This diploma thesis deals with the design of FRP reinforced concrete structures. The theoretical part is focused mainly on the punching shear of a flat two way slab according to ACI, fib Bulletin, CSA, and JSCE standards. This thesis also includes a description of the punching shear resistance according to Eurocode 2. FRP reinforcement, its mechanical properties, and their behaviour in time are also described. Next, a parametric study was performed that examines the effects of various parameters on the punching shear resistance according to the standards mentioned above. At the end a non-linear analysis using the ATENA software was performed. The practical part includes a structural design of a flat two way slab. The slab uses a steel reinforcement at the bottom, while the top is reinforced with FRP reinforcement. The punching shear design is also included. In the last chapter the serviceability limit state is checked, specifically the slab long-term deflection. The thesis also includes drawings. All calculations were performed in accordance with Eurocode 2 and fib Bulletin No. 40.

Ce travail porte sur l’étude expérimentale et numérique de l’écoulement des mousses humides dans un canal horizontal droit de section carrée avec ou sans singularités. Il est consacré tout particulièrement à déterminer les paramètres pertinents de l’écoulement dont la chute de pression longitudinale, les champs de vitesse de l’écoulement de mousse en proche parois, les épaisseurs de films liquides minces et épais en paroi et l’évolution de la contrainte pariétale pour une mousse humide dont la fraction gazeuse varie de 55 à 85% et la vitesse débitante de la mousse est 2, 4 puis 6 cm/s. Une fois ces paramètres déterminés en conduite horizontale droite, nous avons ensuite effectué des mesures sur différentes géométries représentant un élargissement brusque, une chicane verticale et écoulement de mousse autour d’un cylindre, dont le but est d’étudier la réorganisation de l’écoulement en vue de déterminer le comportement rhéologique des mousses en écoulement à l’aval et à l’amont des singularités. Finalement, une étude de simulation numérique (CFD) en utilisant les lois de comportement de type Bingham, pour fluides non newtoniens, a été effectuée afin de tester sa capacité de représenter des écoulements type mousse humide dans une conduite horizontale avec ou sans singularités. Nous avons vérifié tout d’abord l’évolution longitudinale de la pression statique qui est linéaire à l’amont comme à l’aval loin des zones influencées par les singularités. La chute de pression singulière reste à peu près constante pour une vitesse débitante donnée de la mousse. À partir de la technique de Vélocimétrie par Image de Particule (PIV), nous avons déterminé les composantes de vitesse au voisinage immédiat des singularités. Ces mesures nous ont permis de mettre en évidence l’existence de différents régimes d’écoulement, et de déterminer la réorganisation et le comportement rhéologique de l’écoulement de mousse autour des géométries étudiées. L’analyse des mesures d’épaisseur de films liquides, obtenues par la méthode conductimétrique, indique que la paroi reste mouillée par un film liquide suffisamment épais pour qu’on puisse appliquer la méthode électrochimique. Les signaux polarographiques obtenus avec la mousse présentent alors de fortes fluctuations. La comparaison de celles-ci avec les contraintes pariétales déduites à partir des mesures de la chute de pression montre bien une bonne concordance. L’étude numérique (CFD), effectuée pour une fraction volumique de gaz égale à 70% et qui s’écoule avec une vitesse débitante de 2 cm/s, montre que le modèle rhéologique de Bingham pourrait être bien adapté à ce genre de mousse humide évoluant en écoulement en bloc. / This work is an experimental and numerical study of aqueous foam flow inside a horizontal square duct, with and without flow disruption devices (fdd). It is especially devoted to determine the pertinent parameters of the flow: longitudinal pressure losses, velocity fields of foam flow near the walls, liquid film thickness (thick and thin), and the wall shear stress evolution, for an aqueous foam with a void fraction range between 55 and 85%, for a mean foam flow velocity of 2, 4 and 6 cm/s. Once they were determined, inside the horizontal channel, we carried out measurements over different geometries: half-sudden expansion, vertical fence and foam flow around a cylinder. The goal was to study the foam flow reorganization to well understand the rheological behavior of aqueous foam flow in the vicinities of different fdd. Finally, a numerical simulation (CFD), using the Bingham behavior model of non-Newtonian fluid, was undertaken to test its capacity to represent the aqueous foam flow inside the horizontal duct with flow disruption devices. First of all, we verified the static longitudinal pressure evolution, which varies linearly upstream and downstream far from the fdd. The singular pressure loss remains constant for a given mean foam velocity and a foam quality (void fraction). From the Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) technique (2D), we determined the two velocity components in the immediate vicinities of the disruption devices. They allowed us to put into evidence the different foam flow regimes and to observe the foam flow reorganization and rheological behavior through the studied fdd. The slip-layer thickness analysis, obtained using the conductimetry method, shows that the wall presents a liquid film thick enough to apply an electrochemical technique (polarography). Thus, the polarographic signals, obtained for the foam flow, present important fluctuations. They were compared to the wall shear stress deducted from the measurement of pressure losses, showing a good similarity between them. The numerical study (CFD), carried out for aqueous foam flow with a void fraction of 70% and a mean foam flow velocity of 2 cm/s, shows that the Bingham rheological model can be adapted to this kind of aqueous foam flow which is flowing like a block.

