O objetivo desta pesquisa é o de quantificar as fontes e diferenças regionais de crescimento do subsetor de cultivos da agricultura do Espírito Santo na década de 1970 e também identificar determinantes dessas mudanças. Para isso faz-se uso da versão modificada do modelo"Shift-share", que permite, comparando-se períodos, uma análise individual das culturas e também da influência de composição e distribuição regional sobre o desempenho global das lavouras. As culturas de exportação como café e o cacau apresentaram taxas relativamente elevadas de crescimento na produção. Para o cacau contribuiu para esse incremento na produção um efeito-rendimento elevado ao passo que o café, além do efeito-rendimento, o efeito-localização geográfica da produção / The objective of this research is to quantify the regional sources and differences in growth rates of the crop sector of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The study covers the period of 1970 to 1980 and also intends to identify the causes of those changes. In order to achieve those objectives a modified version of the"shift-share"model isused. this procedure permits, by means of inter-period comparisons, a specific analysis of individual crops. The effects of regional composition and distribution on crop global perfomance, are also analysed. The exportation farmings such as coffee and cocoa presented relative high growth rate in crops. The yield effect and secondarily the geographical location effect contributed to the coffee growth crop

A literatura internacional sobre abertura de capital é ampla e vários artigos foram publicados a respeito do tema. No entanto, no Brasil, ainda são poucos os pesquisadores que se dedicam ao estudo de tal fenômeno, haja vista que o crescimento relevante do mercado de capitais nacional ainda é recente. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar, com base em indicadores contábeis, de mercado e características das empresas, quais são os fatores determinantes para a abertura de capital de empresas brasileiras. A metodologia utilizada no estudo foi de regressão logística com dados agrupados e de regressão logística com dados em painel. A amostra total contém 1720 empresas-ano entre os anos de 2004 e 2010, dos quais 182 são relativos a empresas que abriram o capital no período. Os resultados apontados indicam que as firmas que fizeram oferta de ações no período foram aquelas que vinham investindo significativamente, que possuíam maior nível de rentabilidade e aquelas que aumentaram seu nível de endividamento. O IPO foi uma alternativa para adequar a estrutura de capital e/ou captar recursos para continuar investindo no seu crescimento. Adicionalmente, as empresas que abriram o capital foram aquelas que aproveitaram janela de oportunidade (Market timing) oferecida no período e iniciaram a negociação de suas ações em Bolsa de Valores. O tamanho das empresas não foi estatisticamente significante para o IPO, haja vista que algumas companhias relativamente pequenas e outras pré-operacionais iniciaram a negociação de suas ações. Além disso, diversas outras empresas com porte suficiente, por algum motivo, não fizeram IPO. A pesquisa apontou que o tempo de mercado da empresa (idade desde a fundação) afeta negativamente a probabilidade de abertura de capital, tendo em vista que o mercado já dispõe de regras de governança corporativa bem estabelecidas e que tais regras contribuiriam para que investidores tivessem confiança mesmo em empresas com pouco tempo de mercado. Outro resultado da pesquisa aponta que as companhias localizadas na região Sudeste do país tem maior propensão para realizar o IPO, uma vez que os empresários de outras regiões estão mais distantes do polo financeiro do país, vivem em um ambiente de negócios menos intenso, e, consequentemente, têm menos atitude para buscar alternativas de financiamento (menor importância é dada por eles aos benefícios de captar recursos em mercado de capitais). Por fim, o trabalho identificou que empresas subsidiárias e estatais são menos propensas à abertura de capital, conforme esperado. O trabalho abrange a discussão de possíveis argumentos para diminuição do potencial de crescimento do mercado de capitais e das razões pelas quais muitas empresas ainda não se motivaram a vender suas ações no mercado. / IPO has a wide international literature with many papers published on this subject. However, in Brazil, there are a few researchers who are dedicated to study this phenomenon, considering that the relevant growth of the national capital market is still recent. The objective of this study is to identify, based on accounting and market indicators and firm characteristics, which are the determining factors for the IPO of Brazilian companies. The methodology used in this study was the pooled logistic regression and the panel logistic regression. The total sample contains 1720 firm years between 2004 and 2010, of which 182 belongs to companies that went public on this period. The results indicate that the companies which made an equity offering in the period were investing on their expansion, increased their debt structure and/or had higher profitability. IPO was an alternative to adjust their capital structure and/or to raise funds to continue investing on their growth. In addition, the firms that went public took advantage of the windows opportunity (market timing) they had in the period to sell their shares. The size of companies was not statistically significant, since relatively small and preoperating firms began trading their shares. Also, several other companies with relevant size did not do their IPO due to any specific reason. Moreover, the age of the company affects negatively the probability of going public, since the Brazilian market already has well established corporate governance regulation and these rules contribute to increase investor\'s confidence on the companies, even if they are still young firms. Another result of this research indicate that firms located in the Southeast of Brazil are more likely to go public, because the entrepreneurs of other regions are far away from the Brazilian financial center, with a less intense business environment and, consequently, with less attitude to search for funding alternatives (less importance is given for the benefits to go public). Finally, the study has identified that subsidiaries and state-owned companies are less likely to go public, as expected. This work also includes the discussion of possible arguments of the potential growth decrease of stock markets in Brazil and the reasons why many companies are still not motivated to sell their shares in the market.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Statistics)) -- University of Limpopo. 2014 / A number of previous research studies have investigated volatility and financial risks in the ermeging markets. This dissertation investigates stock returns volatility and financial risks in the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). The investigation is con- ducted in modelling volatility using Autoregressive Moving Average-Generalised Au- toregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (ARMA-GARCH)-type models. Daily data of the log returns at the JSE over the period 08 January, 2002 to 30 December, 2011 is used. The results suggest that daily returns can be characterised by an ARMA (1, 0) process. Empirical results show that ARMA (1, 0)-GARCH (1, 1) model achieves the most accurate volatility forecast. Modelling tail behaviour of rare and extreme events is an important issue in the risk management of a financial portfolio. Extreme Value Theory (EVT) is applied to quantify upper extreme returns. Generalised Ex- treme Value (GEV) distribution is used to model the behaviour of extreme returns. Empirical results show that the Weibull distribution can be used to model stock re- turns on the JSE. In using the Generalised Pareto Distribution (GPD), the modelling framework used accommodates ARMA and GARCH models. The GPD is applied to ARMA-GARCH filtered returns series and the model is referred to as the ARMA- GARCH-GPD model. The threshold value is estimated using Pareto quantile plot while peak-over-threshold approach is used to model the upper extreme returns. In general, the ARMA-GARCH-GPD model produces more accurate estimates of ex- treme returns than the ARMA-GARCH model. The out of sample forecast indicates that the ARMA (1, 3)-GARCH (1, 1) model provides the most accurate results.

