Bachelor's thesis. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

The Republican period in Chinese history (1911-1949) is generally seen as a series of anti-imperialist and anti-foreign movements that coincide with the development of Chinese nationalism. The continual ties between Chinese nationalists and Japanese intellectuals are often overlooked. In the midst of the Sino-Japanese war, Uchiyama Kanzō, a Christian pacifist who was the owner of the bookstore, acted as a cultural liaison between May Fourth Chinese revolutionaries who were returned students from Japan, and Japanese left-wing activists working for the Communist cause, or visiting Japanese writers eager to meet their Chinese counterparts. I explore the relationship between Japanese and Chinese cultural literati in Shanghai, using Uchiyama Bookstore as the focal point. The ongoing Sino-Japanese tensions surrounding the "history problem" overemphasize the views of the right-wing nationalists and the Japanese state, dismissing the crucial role of left-wing groups. Uchiyama is a key link to understanding the ideological connection between Pan Asian anti-war activists in the pre-war period with peace activists in post-war Japan who were often accused of being "China's hand." Uchiyama, valued for his prewar connections with prominent Chinese intellectuals, becomes one of the founding members of Sino-Japan organizations upon his return to Japan after the war. I situate non-governmental Sino-Japanese organizations within the larger peace movement in Japan, which are transnational, in contrast with intergovernmental organizations that operate on the basis of nation-states. This work will contribute towards a growing recognition of histories that transcend nations, by focusing on both Chinese and Japanese cosmopolitan individuals who continued to form ties with each other, even as their respective nation-states were either at war, or did not have normalized diplomatic relations. I hope to also shed new light on histories of Republican China and post-war Japan, as well as explore issues related to empire and globalization in East Asia. / text

In Shanghai, the government requires the public schools to conduct schoolbased teacher appraisal for the use of improving teacher development and school development. In Hong Kong, according to the Education Commission Report No.7, aided schools have to establish self-management and conduct teacher appraisal annually for strengthening teacher development and school development, which is as same as in Shanghai. However, since the different education systems and culture backgrounds exist in these two areas, there must be differences of the teacher appraisal systems the schools conduct between Hong Kong and Shanghai. The study will be taken place in two secondary schools in Hong Kong and Shanghai respectively. It focuses on the comparison of the teacher appraisal systems at school, including the appraisal contents, appraisal methods, teachers’ perspectives and effectiveness corresponding. In this study, the current teacher appraisal systems that two schools have will be introduced for comparison. In addition, through the comparative study, I intend to figure out the importance and necessity of teacher appraisal to be carried out at school, to investigate if it is beneficial for the teacher development and school development, to see if it is possible to be refined for the two appraisal systems depending on comparing between each other. / published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

Seizing Civilization uses the Shanghai Museum as a case study to examine an extraordinary process of art appropriation that persisted from 1949 to 1996 in the People's Republic of China (PRC). At the heart of this story is the museum's destruction of the preexisting art market, its wholesale seizure of privately-owned antiquities, and its sale of these objects on the international market. My findings show that museum employees used these events to create public art collections in the PRC. The Shanghai Museum pioneered the techniques that Chinese museums use to transform craft objects, as well as select ancient paintings, ceramics, and bronzes, into canonized cultural relics. I argue that the application of these techniques explains the erasure of provenance at Chinese Museums, and demonstrate how state cultural institutions render acquisition ledgers, private collecting records, and connoisseurship disputes invisible. I examine cultural relics' transformation into Chinese cultural heritage in five chapters. I first demonstrate how museum employees appropriated private collections during nation-building campaigns such as the nationalization of industries (1956). Second, I investigate changes to the Chinese art historical canon, placing them in the context of art market takeovers, the wholesale acquisition of ethnic minority artifacts, as well as municipal programs in salvage archaeology. Then, in two chapters, I reveal the Shanghai Museum's active participation in antiquities confiscation and divestment during the Cultural Revolution (1966 – 1976), which enriched public art collections on a previously unprecedented scale. I conclude with an examination of the mass restitution of expropriated property in the 1980s and 90s, which underpinned the museum’s dual function as both a preservationist institution, as well as a political and commercial enterprise. The antiquities and events I analyze not only explain the ascendency of a dominant narrative about Chinese civilization, but also reveal the limits, contradictions, and challenges of PRC national patrimony. / History