Erkrankungen des Herz-Kreislaufsystems sind trotz erheblicher Fortschritte in Diagnostik und Therapie noch immer die häufigste Todesursache in Deutschland. Neben bekannte Risikofaktoren wie Hypercholesterinämie, Hyperlipoproteinämie, Diabetes mellitus, Adipositas, Bewegungsmangel, Stress und hohem Alter wird eine pathophysiologisch erhöhte Bildung reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) als Ursache für deren Entstehung diskutiert. NAD(P)H-Oxidasen, von denen 7 Isoformen der katalytischen Nox-Untereinheiten bekannt sind, stellen dabei die Hauptquelle für vaskuläre Superoxidanionen und oxidativen Stress dar. In dieser Arbeit konnte die vorrangige Bedeutung eines intrazellulär lokalisierten Nox4-haltigen NAD(P)H-Oxidase-Komplexes für die konstitutive Radikalbildung in primären humanen Endothelzellen nachgewiesen werden. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass durch chronische Applikation der biomechanischen Kräfte Schubspannung und Dehnung oxidativer Stress in humanen Endothelzellen in vitro vermindert werden kann. Die Herabregulation der Superoxidanionen-Bildung sowie die vermehrte Freisetzung von NO durch chronische Applikation biomechanischer Kräfte trägt zur positiven Balance von NO/Superoxidanionen und zum vasoprotektiven Potential physiologischer Schubspannung bzw. Dehnung bei. Durch Nox4-Promotordeletionsanalysen und Mutationsstudien konnte der Transkriptionsfaktor AP-1 als entscheidend für die schubspannungsabhängige Herabregulation von Nox4 identifiziert werden. Durch Stimulation von Endothelzellen bzw. murinen Gefäßringen mit oxidiertem LDL konnte dagegen die vaskuläre ROS-Bildung in vitro und ex vivo induziert werden. Zur weiteren Aufklärung des Mechanismus der LDL-induzierten ROS-Bildung in vivo und des Einflusses von NAD(P)H-Oxidasen wurden C57BL/6 (Wildtyp)- und Nox2-/--Mäuse 10 Wochen lang mit einer fettreichen Diät (Western diet) gefüttert und anschließend der Einfluss dieser Fütterung auf die NAD(P)H-Oxidase-Expression und ROS-Bildung analysiert. In der Aorta thoracalis beider Mausstämme zeigte sich durch das fettreiche Futter ein signifikanter Anstieg der NAD(P)H-Oxidase-Aktivität im Vergleich zum Standardfutter. Durch Western diet-Fütterung wurde die Nox4-mRNA-Expression in der A. thoracalis von Nox2-/--Mäuse und die p22phox-mRNA-Expression in beiden Mausstämmen induziert. Die Analyse weiterer Organe (Herz, Niere) zeigte keine Induktion von NAD(P)H-Oxidase-Untereinheiten durch Western diet-Fütterung. Zusammenfassend sprechen die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit für eine entscheidende Rolle der Nox4-haltigen NAD(P)H-Oxidase bei der vaskulären Radikalbildung in vitro und in vivo. / Cardiovascular diseases are the most common causes of death in Germany. Beside the known risk factors hypercholesteremia, hyperlipoproteinemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, stress and high age, a pathophysiologically increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are discussed as cause of development of cardiovascular diseases. Nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complexes have been identified as main source of oxidative stress and vascular superoxide anions. There are 7 known isoforms of the catalytic Nox subunit of the NADPH oxidase. In this dissertation it was shown that NADPH oxidase subunit Nox4 is the major Nox isoform in human endothelial cells. Nox4 could be localized in the perinuclear space. Overexpression of Nox4 enhanced endothelial superoxide anion formation. Furthermore, a reduction of oxidative stress could be demonstrated by chronic application of the biomechanical forces laminar shear stress and cyclic strain in endothelial cells in vitro. The observed downregulation of superoxide anion formation and upregulation of NO formation by application of biomechanical forces contribute to the positive balance between NO and superoxide anion and the vasoprotective potential of physiological shear stress and cyclic strain. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of the human Nox4 promoter revealed that an AP-1 binding site is essential for downregulation of Nox4 by laminar shear stress. On the other hand stimulation of endothelial cells and murine vessels with oxidized lipids caused an upregulation of vascular ROS production in vitro and ex vivo. In order to examine the mechanism of LDL induced ROS formation and the influence of NADPH oxidase, C57BL/6 (wild-type) and Nox2-/- mice were feed with a diet high in fat and sugar (Western-type diet) for 10 weeks. After feeding, the influence of diet on the expression of NADPH oxidase and ROS production was analyzed in the A. thoracalis. Both mice strains showed a significant upregulation of aortic ROS production in comparison to normal chow. The mRNA expression of aortic Nox4 was induced in Nox2-/- mice. Furthermore, the aortic p22phox mRNA expression was upregulated in both mice strains. The analysis of other organs (heart, kidney) showed no influence of the Western-type diet. In conclusion, the results demonstrate a major role of a Nox4 containing NADPH oxidase in the vascular radical formation in vitro and in vivo.

No description available.

In recent years, application of confluent jets for design of ventilation supply devices has been studied. Similarly, numerus studies have been made on the potential and application of variable air volume (VAV) in order to reduce the energy demand of ventilation systems. This study investigates the combination of supply devices based on confluent jets and VAV, both in terms of the nearfield flow behavior of the device and the impact on thermal comfort, indoor air quality and energy efficiency on a classroom-level space when the airflow rate is varied. The method used in this study is an experimental field study where the confluent jets-based supply devices were compared to the previously installed displacement ventilation. The field study evaluated the energy efficiency, thermal comfort and indoor air quality of the two systems. In the case of the confluent jets supply devices, airflow rate was varied in order to see what impact the variation had on the performance of the system for each airflow rate. Furthermore, the confluent jets supply devices were investigated both experimentally and numerically in a well insulated test room to get high resolution data on the particular flow characteristics for this type of supply device when the airflow rate is varied. The results from the field study show nearly uniform distribution of the local mean age of air in the occupied zone, even in the cases of relatively low airflow rates. The airflow rates have no significant effect on the degree of mixing. The thermal comfort in the classroom was increased when the airflow rate was adapted to the heat load compared to the displacement system. The results lead to the conclusion that the combination of supply devices based on confluent jets can reduce energy usage in the school while maintaining indoor air quality and increasing the thermal comfort in the occupied zone. The results from the experimental and numerical study show that the flow pattern and velocity in each nozzle is directly dependent on the total airflow rate. However, the flow pattern does not vary between the three different airflow rates. The numerical investigation shows that velocity profiles for each nozzle have the same pattern regardless of the airflow rate, but the magnitude of the velocity profile increases as the airflow increases. Thus, a supply device of this kind could be used for variable air volume and produce confluent jets for different airflow rates. The results from both studies show that the airflow rate does not affect the distribution of the airflow on both near-field and room level. The distribution of air is nearly uniform in the case of the near-field results and the room-level measurement shows a completely uniform degree of mixing and air quality in the occupied zone for each airflow rate. This means that there is potential for combining these two schemes for designing air distribution systems with high energy efficiency and high thermal comfort and indoor air quality. / Under senare tid har applikation av Confluent jets för design av tilluftsdon studerats. Många studier har även utförts över potentialen av att applicera variabelt luftflöde (VAV) för att minska energianvändningen i ventilationssystem. Denna studie undersöker möjligheten att kombinera Confluent jets-don med VAV, både med avseende på den lokala flödesbilden och dess påverkan på termisk komfort, luftkvalitet och energieffektivitet i en klassrumsmiljö där luftflödes varieras. Denna studie baseras dels på en experimentell fältstudie där tilluftsdon baserade på Confluents jets