This thesis studies the momentum trading strategies, in which investors buy stocks that performed well in the past and sell stocks that underperformed over the same peiord of time. We examine the momentum strategies from January of 1995 to September of 2006. This thesis has two purposes. First, do the momentum trading strategies generate positive abnormal returns ? Second, do the momentum trading strategies generate positive abnormal returns even after we consider the limits of short-selling stocks ? The results indicate that the momentum trading strategies generate significant positive returns. Furthermore, the momentum trading strategies still offer positive abnormal returns even after the limits of short-selling shares are taken into account, although the magnitude of positive abnormal returns decreases.

Abstract   Title: Importance of estimation of market potential- a case of Sandvik Tooling   Level: Bachelor Degree in BusinessAdministration, 15 ECTS-Credits in Marketing   Author: Mi Tegnér   Supervisor: Akmal Hyder   Date: 2011-05   Aim: The aim of this thesis is to study in which waySandvik Tooling and certain other international companies’ measure and estimatethe market potential   Method: I have used a qualitative method. This meansthat I have focused on the big picture rather than solely on parts from thecollected material. The qualitative method was based on interviews with 12respondents, both within Sandvik AB and with employees from other internationalcompanies. Furthermore, I have made an interconnection between my empirical andtheoretical part in order to draw conclusions on the findings.   Result & Conclusions: The study shows some importantfactors, which may affect a company´s effort to measure and estimate the marketpotential. They are; gaps may easily appear when customers and companies havedifferent views on quality, price and productivity, too large amounts ofinformation, the importance of new ideas and perspectives. A company canminimize their problems and any errors within the collected material if theywork after similar framework, consisting of clear structures and methodologies.   Suggestions for future research: Future research could be to do asimilar study, to identify methods to measure and estimate market potential forSandvik Tooling but within an international setting. Then compare this resultwith my result to see in which way the perception of market potential differsin the different countries.   Contribution of the thesis: From my research, I have got an understandingthat the process of measuring and estimating companies market potential is notan easy mission. Especially among the companies, which consist of differentbusiness areas, product areas and segment areas. I hope the study will beinteresting for the employee´s working with market potential and businessdevelopment, to see that people within the same company may have differentviews about this subject. I also believe that managers in general would benefitfrom this study, to understand that their employees would like to see a moresimilar framework within the company, when it comes to measure and estimatemarket potential. During this thesis, I found a deficiency of scientificarticles about the subject, measuring a company´s market potential. It had beeninteresting to see if my results corresponded to previous results in the samesubject.   Key words: business areas, benchmarking, estimation,market potential, market shares, measuring

Public traded companies are obliged to account for their operating numbers from time to time. These numbers are usually published in their interim and annual reports. Besides annual accounts and their balance sheet, the income statement provides great value for potential investors and shareholders. This master thesis wants to prove that announcements of operating numbers have verifiable influence on share prices. Event studies are mainly used to determine abnormalities in return series. An event study focuses on the prediction of normal returns with the help of a certain market model and ascertains abnormal returns in a second step. The selection of a suitable market model is the essence of every event study. On the one hand, there are market models which use certain external factors in their regression equation, having influence on returns. On the other hand, a widely range of autoregressive models computes returns on the basis of their own precursors. Furthermore an extension to that is even able to detect and map volatility clustering in return series. Eventually the variety of different market models exhibits that return prediction can only be an approach to real observations. Besides the study of abnormalities on a certain event day, it could be worthwhile to examine intervals in return series prior and afterwards an incident. Keynote of this analysis is that investors and shareholders could detect earnings surprises premature and also trade afterwards a publication on an extraordinary basis. The statistical question raised is whether there are coincidences between significantly more distinct trends in return series and the release of business reports. Furthermore, it is arguable whether these coincidences appear only on a random basis or not. In addition to that, time series of capital market values succumb specific statistical characteristics. Properties like a leptokurtic distribution and weak stationarity constitute prerequisites to subsequent analysis. Additionally autocorrelation of returns is taken into particularly consideration. To sum up, it seems that capital markets provide a diversity of attributes to analyse. Taken all together, these procedures try to disprove capital market efficiency.

