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Unlocking Shareholder Value : A Study of Mergers and Acquisitions in SwedenBecker, Adam, Engström, Ludvig January 2023 (has links)
This thesis examines whether mergers and acquisitions (M&A), ranging from 2009 to 2020, are value-generating for acquiring shareholders in the short-term and long-term of companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. A cohesive and integrated theoretical framework is formed in which six firm-specific and deal-specific variables are hypothesized to have varying impacts on both short- and long-term stock performance for acquiring shareholders. An event study was conducted to measure the short-term stock performance, i.e. cumulative abnormal returns (CAR), and long-term stock performance, i.e. buy-and-hold abnormal returns (BHAR). We find that M&A transactions are, on average, value-generating for acquiring shareholders in both the short term and the long term. Among the significant findings of the variables examined, firm size was negatively related to short-term stock performance but positively related to BHAR. The relative size of the transaction was found to be positively related to CAR. Furthermore, transactions mediated with cash were found to be positively related to BHAR. Lastly, related transactions were found to be positively related to CAR, although not when accounting for robust standard errors.
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Kreditriskhantering av små och medelstora företag : En empirisk fallbeskrivning om de svenska storbankerna och kreditriskhanteringBagheri, Caspian, Krkovic, Strahinja January 2023 (has links)
Föränderlig, ofullständig eller osäkerhet kring informationen från företagslåntagare kan skapa betydande utmaningar med kreditrisker för bankerna. På grund av detta ser banker de små och medelstora företagen (SMF) som högre risk. Tidigare forskning tyder på att följder av informationsasymmetri är att banker försvårar företagens tillgång till finansiering. Utifrån detta är syftet med denna studie att beskriva och analysera hur de svenska storbankerna hanterar kreditriskerna vid utlåning till SMF, samt vilka likheter och skillnader det finns mellan bankerna. Med användningen av en kvalitativ datainsamlingsmetod genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med relevanta bankanställda på SEB, Handelsbanken och Swedbank från vilket en tydlig empiri kunde sammanställas. Detta analyserades sedan utifrån teorin om negativt urval och minskad kapitalkostnad samt signaleringsteorin. Studien fann att de svenska storbankernas strategier för kreditriskhanteringen vid utlåning till SMF utgår från liknande delar. Detta för att både kunna identifiera, förebygga och åtgärda eller minska påverkan från kreditrisker. Skillnaderna mellan bankernas strategier i kreditriskhantering ses i hur de genomför vissa processer och vad de främst fokuserar på vid utlåningen till SMF. Dessa skillnader ses inom vilka externa källor storbankerna använder för informationsinsamling, vilka som har ansvaret för beslutet om kreditvärdighet och om banken använder standardiserade lånevillkor eller inte. / Changing, incomplete or uncertain information from corporate borrowers can create significant credit risk challenges for banks. Because of this, banks see the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as higher risk. Previous research suggests that consequences of information asymmetry are that banks make it more difficult for companies to access financing. Based on this, the purpose of this study is to describe and analyze how the major Swedish banks manage credit risks when lending to SMEs, as well as what similarities and differences exist between the banks. Using a qualitative data collection method, semi-structured interviews were conducted with relevant bank employees at SEB, Handelsbanken and Swedbank from which a clear empirical record could be compiled. This was analyzed based on the theory of adverse selection and reduced cost of capital, as well as the signalling theory. The study found that the major Swedish banks strategies for credit risk management when lending to SMEs are based on similar elements. This is to be able to both identify, prevent and remedy or reduce the impact from credit risks. The differences between the banks strategies in credit risk management are seen in how they carry out certain processes and what they mainly focus on when lending to SMEs. These differences are seen in which external sources the big banks are using for information gathering, who is responsible for the decision on creditworthiness and whether the bank uses standardized loan terms or not.
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Ownership structure and annual reports : A study on the timeliness of annual reports of Swedish listed firmsKagangule Lux, Alexandra, Teubert, Eva January 2024 (has links)
The purpose of our paper is to study how ownership structure affects ARL (audit report lag) in Swedish companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. In particular, family ownership (FAMO), institutional ownership (INSO) and foreign ownership (FORO) are analysed. Audit report lag is defined as the period between the end of a fiscal year to the signing of the audit report, which is directly followed by the release of an annual report. Based on a sample of 814 firm-year observations for Swedish-listed firms for 2020-2022, this study finds a significant negative relationship between audit report lag and both family and foreign ownership. The results indicate that audit report lag decreases when family and foreign ownership increases. Moreover, the findings suggest that family-owned firms have a shorter audit report lag compared to non-familyowned firms. No statistically significant relationship was discovered between ARL and institutional ownership. Arguments for our results can be found in the agency theory, signalling theory, and consequently the reputational hypothesis. Companies with certain ownership structures may try to signal certain information to investors to achieve the best possible reputation and external perception. Signalling theory has implications for companies that want to combat agency theory type 2 through timely reporting.
