Le phénomène de Rayleigh-Bénard correspond à l'état instable dans lequel se trouve une couche horizontale d'un fluide dilatable, soumise à un gradient de température DT. Si ce dernier dépasse une valeur critique DTc, des mouvements convectifs naissent à l'intérieur du fluide. Concernant les fluides à seuil, le phénomène devient plus complexe. Le seuil s'ajoute aux forces stabilisatrices au sein du fluide et modifie de manière fondamentale le transfert de matière et le transfert thermique. Au départ, le fluide est au repos ; le gradient de vitesse est alors nul et la viscosité efficace infinie partout. L'approche de stabilité linéaire est incapable de fournir une solution aux équations d'écoulement car on doit perturber, par les forces d'Archimède, un fluide d'une viscosité infinie. Dans ce travail de thèse, des expériences de Rayleigh-Bénard ont été effectuées sur des solutions à base de Carbopol 940 présentant un seuil de contrainte. Le dispositif expérimental nous a permis d'avoir des résultats quantitatifs et qualitatifs intéressants. Les mouvements thermoconvectifs ont ensuite été filmés par la technique d'ombroscopie. L'effet non-linéaire au début de la convection a été observé. / Rayleigh-Bénard convection phenomena correspond to the unstable state of an horizontal and dilatable fluid layer under a temperature gradient DT. If it exceeds a given critical value DTc, convective movements appear. The phenomena becomes more complex for yield stress fluids. This threshold is added to stabilizing forces exerced within the fluid and alters the fundamental heat and mass transfer. The fluid is initially at rest and therefore the velocity gradient is zero, and the effective viscosity is infinite everywhere. The linear stability approach is unable to respond because we have to disturb Archimedes forces in a fluid with infinite viscosity. In this thesis, Rayleigh-Bénard experiments were performed with Carbopol 940 solutions which expressing a yield stress. The experimental apparatus allowed us to obtain interesting quantitative and qualitative results. The non-linear effect at the beginning of convection was observed and thermoconvective movements were observed using shadowgraphy technique.

The present work is concerned with fundamental studies on the liquid fuel transport in the intake manifold of small carburetted engines. This work is motivated by the need for development of technologies to meet the stringent cold-start emission norms that are to be prescribed for two-wheelers in particular. More specifically, visualization studies conducted in a transparent manifold made of quartz in a small four-stroke 110-cc two-wheeler engine have shown the presence of gasoline films on the walls of the inlet manifold under cold start conditions. Advanced Laser diagnostic techniques such as Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) have been utilized to measure the thickness of the fuel films. The Sauter Mean Diameter for the fuel droplets at the carburettor exit is measured using Laser Shadowgraphy technique. It is observed that the films are present both at idling conditions and under load. This large amount of liquid fuel entering the engine leads to incomplete combustion and higher emissions of unburned hydrocarbons. A detailed analysis of the effects of heating the inlet manifold has been performed. The potential of this manifold heating strategy in reducing hydrocarbon emissions has been assessed and found to be promising. In addition, a need of proper control of the fuel exiting the carburettor is shown to reduce emissions and increase fuel efficiency.

Concerns about the use of certain chemical species within the aerospace field are growing in recent years. A European regulation, REACh, now makes the use of hydrazine uncertain in – among others- attitude control thrusters. Green monopropellants, which are alternatives for this species already exist, but they all require a catalyst to react. Catalysts constitute the limiting factor for the lifespan of satellites because of the number of thermal cycles they endure. A joint project between ONERA, the French aerospace research center and CNES, the French space agency, was born to develop a high-performance green monopropellant thruster operating without any catalyst. Sizing the thruster and particularly its combustion chamber is not an easy task because of the explosive properties and the lack of knowledge regarding the monopropellant reaction process. The thesis aims at simulating the flow in a combustion chamber using CNES05, a new promising green monopropellant. This monopropellant has a very low vapor pressure and is an energetic liquid. As such, its reaction above a certain temperature -which is called decompositionis not well understood and must be observed closely. For this matter, a test bench was created, and it paved the way for the development of a specific model of decomposition. Indeed, even if the CNES05 decomposition cannot be modeled with the classical theory of isolated droplets, the setup showed us the order of magnitude of the reaction kinetics and the presence of a break up phenomenon. Using this model, the simulations of the flow inside the combustion chamber give us the heat flux profile through its walls, a sizing parameter for the thruster. Large recirculation zones are observed and the influence of the angle of injection seems to be the major injection parameter of influence. The sensitivity of the parameters used in the model is also studied.

