Over the past several decades, there have been numerous attempts to utilize synthetic dsRNA to control tumor growth in animal models and clinical trials. Recently, it has become clear that intracellular dsRNA is more effective than extracellular dsRNA in promoting apoptosis and orchestrating adaptive immune response. To overcome the difficulty in delivering a large dose of synthetic dsRNA into tumors, while avoiding systemic toxicity we propose to deliver a RNA replicase-based plasmid DNA, hypothesizing that the dsRNA generated by the replicase-based plasmid in tumor cells will inhibit tumor growth. We evaluated the anti-tumor activity of a plasmid (pSIN-beta) that encodes the sindbis RNA replicase genes in mice with model tumors (TC-1 lung cancer cells or B16 melanoma cells) and compared it to a traditional pCMV-beta plasmid. In cell culture, transfection of tumor cells with pSIN-beta generated dsRNA. In mice with model tumors, pSIN-beta more effectively inhibited tumor growth than pCMV-beta, and in some cases, eradicated the tumors. RNA replicase-based plasmid may be exploited to generate intracellular dsRNA to control tumor growth. The feasibility of further improving the antitumor activity of the RNA replicase-based plasmid by targeting it into tumors cells was also evaluated. An epidermal growth factor (EGF)-conjugated, PEGylated cationic liposome was developed to deliver the RNA replicase-based plasmid, pSIN-beta, into EGFR-over-expressing human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-468) in vitro and in vivo. Delivery of the pSIN-beta using the EGF receptor-targeted liposome more effectively controlled the growth of MDA-MB-468 tumors in mice than using un-targeted liposome. Finally the potential of further improving the antitumor activity of the pSIN-beta plasmid by incorporating interleukin-2 (IL2) gene into the plasmid was investigated. The resultant pSIN-IL2 plasmid was delivered to mouse melanoma cells that over-express the sigma receptor. The pSIN-IL2 plasmid was more effective at controlling the growth of B16 melanoma in mice when complexed with sigma receptor targeted AA-PEG-liposomes than with the untargeted liposomes. Importantly, the pSIN-IL2 plasmid was more effective than pSIN-beta plasmid at controlling the growth of B16 melanoma in mice, and B16-bearing mice that were treated with pSIN-IL2 had an elevated number of activated CD4+, CD8+, and natural killer cells, compared to those treated with pSIN-beta. / text

<p>The neurosteroids constitute a group of powerful hormones synthesized and acting in the central nervous system. They participate in a number of important central processes, such as memory and learning, mood and neuroprotection. Their effects emerge from rapid interactions with membrane bound receptors, such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, the gamma-amino-butyric acid receptor and the sigma 1 receptor. The mechanisms of action are separate from classical genomic interactions. </p><p>The aims of this thesis were to identify and characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of nanomolar concentrations of neurosteroids at the NMDA receptor. </p><p>The results show that the neurosteroids pregnenolone sulfate (PS) and pregnanolone sulfate 3α5βS) differently modulate the NMDA receptor, changing the kinetics for the NMDA receptor antagonist ifenprodil, through unique and separate targets at the NR2B subunit. The effects that appear to be temperature independent were further confirmed in a calcium imagining functional assay. A second functional study demonstrated that PS and 3α5βS affect glutamate-stimulated neurite outgrowth in NG108-15 cells. </p><p>Misuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has powerful effects on emotional states. Since neurosteroids regulate processes involved in mood it can be hypothesised that AAS can interact with the action of neurosteroids in the brain. However, chronic administration of the AAS nandrolone decanoate did not alter the allosteric effects of PS or 3α5βS at the NMDA receptor, but changed the affinity for PS, 3α5βS and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to the sigma 1 receptor. The results also showed that the neurosteroids displace ³H-ifenprodil from the sigma 1 and 2 receptors without directly sharing the binding site for ³H-ifenprodil at the sigma 1 receptor. The decreased affinity for the neurosteroids at the sigma 1 receptor may be involved in the depressive symptoms associated with AAS misuse.</p><p>The NMDA receptor system is deeply involved in neurodegeneration and the NMDA receptor antagonist ifenprodil exert neuroprotective actions. The findings that neurosteroids interact with ifenprodil at the NMDA receptor may be an opportunity to obtain synergistic effects in neuroprotective treatment.</p>

The neurosteroids constitute a group of powerful hormones synthesized and acting in the central nervous system. They participate in a number of important central processes, such as memory and learning, mood and neuroprotection. Their effects emerge from rapid interactions with membrane bound receptors, such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, the gamma-amino-butyric acid receptor and the sigma 1 receptor. The mechanisms of action are separate from classical genomic interactions. The aims of this thesis were to identify and characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of nanomolar concentrations of neurosteroids at the NMDA receptor. The results show that the neurosteroids pregnenolone sulfate (PS) and pregnanolone sulfate 3α5βS) differently modulate the NMDA receptor, changing the kinetics for the NMDA receptor antagonist ifenprodil, through unique and separate targets at the NR2B subunit. The effects that appear to be temperature independent were further confirmed in a calcium imagining functional assay. A second functional study demonstrated that PS and 3α5βS affect glutamate-stimulated neurite outgrowth in NG108-15 cells. Misuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has powerful effects on emotional states. Since neurosteroids regulate processes involved in mood it can be hypothesised that AAS can interact with the action of neurosteroids in the brain. However, chronic administration of the AAS nandrolone decanoate did not alter the allosteric effects of PS or 3α5βS at the NMDA receptor, but changed the affinity for PS, 3α5βS and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to the sigma 1 receptor. The results also showed that the neurosteroids displace 3H-ifenprodil from the sigma 1 and 2 receptors without directly sharing the binding site for 3H-ifenprodil at the sigma 1 receptor. The decreased affinity for the neurosteroids at the sigma 1 receptor may be involved in the depressive symptoms associated with AAS misuse. The NMDA receptor system is deeply involved in neurodegeneration and the NMDA receptor antagonist ifenprodil exert neuroprotective actions. The findings that neurosteroids interact with ifenprodil at the NMDA receptor may be an opportunity to obtain synergistic effects in neuroprotective treatment.

