Atualmente existe uma demanda por sistemas de comunicação com altas taxas de transferência de dados, trabalhando em ondas milimétricas (mmW). Além disso, os sistemas devem ser cada vez menores, apresentando um baixo consumo de potência e baixo custo para poderem ser utilizados em aplicações sem fio direcionadas ao mercado do consumidor. Neste trabalho, é proposto um defasador passivo miniaturizado de baixas perdas para aplicações em mmW baseado em um conceito inovador utilizando sistemas micro-eletromecânicos (MEMS) distribuídos e linhas de transmissão coplanares de ondas lentas (S-CPW). Assim, a defasagem é conseguida pela liberação das fitadas da camada de blindagem da S-CPW utilizando um processo de corrosão com vapor de HF. As fitas liberadas podem ser movimentadas quando uma tensão DC é aplicada, o que muda a fase do sinal propagado. É apresentado também um modelo eletromecânico e RF do defasador, compostos de elementos concentrados, permitindo a simulação do comportamento dinâmico do dispositivos e a mudança da fase. O defasador foi fabricado utilizando um processo realizado integralmente no Laboratório de Microeletrônica da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Alguns testes elétricos de atuação, demonstram que o processo de fabricação é viável e permitiu a liberação e atuação do plano de blindagem. / There is a demand for millimeter-wave (mmW) high data-rate communication systems. Systems should have small area as well as low power consumption and low cost in order to address wireless consumer applications. In this work, a low-loss distributed microelectromechanical (MEMS) phase shifter for mmW applications based on an innovative concept using distributed MEMS and slow-wave coplanar transmission lines (S-CPW) is proposed. The phase shift is achieved by releasing the ribbons of the shielding layer of the S-CPW with a HF vapor etching process. In this way the ribbons can be allows actuated when a DC voltage is applied, which changes the phase of the propagating signal. An electromechanical model and a RF model were developed using lumped elements, allowing the simulation of the dynamic behavior of the distributed MEMS and the phase shift. The phase shifter was entirely fabricated at the Laboratory of Microelectronics of the Polytechnic School from the University of São Paulo. Some electrical tests showed that the fabrication process is viable and allowed the correct release of the shielding layer of the phase shifter.

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die radiometrische Nutzung von Wellenlängenschiebern an Elektronenspeicherringen. Die grundsätzlichen Aspekte der Radiometrie, der technischen Voraussetzungen und des Einflusses von Wellenlängenschiebern auf den Speicherring werden am Beispiel eines bei BESSY installierten Gerätes aufgezeigt. Ein Großteil der Rechnungen wurden mit dem Programm WAVE durchgeführt, das im Rahmen der Arbeit entwickelt wurde. WAVE erlaubt die Berechnung der Synchrotronstrahlung von Wellenlängenschiebern mit einer relativen Unsicherheit von 1/100000. Maschinenphysikalische Eigenschaften eines Wellenlängenschiebers und eine Erzeugenden-Funktion für symplektische Tracking-Rechnungen können ebenfalls mit WAVE berechnet werden. Letztere wurden in den Tracking-Code BETA implementiert. Damit lassen sich die Einflüsse von Insertion Devices auf die dynamische Apertur und die Emittanz des Speicherringes untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studien führten zum Konzept alternierender High- und Low-Beta-Sektionen, die den Betrieb supraleitender Insertion Devices bei BESSY-II ohne signifikante Störung der Speicherringoptik ermöglichen. Um auch die experimentelle Seite der Radiometrie an Wellenlängenschiebern zu untersuchen, wurde ein Programm auf der Basis des Monte-Carlo-Codes GEANT4 entwickelt. Es erlaubt die Simulation der radiometrischen Messung und der Absorptionseigenschaften des Detektors. Mit den entwickelten Programmen wurden erste radiometrische Messungen der PTB analysiert. Ein Vergleich zwischen Messungen und Rechnung zeigt eine zufriedenstellende Übereinstimmung mit Abweichungen von ca. fünf Prozent für Messungen im Energiebereich zwischen 40 keV und 120 keV hinter einem 1-mm-Kupferfilter. Eine bessere Übereinstimmung wurde im Bereich von 20 - 80 keV ohne Kupferfilter erzielt. In diesem Fall stimmen die gemessenen Daten im Rahmen der systematischen Unsicherheiten von zwei Prozent mit den Rechnungen überein. / Subject of this thesis are the operation of wave-length shifters at electron storage rings and their use in radiometry. The basic aspects of the radiometry, the technical requirements, the influence of wave-length shifters on the storage ring, and results of first measurements are presented for a device installed at BESSY. Most of the calculations are carried out by the program WAVE, which has been developed within this thesis. WAVE allows to calculate the synchrotron radiation spectra of wave-length shifters within an relative uncertainty of 1/100000. The properties of wave-length shifters in terms of accelerator physics as well as a generating function for symplectic tracking calculations can also be calculated by WAVE. The later was implemented in the tracking code BETA to investigate the influence of insertion devices on the dynamic aperture and emittance of the storage ring. These studies led to the concept of alternating low- and high-beta-sections at BESSY-II, which allow to operate superconducting insertion devices without a significant distortion of the magnetic optics. To investigate the experimentel aspects of the radiometry at wave-length shifters, a program based on the Monte-Carlo-code GEANT4 has been developed. It allows to simulate the radiometrical measurements and the absorption properties of detektors. With the developed codes first radiometrical measurements by the PTB have been analysed. A comparision of measurements and calculations show a reasonable agreement with deviations of about five percent in the spectral range of 40 - 60 keV behind a 1-mm-Cu filter. A better agreement was found between 20 keV and 80 keV without Cu filter. In this case the measured data agreed within a systematic uncertainty of two percent with the results of the calculations.

The delivery of tunable millimetre-wave components at 60GHz is of research and development interests with the advent of 5G era. Among applications such as high-data-rate wireless communications, high-precision automotive radars and hand-gesture sensing, variable phase shifters are vital components for antenna arrays to steer an electromagnetic beam without mechanical movement. However, present microwave technology has limited scope in meeting more and more stringent requirements in wavefront phase control and device performance for those cutting-edge applications in the millimetre-wavelength range. Although some existing microwave switchable techniques (such as RF MEMS and solid-state p-i-n diodes) can offer ultra-fast speed for phase modulation, their binary beam-steering nature is resolution-limited and thereby degrades the beam-scanning performance. In response to this, continuously-tunable phase shifting can be realised by using tunable dielectric materials such as ferroelectric BST and liquid crystals (LCs). BST thin films can offer relatively fast switching and modest tunability. However, the increased dielectric loss beyond 10GHz impedes their implementation for higher frequency applications. By comparison, liquid crystals (LCs) have drawn attention in recent years because of their continuous tunability as well as low losses especially at millimetre-wavebands. The principle of shifting the phase continuously is based on the shape anisotropy of LC molecules for variable polarizabilities and hence tunable dielectric constants, which allows wave speed to be controlled with ease by a low-frequency field of only up to 10V. However, LC-based tunable delay lines are not well established in the frequency regime of 60GHz-90GHz because of the limited status of LC microwave technology in which most of the LC based devices have been designed for below 40GHz. It is the aim of this PhD research to bridge the gap and address future societal needs based on our group's focus and experience in developing cutting-edge LC-based agile microwave components. In this work, a liquid crystal (LC) based 0-180˚continuously-variable phase shifter is developed with insertion loss less than -4.4dB and return loss below -15dB across a wide spectrum from 54GHz to 67GHz. The device is driven by a 0-10V AC bias and structured in a novel enclosed coplanar waveguide (ECPW) including an enclosed ground plate in the design, which significantly reduces the instability due to floating effects of the transmission line. This structure screens out interference and stray modes, allowing resonance-free quasi-TEM wave propagation up to 90GHz. The tunable ECPW is optimised by competing spatial volume distribution of the millimetre-wave signal occupying lossy tunable dielectrics versus low-loss but non-tunable dielectrics and minimising the total of dielectric volumetric loss and metal surface loss for a fixed phase-tuning range. A variety of influences affecting the actual device performance are studied, experimented and optimised. Fabricated prototypes exhibit wideband low-loss performance and 0-π continuous tuning with low power consumptions and high linearity compared with the state-of-the-arts. Potentially, the ECPW-fed phased antenna array will be incorporated with advanced beam-forming algorithms to develop compact beam-steering systems of improved performances and targeted for ultra-high-data-rate wireless communications, inter-satellite communications, current road safety improvement, futuristic autonomous driving, and other smart devices such as the hand-gesture recognition.

Atualmente existe uma demanda por sistemas de comunicação com altas taxas de transferência de dados, trabalhando em ondas milimétricas (mmW). Além disso, os sistemas devem ser cada vez menores, apresentando um baixo consumo de potência e baixo custo para poderem ser utilizados em aplicações sem fio direcionadas ao mercado do consumidor. Neste trabalho, é proposto um defasador passivo miniaturizado de baixas perdas para aplicações em mmW baseado em um conceito inovador utilizando sistemas micro-eletromecânicos (MEMS) distribuídos e linhas de transmissão coplanares de ondas lentas (S-CPW). Assim, a defasagem é conseguida pela liberação das fitadas da camada de blindagem da S-CPW utilizando um processo de corrosão com vapor de HF. As fitas liberadas podem ser movimentadas quando uma tensão DC é aplicada, o que muda a fase do sinal propagado. É apresentado também um modelo eletromecânico e RF do defasador, compostos de elementos concentrados, permitindo a simulação do comportamento dinâmico do dispositivos e a mudança da fase. O defasador foi fabricado utilizando um processo realizado integralmente no Laboratório de Microeletrônica da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Alguns testes elétricos de atuação, demonstram que o processo de fabricação é viável e permitiu a liberação e atuação do plano de blindagem. / There is a demand for millimeter-wave (mmW) high data-rate communication systems. Systems should have small area as well as low power consumption and low cost in order to address wireless consumer applications. In this work, a low-loss distributed microelectromechanical (MEMS) phase shifter for mmW applications based on an innovative concept using distributed MEMS and slow-wave coplanar transmission lines (S-CPW) is proposed. The phase shift is achieved by releasing the ribbons of the shielding layer of the S-CPW with a HF vapor etching process. In this way the ribbons can be allows actuated when a DC voltage is applied, which changes the phase of the propagating signal. An electromechanical model and a RF model were developed using lumped elements, allowing the simulation of the dynamic behavior of the distributed MEMS and the phase shift. The phase shifter was entirely fabricated at the Laboratory of Microelectronics of the Polytechnic School from the University of São Paulo. Some electrical tests showed that the fabrication process is viable and allowed the correct release of the shielding layer of the phase shifter.

<p>Designing an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) must be starting with careful preparations, otherwise the chip will not be as good as possible. The theoretical studies must cover everything from the chip circuits to the application structure. In mobile applications there is extremely important that the current consumption becomes minimized because the battery power is limited. The power reductions studies must include the most power costing circuits on the chip. When the whole circuit or segments of the circuit is not in use, they must switch fast and simple into another mode that consume nearly none power. This mode is called sleep-mode. If the sleep-mode has very low leakage currents, the lifetime of the application will dramatically increase. </p><p>This report studies the most power costing circuits in smartcard application ASIC. The chip should be used to control a LCD display on the smartcard. The circuits that have been investigated are level shifters, charge pumps and LCD drivers, also sleep-mode configuration possibilities have been investigated. Other small preparing work is also included in the thesis.</p>

Several microwave devices and antennas that are based on negative-refractive-index transmission-line (NRI-TL) metamaterials are presented in this thesis, which exhibit superior performance features compared to their conventional counterparts. These are a Wilkinson balun, a 1:4 series power divider, a four-element printed dipole array, a leaky-wave antenna, and an electrically small folded-monopole antenna. The Wilkinson balun employs +90° and −90° NRI-TL metamaterial lines at the output branches of a Wilkinson divider, to achieve a six-fold increase in the measured differential output phase bandwidth compared to that of an analogous balun employing transmission lines, while occupying only 55% of the area. The 1:4 series power divider comprises four non-radiating 0° NRI-TL metamaterial lines, each with a compact length of λ0/8, to provide equal power split to all four output ports. Compared to a conventional series power divider employing one-wavelength long transmission lines, the metamaterial divider provides a 154% increase in the measured through-power bandwidth, while occupying only 54% of the area. The metamaterial series power dividing concept is also applied to a four-element fully-printed dipole array that is designed to radiate at broadside, in order to demonstrate that the array exhibits reduced beam squinting characteristics. It is shown that the metamaterial-fed array has a measured scan-angle bandwidth that is 173% greater than an array that is fed using a conventional low-pass loaded line. The reduced-beam squinting property that NRI-TL metamaterial lines offer is subsequently exploited to create a leaky-wave antenna that radiates a near-fixed beam in the forward +45° direction, with an average measured beam squint of only 0.031°/MHz. This is achieved by operating the antenna in the upper right-handed band where the phase and group velocities are the closest to the speed of light. Finally, an electrically small antenna comprising four 0° NRI-TL metamaterial unit cells is presented which supports a predominantly even-mode current, thus enabling it to be modeled as a multi-arm folded monopole. This significantly increases its radiation resistance, which allows it to be matched to 50 Ω, while maintaining a high measured efficiency of 70%.

Several microwave devices and antennas that are based on negative-refractive-index transmission-line (NRI-TL) metamaterials are presented in this thesis, which exhibit superior performance features compared to their conventional counterparts. These are a Wilkinson balun, a 1:4 series power divider, a four-element printed dipole array, a leaky-wave antenna, and an electrically small folded-monopole antenna. The Wilkinson balun employs +90° and −90° NRI-TL metamaterial lines at the output branches of a Wilkinson divider, to achieve a six-fold increase in the measured differential output phase bandwidth compared to that of an analogous balun employing transmission lines, while occupying only 55% of the area. The 1:4 series power divider comprises four non-radiating 0° NRI-TL metamaterial lines, each with a compact length of λ0/8, to provide equal power split to all four output ports. Compared to a conventional series power divider employing one-wavelength long transmission lines, the metamaterial divider provides a 154% increase in the measured through-power bandwidth, while occupying only 54% of the area. The metamaterial series power dividing concept is also applied to a four-element fully-printed dipole array that is designed to radiate at broadside, in order to demonstrate that the array exhibits reduced beam squinting characteristics. It is shown that the metamaterial-fed array has a measured scan-angle bandwidth that is 173% greater than an array that is fed using a conventional low-pass loaded line. The reduced-beam squinting property that NRI-TL metamaterial lines offer is subsequently exploited to create a leaky-wave antenna that radiates a near-fixed beam in the forward +45° direction, with an average measured beam squint of only 0.031°/MHz. This is achieved by operating the antenna in the upper right-handed band where the phase and group velocities are the closest to the speed of light. Finally, an electrically small antenna comprising four 0° NRI-TL metamaterial unit cells is presented which supports a predominantly even-mode current, thus enabling it to be modeled as a multi-arm folded monopole. This significantly increases its radiation resistance, which allows it to be matched to 50 Ω, while maintaining a high measured efficiency of 70%.

Designing CMOS linear transmitter front-end, specially the power amplifiers (PAs), in multi-band wireless transceivers is a major challenge for the single-chip integration of a CMOS radio. In some of the linear PA systems, for example, polar- or predistortion-PA system, amplitude and phase control circuits are used to suppress the distortion produces by the PA core. The requirements of these controlling circuits are much different from their conventional role in a receiver or a phase array system. In this dissertation, the special design issues will be addressed, and the circuit topologies of the amplitude and phase controllers will be proposed. In attempt to control the high-power input signal of a PA system, a highly linear variable attenuator with adaptive body biasing is first introduced. The voltage swing on the signal path is intentionally coupled to the body terminal of the triple-well NMOS devices to reduce their impedance variation. The fabricated variable attenuator shows a significant improvement on linearity as compared to previous CMOS works. The results of this research are then used to build a variable gain amplifier for linear PA systems that requires gain of its amplitude tuning circuits. Different from the conventional attenuator-based VGAs, the high linearity of the suggested attenuator allows it to be put after the gain stage in the presented VGA topology. This arrangement along with the current boosting technique gives the VGA a better noise performance while having a linear-in-dB tuning curve and better worst-case linearity. The following part of the dissertation is about a compact, linear-in-degree tuned variable phase shifter as the phase controller in the PA system. This design uses a modified RC poly-phase filter to produce a set of an orthogonal phase vectors with smaller loss. A specially designed control circuit combines these vectors and generates an output signal with different phases, while having very small gain mismatches at different phase setting. The proposed amplitude and phase control circuits are then verified with a system level analysis. The results show that the proposed designs successfully reduce the non-linear effect of a wireless transmitter.

Designing an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) must be starting with careful preparations, otherwise the chip will not be as good as possible. The theoretical studies must cover everything from the chip circuits to the application structure. In mobile applications there is extremely important that the current consumption becomes minimized because the battery power is limited. The power reductions studies must include the most power costing circuits on the chip. When the whole circuit or segments of the circuit is not in use, they must switch fast and simple into another mode that consume nearly none power. This mode is called sleep-mode. If the sleep-mode has very low leakage currents, the lifetime of the application will dramatically increase. This report studies the most power costing circuits in smartcard application ASIC. The chip should be used to control a LCD display on the smartcard. The circuits that have been investigated are level shifters, charge pumps and LCD drivers, also sleep-mode configuration possibilities have been investigated. Other small preparing work is also included in the thesis.

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt integrierte Hochvolt-Schaltungen für die Ansteuerung elektrostatisch arbeitender Mikroaktoren und Mikroaktorarrays. Im Besonderen wird auf die Gesichtspunkte der Treiberschaltungen von Torsionsspiegelarrays eingegangen. Es werden verschiedene Verstärkerbetriebsarten und Schaltungsvarianten hinsichtlich der Ansteuerung kleiner kapazitiver Lasten beurteilt. Für die hocheffiziente Signalübertragung zwischen Low-Side und High-Side in geschalteten Hochvolt-Verstärkern wird ein neuer dynamischer Level-Shifter vorgestellt. Anhand eines gebondeten Mikroelektronik-Mikromechanik-Aufbaus für ein Hadamard-Transformations-Spektrometer werden die speziellen Aspekte des Elektronikentwurfs für ein System-in-Package aufgezeigt. Als Entwurfsgrundlage wird ein Überblick über die wesentlichen Isolationstechnologien für integrierte Hochvolt-Schaltungen und über die Bauelementemodellierung in einer SOI-Technologie ausgearbeitet. Außerdem werden die Vor- und Nachteile der wichtigsten Antriebsprinzipien von Mikroaktoren zusammengefasst.