Les particules d’aérosol sont une composante essentielle de l’atmosphère, et cette importance s’amplifie lors d’une éventuelle libération dans l’atmosphère de matières radioactives sous forme particulaire. En effet, pour améliorer la connaissance autour de la contamination des sols consécutive à une émission de particules, il est important d’étudier le rabattement des particules par la pluie sous le nuage. Dans ce but, des expériences sont menées à l’échelle microphysique (expérience BERGAME) pour quantifier l’efficacité des gouttes de pluie à collecter les particules. Ceci permet au final d’améliorer la modélisation du lessivage des aérosols atmosphériques par la pluie à méso-échelle. Le modèle utilisé est DESCAM qui décrit de manière détaillée les distributions granulométriques en masse et en nombre des particules pour chaque type d’aérosol et des hydrométéores et calcule leur évolution due aux processus microphysiques nuageux. L’expérience BERGAME a été dimensionnée et construite pour mesurer l’efficacité de collecte car les mesures de ce paramètre se sont avérées en désaccord avec les modèles classiques de la littérature pour les gouttes de pluie d’un diamètre supérieur au millimètre. Un montage optique a été imaginé pour tenter de comprendre quels mécanismes de collecte sont négligés dans les modèles standards. Un nouveau modèle d’efficacité de collecte pour les gouttes d’un diamètre de 2 mm est alors proposé prenant en compte pour les grosses gouttes une recirculation turbulente dans le sillage de la goutte capable d’augmenter de façon importante la capture des petites particules. Les nouvelles efficacités de collecte ainsi mesurées et paramétrées sont ajoutées au modèle de nuage DESCAM. Des modifications significatives sur la modélisation du lessivage par DESCAM sont observées, ouvrant ainsi la voie à une amélioration de la modélisation de la contamination des sols par les modèles de dispersion atmosphérique. / Aerosol particles are an important component of the atmosphere and are of great concern in the case of an accidental release of radioactive particles. To better understand ground contamination due to a particle release in the vicinity of an accident, it is important to study the particle scavenging associated with rain. To achieve this objective during this thesis, an experiment at the microphysical scale (BERGAME experiment) was developed and the modelling of the washout was improved at mesoscale. The model used was DESCAM : a microphysics model that describes the bin size distributions for aerosol particles and hydrometeors and calculates their evolution due to microphysical cloud processes. The BERGAME experiment was designed and built to measure the collection efficiencies which disagree with theoretical calculation. Using an optical method, it was shown that those discrepancies were due to rear capture. A new model of collection efficiencies for the 2 mm drops was proposed that takes into account for big raindrops the turbulent circulation occurring downstream increasing significantly the capture of small particles. The corrected collection efficiencies were implemented in the DESCAM model. By this way, significant modifications of the modelling were observed and studied. This is an important step toward an accurate modelling of the ground contamination in atmospheric dispersion models.

L'intérêt croissant susciter par les applications biomédicales des plasmas non thermiques, inspire le développement de nouvelles sources plasmas. Les décharges à barrière diélectrique (DBD) ou les décharges couronne générées dans l'air ambiant ou dans le flux de gaz rare sont généralement utilisées. Production des plasmas directement dans un liquide a un grand potentiel pour les processus de stérilisation des substances liquides et pour le traitement extracorporel du sang. Les mécanismes physiques de formation d’une décharge électrique dans un milieu liquide ne sont toujours pas entièrement compris .La première partie de cette thèse examine le sujet de l'initiation et le développement de décharge nanoseconde dans les diélectriques liquides (eau déminéralisée, éthanol et n-pentane). La visualisation ombroscopique résolue en temps, la spectroscopie optique d'émission et les mesures électrique sont appliqués à l’étude d’une décharge électrique initiée sur une électrode à pointe positive.Nous avons montré que, selon l'amplitude de tension trois scénarios différents peuvent se produire dans des diélectriques polaires, notamment, la cavitation d'une bulle, le développement de décharge dans une cavité gazeuse (le mode ‘buisson’) et l'initiation de la décharge filamentaire (le mode ‘arborescent’) se propageant directement dans le liquide. La différence dans la formation et la propagation de deux modes de la décharge (‘buisson’ et ‘arbre’) révèle les mécanismes physiques étant très distincts.Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, nous abordons la question d’interaction entre les plasmas froids atmosphériques avec les cellules vivantes in vitro et in vivo. L’étude porte sur le mécanisme de la mort cellulaire induite par le plasma. Cytométrie de flux avec deux marqueurs AnnexinV (AV) et de l'iodure de propidium (PI) a été appliquée pour l’analyse de la viabilité cellulaire. On montre l’induction de l' apoptose dans les cellules de T lymphocyte humain (Jurkat) et dans les cellules épithéliales (HMEC) traités par le plasma de DBD nanoseconde. Dans les souris nudes l'induction de l'apoptose et de la nécrose en fonction de la dose est observé par la microscopie électronique dans les coupes de l'épiderme. L'analyse histologique montre l’apparition des lésions importantes dans l'épiderme , derme, hypoderme et les muscles en fonction de la durée du traitement. Production de peroxyde d'hydrogène dans le milieu de culture (PBS) exposé au plasma de DBD est mesurée à l’aide d’une sonde fluorescente sélective (Amplex® Red). La viabilité des cellules de la thyroïde humaines ( HTori -3) et des cellules de mélanome (1205Lu) cellules démontre la dépendance nonmonotone de la concentration de H2O2. Le rôle majeur du peroxyde d'hydrogène produit par plasma et du champ électrique de la DBD est suggéré. / Growing interest in biomedical applications of nonthermal plasmas inspires the development of new plasmas sources. Dielectric barrier (DBD) and corona discharges produced in ambient air or in noble gas flow are typically applied. Direct production of plasma in liquids has a great potential for sterilization of liquid substances and extracorporeal blood treatment. The physical mechanisms of discharge formation in liquid medium are not fully understood.The first part of this thesis deals with the initiation and development of the nanosecond discharge in liquid dielectrics (deionized water, ethanol and n-pentane). Time-resolved shadowgraph visualization, optical emission spectroscopy and electrical diagnostics are applied to investigate the discharge formation on point anode.We have shown that depending on the applied voltage amplitude three different scenario can occur in the polar dielectric, namely, cavitation of a bubble, discharge development in the gaseous cavity (bush-like mode) and initiation of the filamentary discharge (tree-like mode) propagating in bulk liquid. Formation of the bush-like and the tree-like discharges is governed by distinct physical mechanisms, resulting in strongly different plasma parameters.In the second part of this work we address the question of how cold atmospheric plasma interacts with living cells in-vitro and in-vivo, and what is the mechanism of plasma induced cell death. Flowcytometry based cell viability assay with two markers AnnexinV (AV) and Propidium iodide (PI), demonstrates a dose dependent induction of the apoptosis for human T lymphocyte (Jurkat) and epithelial (HMEC) cells treated with DBD plasma. In nude mice model, induction of apoptosis and necrosis in dose dependant manner is observed by electron microscopy in thin epidermis sections. Histological analysis shows significant lesions appeared in epidermis, dermis, hypodermis and muscle as a function of treatment duration. Production of hydrogen peroxide in culture medium (PBS) exposed to DBD plasma is measured using selective fluorescent probe (Amplex® Red). Cell viability of human thyroid epithelial (HTori-3) and melanoma (1205Lu) cells demonstrates nonmonotonous dependence on H2O2 concentration. The major role of plasma produced hydrogen peroxide and DBD electric field is suggested.