Animal models are crucial to improve the knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the different pathological processes. These models are also excellent tools to facilitate the research of new targets for the treatment of different diseases and to evaluate the benefit/risk ratio of the potential new treatments. We have focussed this research work in the study of a new potential targets for pain, cognitive and eating disorders using new animal models developed in our laboratory. We first investigated the effects of the interaction between cannabinoids and nicotine on cognitive processes and metabolism using different behavioural models and new experimental devices. In a second part of this work, we investigated new therapeutic targets for neuropathic pain and for this purpose we developed a new behavioural model to improve the study of the therapeutic potential and possible side-effects of novel compounds. / Los modelos animales son cruciales para mejorar el conocimiento sobre los mecanismos que constituyen la base de los diversos procesos patológicos. Estos modelos representan también excelentes herramientas para facilitar la investigación de nuevas dianas para el tratamiento de estas enfermedades y para evaluar el cociente beneficio/riesgo de los nuevos tratamientos potenciales. Este trabajo de investigación se encuentra centrado en el estudio de nuevos dianas terapéuticas para el dolor, los procesos cognitivos y los desórdenes alimentarios utilizando nuevos modelos animales desarrollados en nuestro laboratorio. En primer lugar, hemos investigado los efectos de la interacción entre los cannabinoinoides y la nicotina a nivel los procesos cognitivos y del metabolismo usando diversos modelos comportamentales y nuevos dispositivos experimentales. En una segunda parte de este trabajo, hemos estudiado nuevas dianas terapéuticas para el dolor neuropático y hemos desarrollado para este propósito un nuevo modelo comportamental que permite evaluar el potencial terapéutico y los posibles efectos secundarios de nuevos compuestos.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / New therapeutic strategies are needed for a diverse array of poorly understood neurological impairments. These include neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, and the psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety and drug dependence. Popular neuropharmacotherapies have focused on dopamine (DA), serotonin (5HT), γ-aminobutric acid (GABA) and glutamate systems (Jupp & Lawrence, 2010). However recent research points to the sigma receptor (σR) as a possible neuromodulatory system. Due to its multi-receptor action, the σR can trigger several significant biological pathways. This indicates its ideal potential as a drug target to effectively minimise drug dosage and potential side effects. Currently there are a limited number of σR ligands available and few possess the selectivity to significantly show σR’s role in neurological processes. Polycyclic amines have shown notable sigma activity and provide an advantageous scaffold for drug design that can improve pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties (Banister et al., 2010; Geldenhuys et al., 2005). Aryl-heterocycle amine groups were also shown to improve σR activity (Piergentili et al., 2009).

Parmi les tumeurs cérébrales primaires, les gliomes sont les tumeurs les plus fréquemment rencontrées. Les glioblastomes (GBM) représentent 60 à 70% de ces tumeurs et malgré de récents progrès dans leur traitement, leur pronostic reste sombre. Les gliomes malins sont caractérisés par une prolifération cellulaire importante, un taux élevé de néo-angiogenèse et une migration diffuse des cellules tumorales gliales dans le parenchyme cérébral, ce qui rend impossible une résection chirurgicale complète. De plus, les cellules gliales tumorales migrantes opposent une résistance particulière aux traitements chimiothérapiques de type pro-apoptotique, causant une récidive quasi inévitable de ce type de tumeur. La compréhension des aspects moléculaires à la base de la prolifération, de la migration et de la chimiorésitance des cellules gliales tumorales est donc essentielle pour élaborer des approches ciblées capables d’entraver ces processus. La littérature mentionne plusieurs stratégies qui permettraient, en théorie, de court-circuiter la résistance à l’apoptose des cellules tumorales gliales migrantes. Il s’agirait entre autres :<p>- de réduire le taux d’activation des voies de signalisation contrôlées par PI3K /Akt /mTOR et NFkappaB, qui diminuerait le taux de croissance des gliomes malins, ainsi que le taux de migration des cellules tumorales isolées dans le parenchyme cérébral;<p>- de réduire le taux de migration des cellules tumorales gliales afin de restaurer un certain degré de sensibilité à des agents chimiothérapiques pro-apoptotiques;<p>- d’endiguer l’export des agents chimiothérapiques par les pompes à efflux surexprimées dans les gliomes <p>- d'induire d’autres processus de mort cellulaire que l’apoptose, car les cellules tumorales gliales migrantes sont plus sensibles à d’autres formes de mort cellulaire.<p>Ces besoins de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques ont motivé ce travail qui se focalisera sur le potentiel antitumoral des ligands du R-sigma1 dans les glioblastomes. Ainsi, nous montrerons que les ligands des Rs-sigma sont capables de produire certains des effets visés dans les stratégies ci-dessus, dont la réduction de la prolifération et de la migration des cellules cancéreuses avec une certaine potentialisation des chimiothérapies. Ces propriétés ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives en thérapie anticancéreuse pour cette famille de ligands, dont plusieurs membres sont déjà utilisés depuis de nombreuses années comme antipsychotique. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished