extracts do not cause this response. 4. Further evidence for the existence of these sex hormones was achieved by separation of compatible strains by a semi-permeable membrane, cellophane, which allowed diffusion of the hormones through the medium yet prevented physical, hyphal interactions between the two strains. Sexual morphogenesis occurred in both strains. 5. Both (+)-factor and (-)-factor were shown to be non-volatile by further experiments separating colonies with cellophane membranes. 6. (-)-Factor was solvent extractable using diethyl ether or ethyl acetate, while (+)-factor remained in the aqueous phase. Thus, (-)-factor is more hydrophobic yet less polar and (+)-factor is more hydrophilic yet more polar.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-01

A Research Report submitted to the School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Health. May 27, 2015 / Introduction: Studies across Sub-Sahara have established transactional sex as one of the of the keys factors contributing to young people’s risk of HIV infection. However, there are few studies that have explored the dynamics of transactional sex among young people in Malawi. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of, and risk factors associated with transactional sex among (in and out of school) young men and women of ages 18 – 23 years in urban informal settlements in Blantyre, Malawi. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of data from a cross-sectional study conducted in 2013 on sexual risk-taking among young people aged 18 – 23 years in urban informal settlements in the city of Blantyre, Malawi. The analysis was restricted to sexually active young men and women (those respondents who reported ever having sexual intercourse in the primary study). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to detect associations between socio-demographic factors (i.e. age, socio-economic status, relationship status and education, as well as behavioral factors (i.e. sexual debut, number of partners, age disparity with sexual partner, coercive sex and alcohol consumption), and transactional sex. Results: The majority (60.06%) of the study population reported involvement in transactional sex. Stratified by sex, 67.10% of young men had ever given cash or material goods in order to get sex, and 53.45% of young women had ever received cash or material goods in exchange for sex. Half (50.75%) of the transactional sex reported was in exchange for cash and consumption/lifestyle goods and from this, over half of the young women (58.67%) reported receiving consumption and lifestyle goods in exchange for sex, and slightly over a quarter (26.32%) of the young men reported giving survival needs in exchange for sex. Among men, household structure (AOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.37 – 3.13) and severe food insecurity (AOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.05 – 2.67) emerged as important socio-demographic predictors of transactional sex, and number of sexual partners (AOR 2.67, 95% CI 1.78 – 4.08) and age disparity (AOR 0.34, 95% CI 0.21 – 0.57) were shown to be the behavioral factors that influence giving cash/material goods for sex. Among young women, only age at sexual debut (AOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.37 – 3.13) and number of sexual partners (AOR 3.02, 95% CI 1.65 – 5.52), were significantly associated with receiving cash or goods in exchange for sex. Conclusions: Overall, the study findings show that transactional sex is a common practice among young men and women, and that both young and women exchange luxury or aspirational items more than survival items for sex. Among young men, household structure, food security, age at sexual debut, number of sexual partners and age differentials with sexual partner were associated with giving material goods or money for sex. Among women on the other hand, age at sexual debut and number of sexual partners were associated with receiving material goods or money in exchange with sex. These findings suggest that young people in poor urban settings engage in risky sexual behavior such as Transactional sex, and highlight the need for HIV prevention interventions to deliberately target this group. Programmers should consider designing interventions that suit the needs of the different gender groups. The study findings also highlight the importance of targeting young women with behavioral change interventions before sexual debut, and integrating transactional sex interventions with those focused on reduction of multiple sexual partnerships may have beneficial implications for transactional sex among young people in poor urban settings. Further research should explore the influence of materialist and consumeristic cultures on transactional sex among young people.

Background Gert Sibande District has the highest HIV prevalence among women attending public antenatal health clinics. Multiple sexual partnerships (MSP) enhance heterosexual HIV transmission, which is the main form of transmission in South Africa. There is need, therefore, to identify important factors associated with MSP for the development of strategic intervention policies and programmes. Objectives To determine the prevalence and associated factors of multiple sexual partnerships (MSP) in men and women in Gert Sibande District (GSD) in 2010. Methods This is a secondary data analysis of data collected through a cross-sectional multi-stage study using cluster probability sampling technique in GSD in 2010. The study collected data on 750 adult men and women aged 16 to 55 years through an interviewer-administered standardised questionnaire. Simple descriptive statistics and chi square analysis were used to determine the prevalence and patterns of the MSP in the study population. Multiple logistic regression models were built to determine factors that were independently associated with MSP. Results The analysis included 592 sexually active respondents: 200 men and 392 women. A fifth of the respondents had had their first sexual encounter before the age of 16 years. Condom use was higher among men than women. Condom use was lowest with most recent partners (56.6%) than in second (74.6%) and third sexual partners (78.6%). Alcohol use was high, with more men (72.0%) than women (33.2%) having ever consumed alcohol (p<0.001) and among these alcohol users, more men (44.5%) than women (8.7%) were involved in risky drinking. The overall reported MSP prevalence was 22.0%, 95% CI: 19 - 25%. Men (44.0%, 95% CI: 37 - 51%) reported significantly higher levels of MSP than women (10.7%, 95% CI: 8 - 12%). Levels of MSP decreased with age and were highest among young adults, men (20 to 24 years) and women (15 to 19 years), those who were never married, and among men in the intermediate socio-economic group. There were significant associations between MSP and underlying socio-demographic factors (age, socio-economic status and marital status), and with intermediate sexual behavioural factors (age at first sex, condom use at last sex), sex under the influence of alcohol and transactional sex in the past 12 months). Among men, young age (AOR 3.0, 95% CI: 1.0 - 9.3) socio-economic status (AOR 3.1, 95% CI: 1.7 - 5.6) predicted having MSP. The strongest positive correlation of MSP among men occurred with the sexual behavioural factors, particularly age at first sex (AOR 9.7, 95% CI: 2.3 - 41.4) and having sex under the influence of alcohol (AOR 4.5, 95% CI: 1.9 - 9.7). There was a 4.5 times likelihood of MSP with transactional sex in the past 12 months. Among women, being never married (AOR 10.9, 95% CI: 1.3 – 90.3), condom use at last sex (AOR 2.4, 95% CI: 1.1 – 5.6), transactional sex in the past 12 months (AOR 12.0, 95% CI: 3.9 – 37.1) and having sex under the influence of alcohol (AOR 9.3, 95% CI: 4.4 – 19.6) were significantly associated with increased odds of MSP. Conclusion The findings of this study showed a high prevalence of MSP compared to the reported prevalence of MSP in the South African national and sub-national surveys (SABSSM, NCS and DHS). The prevalence was ever higher across some sub-groups of the population. The findings highlight the need for interventions that will address socio-economic factors influence MSP in GSD, especially among young adults and unmarried adults of GSD. Among this largely black population, the occurrence of several sexual risk factors, including early age at first sex, transactional sex, and high alcohol use, indicate the need for group-specific interventions. This study also provides a basis for future research to allow for the comparison of changes in MSP levels among adults of GSD and for prevention interventions targeting partner reduction.