Dans ce document, nous présentons nos travaux sur les décharges dans l'heptane. L'une des conditions retenue pour ces études est le choix d'un gap micrométrique. Nous avons travaillé avec des gaps compris entre 10 et 150 µm qui correspondent à des tensions de claquage comprises entre 1 et 15 kV. Du claquage jusqu'à 1 µs, la décharge a été caractérisée par ombroscopie et par spectroscopie d'émission optique (SEO). L'ombroscopie a montré que la vitesse de propagation de l'onde de choc et de la bulle est de l'ordre de 1200 m s-1 et 100 m s-1, respectivement. Au-delà de 1 µs, la dynamique de la bulle a été étudiée. Une nouvelle méthode est proposée pour estimer la pression à l'initiation de la décharge. La technique est basée sur la réponse d'une "bulle test" qui se trouve dans le champ acoustique d'une nouvelle décharge dont on veut connaître la pression. Elle est aux environs 80 bar. La SEO a montré une dominance des rayonnements continus pendant les premières 200 ns qui ont été attribués à la recombinaison électron-ion. Au-delà de 200 ns, les rayonnements continus s'effondrent et les raies d'émission deviennent dominantes. L'étude de l'élargissement de la raie H[alpha] de l'hydrogène a montré que la densité électronique peut atteindre 1019 cm-3. En ce qui concerne l'interaction plasma-surface, nous avons pu démontrer que l'impact créé est gouverné par la quantité de charges déposée. Sa morphologie est une résultante d'un équilibre entre la force due à la pression et la force de Marangoni. Nous avons étudié dans une dernière partie la synthèse des nanoparticules de platine (diamètre 5 nm) insérées dans une matrice de carbone hydrogéné présentant un ordre à courte distance / In this document, we report our work on discharges in heptane. One of the specific conditions selected is the choice of a micrometric gap distance. Typically, gaps were between 10 and 150 µm, corresponding to breakdown voltages between 1 and 15 kV. From breakdown up to 1 µs, the plasma discharge was characterized by shadowgraphy and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Shadowgraphy results showed that the velocities of shock wave and bubble interface are about 1200 m s-1 and 100 m s-1, respectively. Beyond 1 µs, experimental and theoretical studies of the oscillatory dynamics of the bubble are made. Then, we proposed a new method to estimate the pressure at discharge breakdown. The technique is based on the response of a 'test bubble' present in the acoustic field of a new discharge whose pressure is to be known. It is estimated to be about 80 bar. OES, between 300 and 800 nm, showed a dominance of continuous radiations during the first 200 ns which were attributed to electron-ion recombination processes. Beyond 200 nm, continuous radiations collapse and then, the emission lines dominate the spectrum. The study of the H? line broadening showed that the electron density can reach 1019 cm-3. Regarding the interaction of the discharge with the electrode surfaces, we demonstrated that the diameter of the impact is governed by the quantity of charges deposited by the discharge. However, the impact morphology is determined by a balance between the force exerted by the plasma pressure and the Marangoni's force. Finally, we studied the possibility to synthesize platinum nanoparticles (5 nm in diameter) embedded in a matrix of hydrogenated carbon exhibiting a short range order

In this study, thermocapillary-driven convection around a gas bubble under a horizontal heated wall is experimentally investigated under gravitational conditions. The thermocapillary convective flow under conditions beyond the laminar steady state towards turbulent flow is explored in detail. Generally, Marangoni convection is more critical and important under microgravity conditions rather than on earth. Under low gravity, this surface tension induced flow can dictate both heat and mass transfer processes. Thus, thermocapillary convection should be considered by manufacturers during material production processes in space. Moreover, temperature gradients can be purposefully used to eliminate or move bubbles or drops suspended in liquid materials. In addition to that, thermocapillary convective flow appears in many other applications like manufacturing of single-walled carbon nanotubes and mono crystal production, to mention only few examples. Researchers have always seen Marangoni convection as an interesting topic for both numerical and experimental studies. Regarding the configuration of the injected gas bubble under a horizontal heated wall, this physical problem is mainly characterized by a dimensionless number that represents the ratio of convective heat flow induced by capillary convection to the heat transfer due to conduction which is termed Marangoni number (Mg). The past decade has seen different approaches to describe the flow behaviour at high Marangoni numbers. The thermocapillary flow has been mainly investigated and categorized regarding a stable laminar behaviour and a non-laminar one, which is characterized by periodic or non-periodic oscillations. Through previous studies, the point of the transition of the thermocapillary flow from the periodic oscillatory zone to the non-periodic one has been well investigated. However, there is a lack of information about this non-periodic behaviour at very high temperature gradients. Therefore, in the current study, our experimental investigations focus mainly on exploring different factors affecting the non-periodicity of the Marangoni convection and on explaining how this flow behaves under conditions above the transitional Marangoni number (Mg tran ). The experimental work was launched using a PIV technique and shadowgraphy. In addition to that, temperature measurements at different locations in the matrix fluid around the air bubble were conducted to determine the undisturbed temperature gradients at different boundary conditions. The transient observation of both velocity and temperature measurements at locations near the bubble allowed deeper insight in the behaviour of the thermocapillary bubbleconvection. Moreover, through shadowgraphy, a qualitative evaluation of the fluid flow periodicity around the gas bubble was achieved. The implementation of experiments inside a pressure chamber under gauge pressure conditions formed a novel methodology to enable us conducting experiments under higher temperature gradients in order to reach high Marangoni numbers. The thermocapillary bubble convection was categorized into laminar, periodic oscillatory, and non-periodic oscillatory flow. The periodic fluid flow oscillations were categorized in symmetric and asymmetric ones depending on the different applied boundary conditions. The non-periodic fluid flow oscillations around the gas bubble were also achieved at high temperature gradients for different bubble aspect ratios. We proved that for every bubble size, the non-periodic oscillatory state of the fluid flow around the gas bubble undergoes four different modes (A-D). The last one (phase D) is a developed turbulent state starting at Mg- numbers of 75000 for the smallest bubble aspect ratio of 1.2 up to the maximal measured Mg- number of 140000 for a bubble aspect ratio of 2.3. Hence, turbulent thermocapillary bubble convection was realized and studied in our experimental configuration. Moreover, the thermocapillary flow driving velocities at the bubble periphery were measured at different boundary conditions. This study clearly demonstrates that it is the high magnitude of the driving velocity that initiates the interactions between thermocapillary flow vortices leading finally to a highly developed oscillation mode (turbulent state) and that buoyancy plays a secondary role in the described flow configuration.:1 INTRODUCTION 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND METHODOLOGY 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS / In dieser Arbeit wird die thermokapillare Konvektion um eine Gasblase unter einer horizontal beheizten Wand unter Gravitationsbedingungen experimentell untersucht. Diese thermokapillare konvektive Strömung jenseits des laminaren stationären Zustands in Richtung turbulenter Strömung steht in dieser Arbeit im Fokus. Im Allgemeinen ist die Marangoni-Konvektion unter Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen kritischer und wichtiger als auf der Erde. Unter geringen Schwerkraftkräften kann diese durch Oberflächenspannung induzierte Strömung sowohl Wärme- als auch Stoffübergangsprozesse maßgeblich bestimmen. Daher sollte die thermokapillare Konvektion bei Materialproduktionsprozessen im Weltraum berücksichtigt werden. Darüber hinaus können Temperaturgradienten gezielt angewendet werden, um in flüssigen Materialien suspendierte Blasen oder Tropfen zu entfernen oder zu bewegen. Außerdem tritt thermokapillare Strömung in vielen anderen Anwendungen auf, beispielsweise bei der Herstellung von einwandigen Kohlenstoffnanoröhren oder der Herstellung von Einkristallen, um nur einige Beispiele zu nennen. Forscher haben die Marangoni-Konvektion immer als ein wichtiges und interessantes Thema für numerische und experimentelle Studien betrachtet. In Bezug auf die Konfiguration der injizierten Blase unter einer horizontal beheizten Wand wird dieses physikalische Problem hauptsächlich durch eine dimensionslose Kennzahl, die das Verhältnis des durch Kapillarkonvektion induzierten konvektiven Wärmeübertragungs zur Wärmeübertragung durch Leitung darstellt und als Marangoni-Zahl (Mg) bezeichnet wird, definiert. In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurden verschiedene Ansätze zur Beschreibung des Strömungs-Verhaltens bei höheren Marangoni-Zahlen verfolgt. Dabei wurde die Thermokapillarströmung grundsätzlich in ein stabiles laminares und ein nicht laminares (oszillierendes) Verhalten, das durch periodische oder nicht periodische Geschwindigkeit- und Temperatur-Fluktuationen gekennzeichnet ist, eingeteilt. Durch frühere Studien wurde das Regime des Übergangs des thermokapillaren Verhaltens von der periodischen Schwingungszone zur nichtperiodischen gut untersucht. Es fehlen jedoch immer noch detaillierte Informationen über das nichtperiodische Verhalten bei sehr hohen Temperaturgradienten. Daher konzentrieren sich unsere experimentellen Untersuchungen in der vorliegenden Studie hauptsächlich auf die Untersuchung verschiedener Faktoren, die die Nichtperiodizität der konvektiven Thermokapillarströmung beeinflussen, und auf eine Klärung, wie sich diese Strömung unter verschiedenen Randbedingungen über der kritischen Marangoni-Zahl (Mg c ) verhält.Die experimentelle Arbeit wurde sowohl mit einer PIV-Technik als auch mit der Shadowgraph- Technik durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus waren Temperaturmessungen auf Sensorbasis an verschiedenen Stellen in der verwendeten Flüssigkeit um die Luftblase geeignet, um die ungestörten Temperaturgradienten bei verschiedenen Randbedingungen zu bestimmen. Die zeitabhängige Messung