The problem of the study was to determine the implications for the collegiate secretarial curriculum based on the need for and use of shorthand by secretaries employed by large businesses in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. The purposes of the study were to determine if colleges are justified in offering manual shorthand within their curriculum with the rapid growth of automation in the business world today. It was also the purpose of the study to determine if there was a demand for secretaries with the skill of manual shorthand in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. Shorthand was found to be important for recording telephone messages, notes, and instructions, as indicated by the majority of the secretaries.

Statement of Purpose: The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to ascertain the value of the training received in the one-year shorthand program at the Cedar City High School, Cedar City, Utah, as indicated by the graduates of the program; and (2) to suggest ways in which the Cedar City High School business education department may improve the curricula insofar as the one-year shorthand program is concerned. Methods and Sources Used: A follow-up study in the form of a survey was made of the graduates of Cedar City High School who participated in the one-year shorthand program. Permission to perform the study was obtained from the school administration, and names of participants were taken from the school records. A questionnaire containing pertinent information was sent to each graduate participating in the program during the years 1959-1960 and 1965-1966. The responses of each were compiled as a part of this thesis. Summary of Findings: After graduating from the vocational shorthand program, students are finding jobs which require little or no shorthand skill. With 29 out of 76 graduates finding employment in which they can use their shorthand skill, a great deal of information and sources need to be made available to students concerning shorthand job opportunities. Thirty of the graduates made an effort to strengthen their shorthand skills in business college, junior college, and university programs. Sixty-two (72 per cent) of the responding graduates indicated a lower ability level in shorthand than they had attained in high school. Students may not be aware of the educational opportunities available in the community in which they can refresh their shorthand skills. The stenographic office practice course is not used to provide practice in dictation and transcription. Sixty per cent of the graduates were allowed to skip this valuable part of the course in which reinforcement of shorthand skills can be accomplished. Evidently, students would rather take other courses in the school curriculum than continue with the advised shorthand program. Students do not seem to be developing high rates of transcription speeds because of the limited time available in which the skill is taught, learned, and developed. Evidently dictation and transcription skills are taught and learned as separate activities instead of as a fusion of both. The low proficiency demonstrated in transcription activities (18 to 25 words a minute ) may indicate the need for a fused program.

Dresden ist nach Baden-Baden die zweite deutsche Stadt, die Fjodor Michailowitsch Dostojewski ein Denkmal setzte. Es steht am linken Elbufer, hinter dem Landtag in Höhe des Hotels „Maritim“ und wurde am 10. Oktober 2006 in Gegenwart der Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel und des russischen Präsidenten Wladimir Putin feierlich eingeweiht.

In seventeenth-century England, pursuits of knowledge were shaped by two seemingly paradoxical, yet interwoven beliefs: a persistent belief in the devastating effects of the Fall on human reason, and a growing trust in human ability to sharpen understanding and pierce the seemingly impenetrable. This dissertation explores how writers of works of physiognomy, shorthand, astrology and secret history simultaneously presented human conjecture and intuition as limited and flawed but also capable of providing ordinary people with access to privileged information. The authors of these “do-it-yourself” manuals made distinctions between God’s secrecy and human secrecy and provided tips on how each could be tapped. Physiognomy inspired constant searching for hidden sources of insight; shorthand encouraged the sense that there was often more than met the eye; astrology emphasized the usefulness of uncertainty. Secret histories suggested that the very skills which the practices of physiognomy, shorthand, and astrology honed could be used to unveil the secrets of carnal monarchs, ministers, and royal mistresses. Over the course of the seventeenth century, the limits of attainable knowledge – and who could reliably present and access it – were being defined and redefined. To leading philosophers and political figures, human uncertainty necessitated the weighing of probabilities and the idealization of transparent, empirical and elite approaches to information. I argue that to writers of physiognomy, shorthand, astrology, and secret history, it reinforced the notion that arcane knowledge could be accessed by anyone. Such writers variously suggested that information that mattered to people’s daily lives depended upon personalized, conjectural and intuitive approaches to knowing. In short, secrets that were once divine and impenetrable were actually up for grabs. / Graduate / 2019-09-10

The purpose of the study was to compare the occupational aptitude scores of students enrolled in beginning and advanced clerical courses in the School of Business Administration at North Texas State College, Denton, Texas, with the academic grades of these same students to determine the relationship between the academic grades received and the occupational aptitude score indicated by the General Aptitude Test Battery.

"The purpose of this paper was to make an investigation of the first-year shorthand failures in the Pepperell High School of Lindale, Georgia. Every endeavor was made to locate the cause or causes of each failure in the course as a means of finding ways by which shorthand teachers might better counsel with pupils who express a desire to enroll in beginning shorthand"--Introduction. / "August, 1959." / Typescript. / "Submitted to the Graduate School of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." / Advisor: J. Frank Dame, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-43).

Dresden ist nach Baden-Baden die zweite deutsche Stadt, die Fjodor Michailowitsch Dostojewski ein Denkmal setzte. Es steht am linken Elbufer, hinter dem Landtag in Höhe des Hotels „Maritim“ und wurde am 10. Oktober 2006 in Gegenwart der Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel und des russischen Präsidenten Wladimir Putin feierlich eingeweiht.

A study of shorthand usage as perceived by selected Ogden, Utah business executives was conducted to determine if curriculum changes must be made in Business Education Department programs in order to meet the secretarial training requirements of Ogden, Utah Business. Data were collected by telephone interview from 84 businessmen who employed one or more secretaries. These data were stratified according to type of business and size of business. Secretarial employment was stratified according to shorthand as a job requirement and to shorthand utilization of the job. In addition, utilization of shorthand supplements and substitutes was analyzed. Trends were determined by comparing three time periods: 1971, 1974, and projected 1977.

In der Dolmetschwissenschaft wird die Stenografie größtenteils mit Skepsis betrachtet. Während es einzelne Stimmen gibt, die einen möglichen Nutzen derselben beim Notationsvorgang des Konsekutivdolmetschens sehen, wird das Stenografieren in diesem Rahmen insgesamt kritisch gesehen. Weit verbreitet ist die Ansicht, dass eine Kurzschrift lediglich beim Erstellen von Wortprotokollen eingesetzt werden sollte. Diese Arbeit geht der Frage auf den Grund, inwiefern die Stenografie, konkret die Deutsche Einheitskurzschrift (DEK), dennoch beim Notationsvorgang des konsekutiven Dolmetschens hilfreich sein kann. Als Grundlage hierfür dient die Analyse der Verdolmetschungen einer Reihe kurzer Reden, die über den Zeitraum von etwa einem Jahr im Selbstversuch unter ausschließlicher oder anteiliger Verwendung der DEK-Vorstufe Notizschrift und der Verkehrsschrift konsekutiv verdolmetscht wurden. Die Schwierigkeit der Reden wurde dabei schrittweise gesteigert. Der Fokus der Analyse liegt auf dem Sprachenpaar Englisch-Deutsch, wobei auch Besonderheiten für Spanisch-Deutsch aufgezeigt werden. Betrachtet werden hierbei sowohl die Notizen selbst als auch die Dolmetschleistung. Die Originalreden können über das Speech Repository der Europäischen Kommission aufgerufen werden. Es konnte abgeleitet werden, dass die Stenografie eine wertvolle Ergänzung für die Notation sein kann, wenn sie in Kombination mit anderen bekannten Notizentechniken angewendet wird. Eine frühzeitige Vermittlung der DEK in der Laufbahn von Dolmetscher:innen ist dabei als sinnvoll anzusehen, damit diese früh in ein individuell zu entwickelndes System eingebunden werden kann.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1 2 Kurzüberblick Konferenzdolmetschen 3 2.1 Einführung in das Konsekutivdolmetschen 5 2.2 Einsatzbereiche beim Konsekutivdolmetschen 7 3 Einführung in die Stenografie 9 3.1 Was ist und woher kommt Stenografie? 9 3.1.1 Anfänge 10 3.1.2 Entwicklung stenografischer Systeme in Europa 11 3.1.2.1 England 12 3.1.2.2 Romanischer Sprachraum 13 3.1.2.3 Deutschland 15 3.1.3 Die Deutsche Einheitskurzschrift (DEK) 18 3.1.4 Stenografie heute 19 3.2 Grundlagen der DEK 21 3.2.1 Stufe 1 – Notizschrift 24 3.2.2 Stufe 2 – Verkehrsschrift 25 3.2.3 Stufe 3 – Eilschrift 27 3.2.4 Stufe 4 – Redeschrift 29 3.2.5 Zusammenhänge 31 4 Übersicht zur Notation 32 4.1 Grundlagen der Notizentechnik 33 4.2 Gedächtnis und Notation 35 4.3 Notationssystem nach Gillies 38 4.4 Notationssystem nach Matyssek 41 4.5 Mögliche Anwendung der Stenografie 44 5 Stenografie im Selbstversuch 46 5.1 Versuchsaufbau 46 5.1.1 Zeitlicher Rahmen 48 5.1.2 Sprachrichtungen 49 5.1.3 Verwendetes Stenografiesystem 49 5.2 Auswertung 50 5.2.1 Kriterien für die Auswertung 51 5.2.2 Auswertung Sprachenpaar Englisch, Deutsch 52 5.2.2.1 Deutsch-Englisch 52 5.2.2.2 Englisch-Deutsch 77 5.2.3 Ergänzungen Sprachenpaar Spanisch, Deutsch 94 5.2.3.1 Deutsch-Spanisch 94 5.2.3.2 Spanisch-Deutsch 104 5.3 Bedeutung für Notation und Lehre 111 5.3.1 Stenografie als Alternative zur klassischen Notizentechnik 111 5.3.2 Stenografie als Ergänzungsmöglichkeit bei der Notation 112 5.3.3 Stenografieunterricht für Dolmetschstudierende 113 6. Schlussbetrachtung 116 Literaturverzeichnis 117 Anhang i Anhang I: Material zu einem Gespräch mit Dr. Roth vom 16.03.2022 i Anhang Ia: Transkript zu Gesprächsauszügen vom 16.03.2022 i Anhang Ib: Einverständniserklärung zur Verwendung des Transkripts xix Anhang II: Elektronischer Datenträger xx Eidesstattliche Erklärung / In interpreting studies, there is considerable scepticism about the use of shorthand. While some researchers do see a possible benefit in shorthand when applied in consecutive interpreting, the vast majority is not recommending its use. The opinion that shorthand should only be used when preparing verbatim minutes is widely spread. This paper investigates to what extent shorthand, more precisely, the DEK (German Unified Shorthand), could still be of use in consecutive note-taking and thus, interpreting. The underlying analysis is based on several short speeches that were interpreted consecutively by the author over a period of approximately a year, while exclusively or partly using shorthand for note-taking. The analysis is mainly based on the so-called note-taking style (Notizschrift) which is a preliminary stage of the first official level of shorthand: correspondence style (Verkehrsschrift). The level of difficulty of the speeches was gradually increased over time. The focus is on the English-German language pair, although there are some particularities mentioned for Spanish-German as well. The notes themselves and the respective interpreting results form the basis of the analysis. The original speeches can be found in the Speech Repository of the European Commission. It was found that shorthand can indeed be a valuable complement to other note-taking techniques when used together with them. Therefore, it should be taught relatively early during an interpreter’s career to avoid having to later fit it in with an already existing system that each interpreter develops individually.