Leung, Yat Chi Stephanie. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-90). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / 摘要（ABSTRACT IN CHINESE) --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.v / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vi / Chapter CHAPTER I: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / PREVALENCE OF STDS --- p.1 / CONDOM USE AS AN EFFECTIVE PROTECTION AGAINST STDS --- p.4 / CURRENT RESEARCH ON CONDOM USE --- p.5 / PROPOSED MODEL --- p.7 / "ATTITUDE, SUBJECTIVE NORM, PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROL, AND BEHAVIORAL INTENTION" --- p.7 / FEAR OF AIDS --- p.10 / CONDOM USE KNOWLEDGE --- p.12 / RELATIONSHIP POWER --- p.14 / RELATIONSHIP COMMITMENT --- p.17 / DYADIC SEXUAL COMMUNICATION --- p.19 / OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY --- p.22 / Chapter CHAPTER II: --- METHOD --- p.25 / PARTICIPANTS --- p.25 / PROCEDURE --- p.27 / MEASURES --- p.28 / ANALYSES --- p.33 / Chapter CHAPTER III: --- RESULTS --- p.35 / CONDOM USE PATTERNS --- p.35 / DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS --- p.36 / MEDIATING ROLE OF CONDOM USE INTENTION --- p.40 / DECOMPOSITION OF THE EFFECT OF SUBJECTIVE NORMS --- p.42 / MULTI-SAMPLE INVARIANCE ANALYSIS --- p.43 / Chapter CHAPTER IV: --- DISCUSSION --- p.54 / CONDOM USE CONSISTENCY AMONG PARTICIPANTS --- p.54 / DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONSISTENT AND NON-CONSISTENT CONDOM USERS --- p.56 / UTILITY OF THE PROPOSED MODEL --- p.56 / "ATTITUDES, SUBJECTIVE NORMS, PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROL, INTENTIONS AND CONDOM USE" --- p.57 / FEAR OF AIDS AND CONDOM USE --- p.58 / CONDOM USE KNOWLEDGE AND CONDOM USE --- p.59 / RELATIONSHIP POWER AND CONDOM USE --- p.60 / RELATIONSHIP COMMITMENT AND CONDOM USE --- p.61 / DYADIC SEXUAL COMMUNICATION AND CONDOM USE --- p.63 / APPLICABILITY OF THE PROPOSED MODEL ACROSS GENDER AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION --- p.64 / LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY --- p.68 / IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTUER RESEARCH --- p.70 / REFERENCES --- p.73

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

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The present study aimed to investigate the effect of sex-role identity on self-esteem in samples of adolescents. The subject population consisted of 208 white, English-speaking, middle-class adolescents. Subjects were divided into three age groups of 13 year olds, 15 year olds, and first year undergraduates. Within these three groups, four variables were investigated, namely, age, sex, sex-role identity, and self-esteem. Self-esteem was measured by means of the Tennessee Self Concept Scale, and sex-role identity by means of the Bern Sex-Role Inventory. Two-way analyses of variance were utilized to compare the mean scores obtained by each of the four sex-role categories on self-esteem. Results were then compared by sex. In addition, chi-square contingency tests were utilized to test for the incidence of androgyny in the three age groups and to compare the incidence of androgyny in a South African sample with the incidence reported in an American sample. Using a significance level of .05 as the criterion for significance, significant results were produced for most of the hypotheses. Psychological androgyny was found to be positively associated with higher levels of self-esteem at all three ages. The results -re discussed in terms of gender schema theory and psychoanalytic theory and suggestions made for clinical application. Limitations of the present research are discussed and suggestions made for further research.