sowohl von Geschwindigkeiten als auch von Temperaturen an Orten in der Nähe der Blase lieferte Informationen über das Verhalten der Konvektion der thermokapillaren Strömung. Darüber hinaus wurde durch die Shadowgraph-Technik eine qualitative Bewertung der Fluidströmungsperiodizität um die Blase ermöglicht. Die Durchführung von Experimenten in einer Druckkammer unter Überdruck-Bedingungen bildet eine neuartige Methode, um solche Experimente unter höheren Temperaturgradienten durchzuführen und höhere Marangoni-Zahlen zu erreichen. Die thermokapillare Blasenkonvektion wurde in dieser Arbeit in laminaren stetigen Flüssigkeitsströmungen, periodischen und nichtperiodischen oszillierenden Flüssigkeitsströmungen eingeteilt. Die periodischen Fluidströmungsschwingungen wurden in Abhängigkeit von unterschiedlichen Randbedingungen in symmetrische und asymmetrische eingeteilt. Die nichtperiodischen Strömungsoszillationen um die Gasblase wurden auch bei hohen Temperaturgradienten für verschiedene Blasenaspektverhältnisse erreicht. Wir konnten zeigen, dass für jede Blasengröße der nichtperiodische Schwingungszustand der Strömung um die Gasblase vier verschiedene Modi (A-D) besitzen kann. Die letzte (Phase D) ist ein hoch entwickelter turbulenter Zustand, der bei Mg-Zahlen von 75000 für das kleinste Blasenaspektverhältnis von 1,2 bis zur maximal gemessenen Mg-Zahl von 140000 für das Blasenaspektverhältnis von 2,3 beginnt. Der ausgebildete turbulente Zustand der thermokapillaren Strömung konnte mit unserer experimentellen Konfiguration erstmalig erreicht werden. Darüber hinaus konnten die Antriebsgeschwindigkeiten der thermokapillaren Strömung an der Peripherie der Blase bei verschiedenen Randbedingungen gemessen werden. Diese Studie zeigt deutlich, dass es die Höhe der Antriebsgeschwindigkeit ist, welche die Wechselwirkungen zwischen thermokapillaren Strömungswirbeln unterschiedlicher Größe antreibt, die schließlich zu chaotischen Schwingungen der im Folgenden beschriebenen Grenzlinie führen. Diese Studie zeigt auch, dass die Auftriebskonvektion in der beschriebenen Strömungskonfiguration eine untergeordnete Rolle spielt.:1 INTRODUCTION 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND METHODOLOGY 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The thesis summarizes general and up-to-date knowledge of descaling during the continuous production of the hot-rolled steel and proposes further streamlining of this process in industrial production. The first chapter of the thesis deals with the origin, structure and physical properties of the scales. The second chapter describes the principles of descaling by using a high pressure flat water jet. The third chapter introduces the principles of the experimental methods and describes the used laboratory equipment. The fourth chapter summarizes the description of the particular experiments and their evaluation, and thus represents the focus of the dissertation. It is divided into six sections which independently solve predefined objectives of the dissertation. The first section focuses on the height and structure development of the scales on 54SiCr6 and HDT580X steels. It has been proven that the height of the formed scales increases with the time and temperature of the oxidation. The layered nature of the scales was verified at the same time. The second section examines the effect of the nozzle stabilizer on the focussing and distribution of the impact pressure of the nozzle. Experiments have shown that increase of 11 % of an average maximum nozzle pressure can be achieved, depending on the type of nozzle and the length of the stabilizer. The third section deals with the analysis of shadowgraphy images of water jet structures of the nozzles. A script was developed for analysis of these shadowgraphy photos by an adaptive thresholding. The findings are correlated using a regression analysis with an average heat transfer coefficient. It has been reported that most of the standard nozzle configurations produced disintegrated stream of little droplets at the height of the rolled surface. The fourth section focuses on the area of water jet overlap, especially the area of the so-called washout, where the impact pressure of one nozzle is reduced by the nozzle stream of the other. The influence of the pressure change and the mutual displacement of the nozzles is investigated. The analysis showed that the change of pressure did not have any effect on the percentage of reduction of the impact pressure in the area of the washout. It has been shown that if the area of the washout is wide the descaling efficiency in this area may be reduced. The fifth section builds on the previous section and focuses directly on the areas of waterjet overlaps. The influence of the change of rotation and pitch of the nozzles is studied. Experiments have shown that small changes in nozzle pitch do not have a significant impact on impact pressure and heat transfer coefficient. The effect of nozzle rotation, on the other hand, was a significant factor for the efficiency and homogeneity of the descaling of the surface. The last section deals with the effect of the rolling speed on the heat transfer coefficient in the descaling process. The regression model has shown that with a higher rolling speed there is a reduction in the average heat transfer coefficient. Conclusion summarizes the results of the dissertation and proposes which findings can be used in the industry to make the descaling process more effective.

