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The purpose of the study was to show the variables that influence adolescents' sexual activities that have not been well defined. What leads adolescents to be more sexually active than previous generations? A Survey was conducted at the Fontana Unified School District.

Department of Advanced Nursing Science / MCur

MPH / Department of Public Health / Multiple sexual partners, unprotected sex and transactional sex are considered risky sexual behaviour worldwide and continue to pose risks of sexual transmitted infections, unwanted pregnancy as well as increased termination of pregnancy amongst young people. The reported study was aimed at describing factors associated with risky sexual behaviour amongst students at Vhembe Technical Vocational Education and Training College. Within the quantitative paradigm, the study adopted a descriptive, cross-sectional survey design to describe factors associated with risky sexual behaviour amongst students. The targeted population were all the registered students at Vhembe Technical Vocational Education and Training College, Mashamba Campus. Self-administered questionnaires with close ended questions were administered to 307 students whom were sampled using a simple random technique. Out of 307 students, 217(70.3%) were females and 90 (29.3%) were males. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23.0 was used to manage and analyse data. The study results revealed that demographic factors such as gender, age and sexual orientation contributed to students in engaging in risky sexual behaviour. A majority of the male students 64 (61.2%) were found to be having multiple sexual partners as compared to 107(54.2%) female students. Students aged 21-24 years 98(31.9%) were having multiple sexual partners. The study further revealed that sexual orientation contributes to students engaging in risky sexual behaviour. The students who reported that they were bisexual, gay or lesbian 33 (84.6%) were not using condoms. Environmental factors such as staying alone in a rental place contributed to students engaging in risky sexual behaviour. A majority 97(51.2%) of college students who were staying at a rental place were engaging in unprotected sex. In this study, socio-economic factors such as depending on National Financial Aid Scheme have been identified as the main driver of transactional sex. About 131(49%) students who depend on National Financial Aid Scheme reported were found to be prone to engaging in transactional sex. The study recommends that the Department of Health and Department of Education initiate strategies such as having a clinic inside the Technical Vocational Educational and Training College and peer educators to expand knowledge of students on risky sexual behaviour and on lesbian, gay, bisexual transgender and intersex.

MPH / Department of Public Health / Condoms protect against unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, among all population groups including adolescents. Correct use of condoms prevents between 80% and 95% of HIV transmission. Furthermore, the usefulness of condoms in preventing pregnancy or STIs rests on the user. Thus, the possibility of pregnancy or STI transmission is greater when condoms are not utilised appropriately and regularly with every sexual act. The aim of the study was to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of high school learners on the use of condoms in the Greater Giyani Municipality. A quantitative, descriptive research design was used. The researcher used a probability-stratified random sampling method to select respondents from schools that were selected to participate in the study. A self-administered questionnaire consisting of close-ended questions was used to collect data. The questionnaires were given to learners to complete. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used during data analysis. Data are presented in charts and frequency tables. Most of the respondents were aged 15-17 years (57.8%). There were more female than male respondents in the study and most respondents lived with both parents (14.9%). There were more respondents in Grade 12 (37.3%) than in other grades: 27.7% of the respondents were in Grade 10, while 35% were in Grade 11. Most of the respondents (88.7%) knew that condoms offer protection against HIV/AIDS, STIs and pregnancy, but many held negative attitudes towards condoms (56.5%) because they thought that condoms reduced pleasure during sexual intercourse. The majority (77.3%) of the respondents had engaged in sex, and half of these (50%) sometimes used condoms when they engaged in sexual intercourse. Male respondents were found to have power over xiii their partners on the making of decisions regarding condom use. Peer pressure was found to be one of the most significant factors that influenced condom use. Parents and guardians of the respondents were discovered to have communicated about sexual issues with their children. High school learners should be encouraged to refrain from using substances such as alcohol, because when they are under the influence of these substances and engage in sexual intercourse they can be unwilling to use condoms . / NRF