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Social Work and Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Management Studies / Master / Master of Philosophy

This thesis is focused on the new writers who appeared in Shanghai during the Japanese Occupation between December 1941 and August 1945. The rise of these new writers to fame and their subsequent disappearance from the literary scene were consistent with the fall and liberation o f Shanghai. In the meantime, their appearance and disappearance were parallel with the success and decline of magazines published in Shanghai during that period as well. Both the magazines and their editors played significant roles in promoting the new writers into the literary arena. The war disrupted the development of literature, their writing "nourishment" mostly depended on the literary resources which had been stored up in Shanghai since the late Qing. My discussion of these eight new writers, Zhang Ailing, Shi Jimei, Cheng Yuzhen, Tang Xuehua, Zheng Dingwen, Shen Ji, Guo Peng, and Shi Qi, progresses through an analysis of the elements of region, literature, and war. While most of the female writers' themes were focused on love, mundane love or God's love, the male writers were either more interested in setting their stories on Chinese native soil like Shen Ji, Guo Peng, and Shi Qi; or personal concerns and anxieties regarding the future such as Zheng Dingwen. Among her contemporaries, Zhang Ailing is the most successful and the most influential. These new writers did not go through the baptism of the May Fourth Movement, and had less of a moral burden than their predecessors did. Thus they had more freedom to develop their writings— although the freedom was confined due to a depressed political and social climate.

The September 11 Event has turned Central Asia into a complex geo-strategic position, creating a status of new balance of power. At the same time, great powers also have tried to dominate the region by establishing diplomatic relationships with the Central Asian states, which is highly challenged to China’s traditional interests and strategic calculations in Central Asia. While China continues to play a crucial role in terms of its intention and approach toward future Central Asia development, the other two great powers, Russia and the United States, will certainly exert influence in this region as well. Especially, the U.S.-led War on Terrorism has immediately changed the original strategic landscape of Central Asia, compressing China’s strategic space created since post-Cold War. Consequently, China has taken flexible foreign policies in response to U.S. containment. Also, China and Russia have formed a strategic partnership to balance U.S. influence. Therefore, China’s strategic considerations of Central Asian states are based on four aspects as follows: (1) Xinjiang independence issue; (2) maintaining stability of its western borders; (3) energy need; and (4) the balance of power in Central Asia. With well management of Shanghai Corporation Organization (SCO) as a platform, China has successfully maneuvered its strategic calculations in Central Asia, creating a truly multi-polar world system best served to its national development in the long run.

During the 1860s, Chinese merchants reestablished their commercial organizations which are recorded as Guilds (hanghui) in the sources compiled under the guidance of the Qing local government officials. From the decade until the end of the 1880s, English sources emphasized the solidarity of the commercial organizations of Chinese merchants and their superiority to the British mercantile community in the commercial conflicts in which they were engaged. However, from the 1890s, English sources ceased to complain the strength of the commercial organizations of Chinese merchants, and, at the same time, Chinese sources emphasized the existence of a crisis in which Chinese merchants were losing their solidarity. Moreover, the Qing local government officials endeavoured to maintain their control over the commercial organizations of Chinese merchants, an attempt which led to the birth of Chinese chambers of commerce in the early twentieth century. Former studies, which dealt with the superiority of the Chinese merchants' organizations to the British mercantile firms in the 1860s and the 1870s, or the birth of the Chinese bourgeoisie and the activities of their commercial organizations in the early twentieth century, have not been able to reveal what happened in the commercial organizations of the Chinese merchants during the late nineteenth century. The solidarity of the Chinese merchant organizations was maintained by the rule that no one could claim the privilege of doing business without paying the Lijin tax imposed upon it, and the collapse of their solidarity began with when some Chinese compradors and merchants found it possible to do their business without keeping this rule by means of cooperating British mercantile firms, who enjoyed key privi- leges under the Treaties as regards non-payment of the Lijin tax and investment on the basis of limited liability. By intensively analyzing three commercial conflicts between prominent Chinese merchant organizations and British mercantile firms that took place in Shanghai between the end of the 1870s and the end of the 1880s, this study reveals how, and under what conditions some Chinese compradors and merchants could do their business without observing the afore-mentioned rule governing the Chinese merchants' organizations, what happened when British mercantile people became aware what their compradors or cooperative Chinese merchants had doing behind their back, and how these developments contributed to the end of the old-style merchant class, and the beginning of a bourgeoisie. By bringing these facts to the surface for analysis, this study shows a little known aspect of the Chinese society and tries on the basis to re-evaluate an aspect of concept of "China's response to the Western impact."