For performance optimisation of modern liquid cryogenic bipropellant rocket combustion chambers, one component which plays an important role in reducing the wall side heat flux, is the behaviour of the cooling film. At the Institute of Space Propulsion of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Lampoldshausen, hot test runs have been performed using the experimental combustion chamber BKM, to investigate the wall side heat flux which is -- among other factors -- dependent on cooling film properties. To gain more insight into the film behaviour under real rocket-like conditions, optical diagnostics have been applied. The chosen methods were shadowgraphy and OH* imaging producing optical data sets which are analysed in this study. In this context, a description of the necessary background information is given, concerning rocket combustion chambers, film cooling and optical diagnostics of O2/H2 combustion. The applied methodology for optical analysis is described, followed by a presentation of the results. During the test campaign, it became clear that the optical setup was not optimised for creating meaningful shadowgraphy recordings which is why the shadowgraphy data has to be treated as flame emission imaging. The behaviour of the gas layer adjacent to the chamber wall could be characterised based on qualitative (luminosity, LOx shadow, reflection, recirculation zone and flame shape) and quantitative (layer thickness, layer length, pressure conditions) analysis. The thickness could be identified for each load step and an average length of the layer was found as well. OH* imaging has been used supplementary to support the observations from the flame emission images. An in depth frame by frame analysis was not possible due to time constraints. However, the time averaged images yielded results in accordance to the flame emission and could give a relative figure for the temperature distribution in the combustion volume. An artefact in the data was found, stemming presumably from the image intensifier. This artefact needs to be researched for a future error reduction in the data of this and other campaigns. Additionally, the thickness of the layer suggested a correlation to the models for film cooling efficiency. Such a correlation could not be established. Nevertheless, the film cooling models show the same behaviour as the data obtained from the flame emission imaging. Finally, suggestions are given how the data analysis and the optical setup could be improved for future, similar campaigns.

L'étude de l'injection d'un fluide dans des conditions de hautes pressions reste encore aujourd'hui un challenge. Lorsque la pression critique des fluides est dépassée, l'état supercritique est atteint, faisant disparaître la distinction entre liquide et gaz. Pour ces conditions extrêmes, les données expérimentales sont peu nombreuses et nécessitent d'être consolidées. Dans cette étude, un nouveau banc d'essai a été réalisé au laboratoire CORIA dans le but d'étudier des injections non-réactives d'éthane et de propane dans une atmosphère sub- et supercritique d'azote ou d'hélium. Les données ont été collectées à partir de quatre diagnostics optiques : l'ombroscopie, la DBI, la radiographie et la CBOS. Des informations qualitatives sur la topologie des jets et de leur couche de mélange sont apportées. Des mesures quantitatives de longueur de cœur dense, d'angle d'ouverture et de densité sont complétées par une étude phénoménologique à l'aide de la théorie des mélanges binaires. / Studying a fluid flow under high-pressure conditions through reliable experiments is still nowadays a challenge. When the chamber pressure exceeds the critical pressure of working fluids the supercritical state of matter is reached and the distinction between gas and liquid becomes blurred. For such special conditions, experimental data are scarce and need to be consolidated. In the present study, a new test bench has been designed at CORIA Lab to study the non-reactive injection of ethane and propane into nitrogen or helium under sub- and supercritical conditions. Experimental data are collected from four image-based techniques : shadowgraphy, diffused backlight illumination (DBI), radiography and color background oriented schlieren (CBOS). Qualitative information on topology of the jets and their mixing layer are provided. Quantitative measurements of dense core length, jet spreading angle and density field are supported by a phenomenological study based on binary mixing theory.