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1 2 Kurzüberblick Konferenzdolmetschen 3 2.1 Einführung in das Konsekutivdolmetschen 5 2.2 Einsatzbereiche beim Konsekutivdolmetschen 7 3 Einführung in die Stenografie 9 3.1 Was ist und woher kommt Stenografie? 9 3.1.1 Anfänge 10 3.1.2 Entwicklung stenografischer Systeme in Europa 11 3.1.2.1 England 12 3.1.2.2 Romanischer Sprachraum 13 3.1.2.3 Deutschland 15 3.1.3 Die Deutsche Einheitskurzschrift (DEK) 18 3.1.4 Stenografie heute 19 3.2 Grundlagen der DEK 21 3.2.1 Stufe 1 – Notizschrift 24 3.2.2 Stufe 2 – Verkehrsschrift 25 3.2.3 Stufe 3 – Eilschrift 27 3.2.4 Stufe 4 – Redeschrift 29 3.2.5 Zusammenhänge 31 4 Übersicht zur Notation 32 4.1 Grundlagen der Notizentechnik 33 4.2 Gedächtnis und Notation 35 4.3 Notationssystem nach Gillies 38 4.4 Notationssystem nach Matyssek 41 4.5 Mögliche Anwendung der Stenografie 44 5 Stenografie im Selbstversuch 46 5.1 Versuchsaufbau 46 5.1.1 Zeitlicher Rahmen 48 5.1.2 Sprachrichtungen 49 5.1.3 Verwendetes Stenografiesystem 49 5.2 Auswertung 50 5.2.1 Kriterien für die Auswertung 51 5.2.2 Auswertung Sprachenpaar Englisch, Deutsch 52 5.2.2.1 Deutsch-Englisch 52 5.2.2.2 Englisch-Deutsch 77 5.2.3 Ergänzungen Sprachenpaar Spanisch, Deutsch 94 5.2.3.1 Deutsch-Spanisch 94 5.2.3.2 Spanisch-Deutsch 104 5.3 Bedeutung für Notation und Lehre 111 5.3.1 Stenografie als Alternative zur klassischen Notizentechnik 111 5.3.2 Stenografie als Ergänzungsmöglichkeit bei der Notation 112 5.3.3 Stenografieunterricht für Dolmetschstudierende 113 6. Schlussbetrachtung 116 Literaturverzeichnis 117 Anhang i Anhang I: Material zu einem Gespräch mit Dr. Roth vom 16.03.2022 i Anhang Ia: Transkript zu Gesprächsauszügen vom 16.03.2022 i Anhang Ib: Einverständniserklärung zur Verwendung des Transkripts xix Anhang II: Elektronischer Datenträger xx Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Mobile devices gain increasing computational power and storage capabilities, and there are already mobile phones that can show movies, act as digital music players and offer full-scale web browsing. The bottleneck for information flow is however limited by the inefficient communication channel between the user and the small device. The small mobile phone form factor has proven to be surprisingly difficult to overcome and limited text entry capabilities are in effect crippling mobile devices’ use experience. The desktop keyboard is too large for mobile phones, and the keypad too limited. In recent years, advanced mobile phones have come equipped with touch-screens that enable new text entry solutions. This dissertation explores how software keyboards on touch-screens can be improved to provide an efficient and practical text and command entry experience on mobile devices. The central hypothesis is that it is possible to combine three elements: software keyboard, language redundancy and pattern recognition, and create new effective interfaces for text entry and control. These are collectively called “shape writing” interfaces. Words form shapes on the software keyboard layout. Users write words by articulating the shapes for words on the software keyboard. Two classes of shape writing interfaces are developed and analyzed: discrete and continuous shape writing. The former recognizes users’ pen or finger tapping motion as discrete patterns on the touch-screen. The latter recognizes users’ continuous motion patterns. Experimental results show that novice users can write text with an average entry rate of 25 wpm and an error rate of 1% after 35 minutes of practice. An accelerated novice learning experiment shows that users can exactly copy a single well-practiced phrase with an average entry rate of 46.5 wpm, with individual phrase entry rate measurements up to 99 wpm. When used as a control interface, users can send commands to applications 1.6 times faster than using de-facto standard linear pull-down menus. Visual command preview leads to significantly less errors and shorter gestures for unpracticed commands. Taken together, the quantitative results show that shape writing is among the fastest mobile interfaces for text entry and control, both initially and after practice, that are currently known.