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Insynshandel – där abnorm avkastning är abrupt! : En studie om den lagliga insynshandeln på företagen listade på First North / Insider trading - where abnormal return is abrupt! : A study of the legal insider trading on the companies listed on First NorthSapthawisukphon, Alexis, Darab, Haidar January 2017 (has links)
Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate whether executives can earn abnormal return by purchasing their own stocks and establish an understanding of possible aspects. Method: In order to observe if abnormal return exists on insider buy-transactions, a method triangulation with deductive approach has been made. An event study has been adopted to measure the transaction events. In addition, CAAR has been calculated with aid of a model. These values go through a significance test in order to support the hypothesis. Theory: The study is grounded on the efficient market hypothesis, information asymmetry, behavioural finance and signalling. Furthermore, previous research has been adopted to support the study. Conclusion: The results of the study show that executives for growth companies can profit from abnormal returns. / Syfte: Syftet med studien är att studera om personer i ledande ställning profiterar vid insynsförvärv av aktier samt skapa en djupare förståelse kring möjliga underliggande faktorer. Metod: För att studera om det uppstår abnorm avkastning vid insynsförvärv har en metodtriangulering med deduktiv ansats behandlats. Eventstudie har använts för att mäta transaktions händelserna. Vidare beräknas CAAR med hjälp av en modell. Dessa kommer sedan att signifikanstestas för att stödja hypoteserna. Teori: Teorier som behandlas i denna studie är den effektiva marknadshypotesen, informationsasymmetrin, beteendebaserad finansiering och signaleringshypotesen. Vidare behandlas tidigare forskningar som ger stöd till studien. Slutsats: Resultaten för studien påvisar att personer i ledande ställning för tillväxtföretag kan profitera på abnorm avkastning.
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CSR inom svenska fotbollsföreningar : Relationen till prestation och organisationsstruktur / CSR within swedish football clubs : The relation to performance and organizational structureAndersson, Jesper, Stillerfelt, Johan January 2018 (has links)
Bakgrund & problem: CSR, Corporate Social Responsibility, är sedan länge ett väl utforskat område, både i Sverige och internationellt, där många tidigare studier behandlar dess koppling till finansiell prestation, framförallt inom stora företag. Ett område som är relativt outforskat är CSR inom idrottsvärlden och vidare inom fotboll, framförallt ur en svensk kontext. I vilken utsträckning engagerar sig svenska fotbollsföreningar i CSR-relaterade aktiviteter och vilken effekt har det för deras prestation? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att testa och förklara CSR-engagemangs påverkan på svenska fotbollsföreningars HR- och sociala prestation samt om organisationsstruktur i termer av formaliserings-, centraliserings- och komplexitetsgrad påverkar detta samband. Vidare är det praktiska syftet att bidra med vägledning för hur svenska fotbollsföreningar kan arbeta med CSR-engagemang för att uppnå en högre prestation. Avsikten är att belysa och förklara kopplingarna mellan CSR-engagemang, prestation och organisationsstruktur och på så sätt fylla det gap som existerar inom forskningsområdet. Metod: Studien utgår från en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi med en deduktiv forskningsansats och tvärsnittsdesign. Insamlande av data har skett genom utskick av en enkät och studiens urval består av 223 fotbollsföreningar från Allsvenskan till Division 2. Slutsatser: Studiens resultat visar tydligt att CSR-engagemang påverkar såväl HR- som social prestation positivt inom svenska fotbollsföreningar. Vidare tyder resultatet på att organisationsstruktur i termer av formaliserings- och centraliseringsgrad samt komplexitet hierarki inte påverkar detta samband. Däremot finns det, trots viss osäkerhet i resultaten, en påverkan av komplexitet socialt kapital i relationen mellan CSR-engagemang och HR- prestation. / Background & problem: CSR, Corporate Social Responsibility, is since long ago a well explored area, both in Sweden and internationally, where many previous studies deal with the connection to financial performance, especially in large companies. An area which is relatively unexplored is CSR within the sports industry and further on within football, especially from a swedish context. To which extent do swedish football clubs engage in CSR-related activities and what effect does it have on their performance? Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to test and explain the impact of CSR-engagement onswedish football clubs’ HR- and social performance and if organizational structure in terms of formalization, centralization and complexity affects this relationship. Furthermore, the practical purpose is to contribute with guidance on how swedish football clubs can work with CSR- engagement in order to accomplish a higher performance. The intent is to highlight and explain the connections between CSR-engagement, performance and organizational structure and thus fill the gap that exists within the research area. Method: The thesis is based on a quantitative research strategy with a deductive research approach and cross-sectional design. Data collection has been done by sending out a survey and the selection of the thesis consists of 223 football clubs from Allsvenskan to Division 2. Conclusions: The result of the study clearly shows that CSR-engagement positively affects both HR- and social performance in Swedish football clubs. Furthermore, the result indicates that organizational structure in terms of formalization, centralization and complexity hierarchy does not affect this relationship. However, despite some uncertainty in the results, there is an impact of complexity social capital in the relationship between CSR-engagement and HR- performance.
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