This study shows that investor sentiment plays an important role in affecting the pricing dynamics between the spot and futures markets. The empirical evidence suggests that investor sentiment has a positive impact on price volatility and the bid–ask spread on both the spot and futures markets, which induces higher arbitrage risk and trading costs during high sentiment periods. As a consequence, during high sentiment periods, informed traders become less willing to leverage their information advantages on the futures market, which diminishes the futures markets’ leading informational role and contributions to price discovery. My findings provide support for the theory of limits to arbitrage.

This thesis deals with the currently effective legislation on types of shares, which is still relatively new in the Czech Republic as the recodification took place approximately four years ago. The main act that is a subject to the examination of this thesis is the Act no. 90/2012 Coll., on Commercial Companies and Cooperatives (The Business Corporation Act), which provides the main regulation of shares. The aim of this thesis is to find out limits that restrict the contracting autonomy, which was widely broadened with the recodification of the Czech private law, in the process of creating different types of shares. The thesis is divided into four main chapters. First chapter introduces the shares as a type of securities or book-entry securities along with the main characteristics of a share. It also defines an important term for this thesis - the type of share - and the basic types of shares recognized explicitly by the Business Corporation Act. The second chapter concerns with the construction of the types of shares and its limits. It describes the contracting autonomy - one of the main principles of the private law - and different limits of this liberty. These include basic principles of the private law, commercial law principles and company law principles, the provisions of the Civil Code and...

x, 51 p. : ill. / New equity shares are sold for raising capital via a primary seasoned equity offering (SEO). In their 2010 article, Murray Carlson, Adlai Fisher, and Ron Giammarino discovered an intriguing relationship between market volatility and primary SEOs, namely that the volatility decreases before a primary SEO and increases thereafter. This pattern contradicts the real options theory of equity issuance for investment. In this study, I examine in greater detail whether the pre- and post-issue volatility dynamics are related to the probability of issuing new equity. I find little evidence that the decision to conduct a primary SEO depends on changes in market volatility after controlling for previously recognized determinants of SEOs. This reconciles the volatility finding of Carlson et al. with the real options theory of equity issuance for investment. I also examine secondary SEOs, in which only existing equity shares are sold and therefore no capital is raised by the firm. For secondary SEOs, real options theory makes no predictions about risk changes around the events. I find that market volatility tends to decline before a secondary SEO, a finding which warrants further attention. / Committee in charge: Dr. Roberto Gutierrez, Chair; Dr. Ekkehart Boehmer, Member; Dr. Wayne Mikkelson, Member; Dr. Jeremy Piger, Outside Member

abstract: As securities companies occupy an increasingly important position in the national economy, and the most valuable competitive advantage for whom is human resources; therefore, Security Industry practitioners pay close attention to the influences of securities companies' incentive mechanisms regarding to various business types. This paper finds that asymmetry of information in business models is the motivation of the gaming for all participants, through analyzing the differences of various business models of securities brokerage services. Further, various incentive mechanisms under different circumstances result in diverse strategies of gaming. It varies development paths of securities companies. Therefore, the purpose of the paper is to theoretically deduce the most reasonable and optimal securities companies’ incentive mechanism. This paper intends to identify the principle component factors influencing securities brokerage services via questionnaire investigations towards 75 branches under the same securities company and 13 different securities companies, respectively. In addition, based on historical data, the paper aim to explain rationales between adjustments of incentive mechanisms and market shares of securities brokerage services.Lastly, combining author’s personal experience of various incentive mechanisms and development tracks in four securities companies that hopefully presents valuable information and clues for deducing the optimal securities company incentive mechanism. There are two critical agency relationships in securities brokerage services. One is between principals, securities companies, and agents which are directors of branches. The other is between principals, securities companies, and agents which are securities marketers or brokers. Because of such operational setup, information is highly asymmetrical between all parties. It brought prominent problems regarding agency relationship and motivation aspects. Under the certain circumstances, implementation of Incomplete Contracting Theory with franchising models in securities companies is quite useful. Specifically, for the former relationship between securities companies and marketers, the motivation effects of sub-license franchising are better than bonus compensation structure. Fixed salaries without bonus have the worst stimulating effects in such business model. For the latter relationship between securities companies and directors of branches, the agents focus on long term residual value claim rights, since it coincides with agents’ appraisals, focusing on incremental market shares and profit drawings. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2018