jämfördes med befintliga deplacerande tilluftsdon. Fältstudien utvärderade energieffektiviteten, den termiska komforten och luftkvaliteten för båda typerna av tillluftsdon. Confluent jets-donen testades under varierat luftflöde för att se påverkan av flödesvariationen på ventilationens prestation under de olika flödena. Utöver fältstudien testades Confluent jets-donen experimentellt och numeriskt i ett välisolerat test-rum för få den detaljerade flödeskarakteristiken för den här typen tilluftsdon vid varierat luftflöde. Resultaten från fältstudien visar på en jämn fördelning av den lokala luftsmedelåldern i vistelsezonen, även för fallen med relativt låga luftflöden. Luftflöden har ingen signifikant effekt på omblandningen. Den termiska komforten i klassrummet ökade när luftflödet anpassades efter värmelasten jämfört med de deplacerande donen. Slutsatsen från fältstudien är att kombinationen av VAV och Confluent jets-don kan användas för att minska energianvändningen på skolan och bevara luftkvaliteten och den termiska komforten i vistelsezonen. Resultaten från den experimental och numeriska studien visar luftflödet och lufthastigheten i varje enskild dysa är direkt beroende på det totala luftflödet genom donet. Dock är flödesfördelningen mellan dysorna oberoende av de tre olika luftflödena. Den numeriska undersökningen visar att flödesprofilen för varje dysa är konstant trots att flödet varieras, men amplituden för varje profil ökar med en höjning av luftflödet. Det betyder att tilluftsdon av den här typen kan användas med VAV för att producera Confluent jets för olika luftflöden. Resultaten från båda studierna visar att luftflöde inte påverkar fördelningen av luften vare sig längs luftdonen eller på rumsnivå. Fördelningen av luften är nästan helt jämn längs donen och på rumsnivå är omblandningen och luftkvalitet den samma för varje luftflöde. Det betyder att det finns potential för att kombinera det här två teknikerna för att designa luftdistribueringssystem med hög energieffektivitet och hög termisk komfort med god luftkvalitet.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) affects every fifth person in the world. The gold-standard treatment for CAD is stent implantation, however, the existing therapy is not sufficient due to many reasons. For instance, in-stent restenosis, biocompatibility, controlled degradation rate, protein adsorption, and adequate endothelialization are still the main concerns. In the last two decades, the field of stent technology has been grown rapidly and many new stent types and in vitro testing methods for stent characterization have been developed to minimize the aforementioned issues. In this vicinity, there are still many unaddressed issues: i) the quantitative analysis of corrosion is conducted with simpler samples made of stent material instead of stents, in most cases due to the absence of a mathematical model to calculate the entire stent surface area (ESSA); ii) in vitro stent testing in environments that are very far from actual physiological environments; iii) Evaluation of the influence of in-vitro test conditions on coated metallic stents; iv) absence of flow-induced shear stress (FISS) corrosion model, to mention a few. This thesis presents the novel ESSA model, the fluid dynamic experimental setup with the integration of various sensors and pH control, the influence of in vitro degradation behavior of the titanium oxynitride (TiOxNy) coated stainless steel stents and anodized AZ31 samples, and the FISS corrosion model. The results show some important contributions in this field, however, there is still a huge potential for the development of promising stent characterization solutions. / Die koronare Herzkrankheit (KHK) betrifft jeden fünften Menschen auf der Welt. Der Goldstandard bei der Behandlung von KHK ist die Stent-Implantation, doch die bestehende Therapie ist aus vielen Gründen nicht ausreichend. So sind beispielsweise die Restenose im Stent, die Biokompatibilität, die kontrollierte Abbaugeschwindigkeit, die Proteinadsorption und die angemessene Endothelialisierung nach wie vor die Hauptprobleme. In den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten hat sich die Stenttechnologie rasant weiterentwickelt, und es wurden viele neue Stenttypen und In-vitro-Testmethoden zur Stentcharakterisierung entwickelt, um die oben genannten Probleme zu minimieren. In