The relationships of serum cholesterol, blood pressure and cigarette smoking with certain chronic diseases were investigated in a prospective study among more than 9,000 middle-aged adults in urban Shanghai. At baseline, the mean serum cholesterol was 4.2 mmol/l, 14 per cent of the participants had definite hypertension, and 61 per cent of males and 7 per cent of females were regular smokers. During 8-13 years of follow-up, 620 deaths were recorded. 231 (37%) of the deaths were ascribed to cardiovascular disease, including 44 (7%) from CHD and 152 (25%) from stroke. Cancer caused 274 deaths (44%), of which 66 deaths (11%) were from lung cancer, 63 (10%) from stomach cancer and 54 deaths (9%) from liver cancer. Other causes accounted for 115 deaths (19%), 29 (5%) of which were from chronic liver disease, and 31 (5%) from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this study, there was a strong positive and apparently independent relationship of serum cholesterol level to CHD death (z=3.47, 2P<0.001). Within the range of usual serum cholesterol studied (about 3.8-4.7 mmol/l), there was no evidence of any apparent "threshold". After appropriate adjustment for the "regression dilution" bias, a 4% difference in usual cholesterol was associated with a 21% (95% confidence interval 9-35%) difference in the risk of CHD death. There was no significant relationship of serum cholesterol with total stroke mortality, or with total cancer mortality. The 79 deaths due to liver cancer or other chronic liver diseases were inversely related to cholesterol concentration at baseline. This inverse association appears to be secondary to prolonged hepatitis B virus infection, which accounts for most of the deaths from liver disease in China and which chronically lowers blood cholesterol. There was a strong positive relationship between blood pressure and risk of death from stroke and CHD. Within the range of usual blood pressure studied (SBP: 117-161 mmHg; DBP:75-101 mmHg), there was no evidence of any apparent threshold. After appropriate adjustment for the "regression dilution" bias, a 10 mmHg difference in usual SBP was associated with a 67% (95% Cl 52-83%) difference in the risk of stroke deaths, and with a 44% (95% confidence interval 21- 73%) difference in the risk of CHD death; a 7 mmHg difference in usual DBP was associated with a 124% (95% Cl 96-155%) difference in the risk of stroke deaths, and with a 58% (95% Cl 22-105%) difference in the risk of CHD deaths. Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with deaths from any disease. There was a strong positive relationship between cigarette smoking and risk of all cancer deaths, and specifically cancer of the lung and cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract. The relative risk of lung cancer for a current smoker was 3.5 (95% Cl 1.8-7.0; 2P<0.001), and among the male population 63% of lung cancers were directly attributed to the smoking. The relative risk of upper aero-digestive cancer death for regular smokers was 3.4 (95% Cl 1.1-10.5; 2P<0.05). The risk of chronic obstructive lung disease was also significantly related to smoking, with a relative risk in a smoker of 2.2 (95% Cl 1.1-4.4; 2P<0.05). In the present population, smokers had a 60% excess risk of deaths from total stroke compared with nonsmokers (z=2.40, 2P<0.05).