Introducción: Existe mayor prevalencia de Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (ITS) y de Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) en las personas privadas de la libertad (PPL) debido a las condiciones de encarcelamiento y las conductas de riesgo de los presos. En el Perú, existe poca información relacionada a los factores asociados a adquirir ITS en establecimientos penitenciarios (EP). El objetivo del estudio es evaluar dichos factores. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico basado en el Censo Nacional Penitenciario 2016 en Perú. La variable dependiente fue autorreporte de ITS diagnosticado por personal de salud luego de ingresar al EP. Las variables de exposición fueron características sociodemográficas, y autorreporte de HIV, depresión, ansiedad, y adicción. Se usó la regresión de Poisson en forma multinivel usando los EP como primer nivel para obtener razones de prevalencia (RP) crudas y ajustadas con intervalos de confianza al 95%. El análisis se estratificó según el sexo. Resultados: 75207 PPL fueron incluidos. La prevalencia de ITS adquirida en EPs fue 0,22% para hombres y 0,63% para mujeres. En el análisis multivariado para varones, se encontró asociación con cada año adicional de edad (RP 1,03; 1,01-1,05), ser homo/bisexual (RP 2,69; 1,00–7,22), encarcelamiento previo (RP 2,15; 1,50-3,08), ansiedad (RP 4,25; 2,13-8,48) y VIH (RP 54,13; 28,26-103,58). La educación superior (RP 0,13; 0,03-0,51) se asoció a menor prevalencia. En mujeres hubo asociación con depresión (RP 5,27; 2,36-11,76) y VIH (RP 5,00; 1,33-18,76) mientras que tener educación superior (RP 0,15; 0,02-0,92) y ser soltera (RP 0,37; 0,14-0,96) resultaron reducir la prevalencia. Conclusión: Se encontró una prevalencia de ITS menor a la reportada en otros países. Tanto en hombres como en mujeres, ITS se asoció al autorreporte de ansiedad/depresión y VIH, mientras que el mayor nivel educativo se asoció a menor prevalencia. Mayor edad, ser homo/bisexual y encarcelamiento previo aumentaron la prevalencia de ITS solo en hombres. / Background: There is a higher prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in people deprived of liberty (PDL) due to incarceration conditions and risk behaviors among inmates. There is little information in Peru related to the main factors associated with acquiring STIs in correctional facilities (CF). The main objective of the study is to evaluate these factors. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study based on a secondary analysis of the 2016 National Penitentiary Census in Peru. The dependent variable was self-report of STIs diagnosed by healthcare personnel after entering the CF. Exposure variables were sociodemographic characteristics and self-report of HIV, depression, anxiety, and addiction. Multilevel Poisson regression, placing the EPs in the first level, was used to obtain crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The analysis was stratified for men and women. Results: 75207 PPL were included. The prevalence of acquired STIs in CFs was 0.22% for males and 0,63% foe females. In the multivariate analysis for men, there was association with older age (PR 1.03; 1.01-1.06), being homo/bisexual (PR 3,15; 1,08–9,20), prior incarceration (PR 2,05; 1,46-2,89), anxiety self-report (PR 3,30; 1,24-8,74) and HIV (PR 43,6; 19,8-95,9). Higher education (PR 0,14; 0,03-0,59) was associated with less prevalence. Among women, there was association with depression (PR 5,79; 2,28-14,7) and HIV diagnosis (PR 5,06; 1,21-21,1); while higher education (RP 0,15; 0,02-0,92) and being single (RP 0,37; 0,14-0,96) were associated with less prevalence. Conclusions: The prevalence of STIs was lower than reported in other countries. In both men and women, STIs were strongly associated with self-report of anxiety/depression and HIV, while higher education was associated with lower prevalence. Older age, being homo/bisexual, and previous incarceration increased the prevalence of STIs only among men. / Tesis