dieser Umgebung gibt es noch viele ungelöste Probleme: i) die quantitative Analyse der Korrosion wird mit einfacheren Proben aus Stentmaterial anstelle von Stents durchgeführt, in den meisten Fällen aufgrund des Fehlens eines mathematischen Modells zur Berechnung der gesamten Stentoberfläche (ESSA); ii) In-vitro-Stent-Tests in Umgebungen, die sehr weit von der tatsächlichen physiologischen Umgebung entfernt sind; iii) Bewertung des Einflusses von In-vitro-Testbedingungen auf beschichtete metallische Stents; iv) Fehlen eines FISS-Korrosionsmodells (flow-induced shear stress), um nur einige zu nennen. In dieser Arbeit werden das neuartige ESSA-Modell, der strömungsdynamische Versuchsaufbau mit der Integration verschiedener Sensoren und pH-Kontrolle, der Einfluss des In-vitro-Degradationsverhaltens der mit Titanoxynitrid (TiOxNy) beschichteten Edelstahlstents und anodisierten AZ31-Proben sowie das FISS-Korrosionsmodell vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einige wichtige Beiträge in diesem Bereich, jedoch gibt es noch ein großes Potenzial für die Entwicklung von vielversprechenden Lösungen zur Charakterisierung von Stents.

No description available.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(B)(2) 課題番号:11555183 研究代表者:金武 直幸 研究期間:1999-2001年度

Peripheral vascular grafts are used for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease and arteriovenous grafts for vascular access in end stage renal disease. The development of neo-intimal hyperplasia and thrombosis in the distal anastomosis remains the main reason for occlusion in that region. The local haemodynamics produced by a graft in the host vessel is believed to significantly affect endothelial function. Single spiral flow is a normal feature in medium and large sized vessels and it is induced by the anatomical structure and physiological function of the cardiovascular system. Grafts designed to generate a single spiral flow in the distal anastomosis have been introduced in clinical practice and are known as spiral grafts. In this work, spiral peripheral vascular and arteriovenous grafts were compared with conventional grafts using ultrasound and computational methods to identify their haemodynamic differences. Vascular-graft flow phantoms were developed to house the grafts in different surgical configurations. Mimicking components, with appropriate acoustic properties, were chosen to minimise ultrasound beam refraction and distortion. A dual-beam two-dimensional vector Doppler technique was developed to visualise and quantify vortical structures downstream of each graft outflow in the cross-flow direction. Vorticity mapping and measurements of circulation were acquired based on the vector Doppler data. The flow within the vascular-graft models was simulated with computed tomography based image-guided modelling for further understanding of secondary flow motions and comparison with the experimental results. The computational assessments provided a three-dimensional velocity field in the lumen of the models allowing a range of fluid dynamic parameters to be predicted. Single- or double-spiral flow patterns consisting of a dominant and a smaller vortex were detected in the outflow of the spiral grafts. A double- triple- or tetra-spiral flow pattern was found in the outflow of the conventional graft, depending on model configuration and Reynolds number. These multiple-spiral patterns were associated with increased flow stagnation, separation and instability, which are known to be detrimental for endothelial behaviour. Increased in-plane mixing and wall shear stress, which are considered atheroprotective in normal vessels, were found in the outflow of the spiral devices. The results from the experimental approach were in agreement with those from the computational approach. This study applied ultrasound and computational methods to vascular-graft phantoms in order to characterise the flow field induced by spiral and conventional peripheral vascular and arteriovenous grafts. The results suggest that spiral grafts are associated with advanced local haemodynamics that may protect endothelial function and thereby may prevent their outflow anastomosis from neo-intimal hyperplasia and thrombosis. Consequently this work supports the hypothesis that spiral grafts may decrease outflow stenosis and hence improve patency rates in patients.