Introducción: El virus del papiloma humano (VPH) es la causa esencial, pero no indispensable para el progreso de cáncer cervicouterino (CCU). Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre la incidencia y la mortalidad de cáncer de cuello uterino de los países de América Latina y el Caribe con el Índice de Desarrollo Humano, el Índice de Coherencia de Políticas para el Desarrollo Sostenible, en el año 2019. Métodos: Es un estudio ecológico de los grupos poblacionales de mujeres de los países de América Latina y el Caribe, durante el año 2019. Resultados: Se exhibió un promedio de incidencia de 18,33 casos/100.000 habitantes en América latina y el Caribe; una mortalidad de 10,35 casos/100.000 habitantes. Asimismo, se evidenció que la incidencia de CCU presenta un valor inferior al nivel de significancia (0,05), mientras que, la mortalidad presenta uno superior. Por otro lado, se obtuvo un IDH promedio de 0,75, lo cual describe inconsistencias en Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, entre otros, los cuales manifiestan un IDH inferior. Por último, el Índice de Pobreza y Pobreza extrema, promediaron de 29,44 y 10,91 respectivamente. Conclusiones: La incidencia del CCU se aprecia en Belice, Honduras, Trinidad y Tobago, Nicaragua, Jamaica, Perú, Venezuela, Guyana, Paraguay y Bolivia convirtiéndolos en países vulnerables y a la mortalidad se incorpora a Republica dominicana. Por otra parte, la incidencia de CCU afecta principalmente a países subdesarrollados o en vías de desarrollo; Bolivia Paraguay y Guayana, son países que, a pesar ello no cursa con un IDH moderado, por lo cual mantendrán dichas naciones una relación inversa. / Introducción: El virus del papiloma humano (VPH) es la causa esencial, pero no indispensable para el progreso de cáncer cervicouterino (CCU). Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre la incidencia y la mortalidad de cáncer de cuello uterino de los países de América Latina y el Caribe con el Índice de Desarrollo Humano, el Índice de Coherencia de Políticas para el Desarrollo Sostenible, en el año 2019. Métodos: Es un estudio ecológico de los grupos poblacionales de mujeres de los países de América Latina y el Caribe, durante el año 2019. Resultados: Se exhibió un promedio de incidencia de 18,33 casos/100.000 habitantes en América latina y el Caribe; una mortalidad de 10,35 casos/100.000 habitantes. Asimismo, se evidenció que la incidencia de CCU presenta un valor inferior al nivel de significancia (0,05), mientras que, la mortalidad presenta uno superior. Por otro lado, se obtuvo un IDH promedio de 0,75, lo cual describe inconsistencias en Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, entre otros, los cuales manifiestan un IDH inferior. Por último, el Índice de Pobreza y Pobreza extrema, promediaron de 29,44 y 10,91 respectivamente. Conclusiones: La incidencia del CCU se aprecia en Belice, Honduras, Trinidad y Tobago, Nicaragua, Jamaica, Perú, Venezuela, Guyana, Paraguay y Bolivia convirtiéndolos en países vulnerables y a la mortalidad se incorpora a Republica dominicana. Por otra parte, la incidencia de CCU afecta principalmente a países subdesarrollados o en vías de desarrollo; Bolivia Paraguay y Guayana, son países que, a pesar ello no cursa con un IDH moderado, por lo cual mantendrán dichas naciones una relación inversa. / Tesis

Submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Sociology at the University of Zululand, 2003. / A study of impact of HIV/AIDS on rural community involves a whole range of factors. This investigation focused on youth's level of knowledge of HTV/AIDS, youth's informants and youth's attitudes towards HIV/AIDS sufferers. Literature review was conducted. This has revealed that the attitude within the community feeds on a plethora of explanations for caring of AIDS sufferers. Much research has focused on poverty. Most research recognize the importance of support groups and champion this idea to many communities. An empirical investigation was conducted. The findings reveal that many adolescents/youth understand a lot about HIV/AIDS. Furthermore youth is receptive to a wide spectrum of credible sources of information. The attitude of the community is generally positive towards HIV/AIDS sufferers. The dissertation concludes with recommendations for further research in this field.

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