Este trabalho propõe um novo método de proteção de geradores síncronos baseado em inteligência artificial, mais especificamente lógica fuzzy, com o propósito de melhorar a proteção destes componentes vitais aos sistema elétricos de potência. Um sistema elétrico de potência completo composto por geradores, linhas de transmissão e cargas foi simulado através do Real Time Digital Simulator para fornecer dados para realização de testes e validação do algoritmo de proteção inteligente. Adicionalmente, foram desenvolvidos dois esquemas experimentais que proporcionaram a obtenção de um conjunto extensivo de ensaios de faltas internas em dois geradores síncronos reais, com o objetivo de fornecer dados para comprovar a eficácia da proteção proposta. Um sistema integrado de software e hardware cujo objetivo é servir de plataforma para desenvolver e executar em tempo real algoritmos de proteção aplicados foi desenvolvido. Esse sistema integrado foi utilizado nos testes embarcados em tempo-real do algoritmo de proteção desenvolvido. Apresenta-se também um arranjo composto por funções de proteção tradicionais mais utilizadas em campo, as quais serviram como base de comparação de desempenho para o esquema de proteção inteligente desenvolvido. Os resultados apresentados mostram que o método de proteção inteligente proposto é mais sensível para detectar instantaneamente faltas fase-terra em geradores síncronos com aterramento de alta-impedância, além de ser capaz de identificar faltas entre-espiras e entre-caminhos / This work presents the development of a synchronous generator protective technique based on artificial intelligence, specifically fuzzy logic, in order to improve the protection of these vital components of the electric power system. A complete electric power system composed of generators, transmission lines and loads was simulated using the Real Time Digital Simulator to provide data for testing and validating the intelligent protection algorithm. Additionally, an extensive set of internal fault experiments conducted on two actual synchronous generators provided oscillograms to demostrate the proposed protection effectiveness. An integrated hardware and software system whose purpose is to serve as a platform for developing and executing real-time protection algorithms is presented. This integrated system was used for real-time embedded testing of the protection algorithm developed. An arrangement composed of traditional protection functions most used in the field is also presented, this arrangement served as a comparison basis for the intelligent protection scheme performance. The results show that the intelligent protection is more sensitive to detect instantly ground faults in synchronous generators with high-impedance grounding, it is also shown that the proposed scheme is able to identify inter-turns and inter-circuits faults

A number of nanomachines that cooperatively communicate and share information in order to achieve specific tasks is envisioned as a nanonetwork. Due to size and capabilities of nanomachines, the traditional communication paradigms cannot be used for nanonetworks in which network nodes may be composed of just several atoms or molecules and scale on the orders of few nanometers. Instead, the molecular communication is a promising solution approach for nanoscale communication paradigm. However, molecular communication must be thoroughly investigated to realize the nanoscale communication and nanonetworks for many envisioned applications such as nanoscale body area networks, nanoscale molecular computers. In this thesis, a simulation framework (NanoSim) for nanoscale molecular communication networks is presented. The objective of the framework is to provide a simulation experimental tool in order to create a better understanding of nanonetworks and facilitate the development of new communication techniques and validation of theoretical results. The NanoSim framework is built on top of core components of widely used network simulator (ns-2). It incorporates the simulation modules for various nanoscale communication paradigms based on diffusive molecular, motor-based and gap junction-based molecular communication channels. The details of NanoSim are discussed and some functional scenarios are defined to validate NanoSim. In addition to this, the numerical analyses of these functional scenarios and the experimental results for them are presented. The validation of NanoSim is done by comparing these experimental and numerical results.

In this master thesis project carried out on Scania’s interaction design department in Södertälje an evaluation of the technology gaze interaction has been done. The aim was to see if the technology was suitable for implementation in a truck environment and what potential it had. The work started by doing a context analysis to get a deeper knowledge of the research done on within the area related to the subject. Following the context analysis a comprehensive need finding process was done. In this process, data from interviews, observations, ride along with truck drivers, benchmarking and more was analysed. The analysis of this was used to identify the user needs. Based on the user needs the concept development phase was conducted. The whole development phase was done in different stages and started off by an idea generation process. The work flow was made in small iterations with the idea to continuously improve the concepts. All concepts were evaluated in a concept scoring chart to see which of the concepts that best fulfilled the concept specifications. The concepts that best could highlight the techniques strengths and weaknesses were chosen and these are Head Up Display Interaction and Gaze Support System.. These concepts focused on the interaction part of the technique rather than a specific function. Test of the two concepts were conducted in a simulator to get data and see how they performed compared to today´s Scania trucks. The result overall was good and the test subjects were impressed with the systems. However there was no significance in most of the cases of driving except for some conditions where the concepts prove to be better than the systems used today. Gaze interaction is a technology that is suitable for a truck driving environment given that a few slight improvements are made. Implementation of the concepts have a good potential of reducing road accidents caused by human errors.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-20T22:58:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JAMILE PINHEIRO NASCIMENTO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEE 2014..pdf: 2146495 bytes, checksum: e397e112357d55c0badad1a62f5324cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-20T22:58:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JAMILE PINHEIRO NASCIMENTO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEE 2014..pdf: 2146495 bytes, checksum: e397e112357d55c0badad1a62f5324cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08 / Um algoritmo de proteção adaptativa para solucionar o problema da proteção de sistemas com geração distribuída é proposto. O algoritmo modifica as configurações dos relés de forma on-line, utilizando como informação de entrada, os estados dos disjuntores. Ao final, constatou-se que mesmo com a entrada ou saída dos geradores distribuídos, o sistema de distribuição continuou a ser protegido. Para validar o algoritmo utilizou-se um sistema-teste do IEEE e o Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). / An adaptive protection algorithm to solve protecting systems with distributed generation problem is proposed. The algorithm modifies relays settings on on-line form, using circuit breakers state as input information. At the end, it was found that even with the input or output of distributed generators, distribution system continued to be protected. To validate the algorithm it was used an IEEE test system and the Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ViniciusSVS_TESE.pdf: 2375594 bytes, checksum: e3d85d405a408eb605711ffd55dbe760 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-17 / The monitoring of patients performed in hospitals is usually done either in a manual or semiautomated way, where the members of the healthcare team must constantly visit the patients to ascertain the health condition in which they are. The adoption of this procedure, however, compromises the quality of the monitoring conducted since the shortage of physical and human resources in hospitals tends to overwhelm members of the healthcare team, preventing them from moving to patients with adequate frequency. Given this, many existing works in the literature specify alternatives aimed at improving this monitoring through the use of wireless networks. In these works, the network is only intended for data traffic generated by medical sensors and there is no possibility of it being allocated for the transmission of data from applications present in existing user stations in the hospital. However, in the case of hospital automation environments, this aspect is a negative point, considering that the data generated in such applications can be directly related to the patient monitoring conducted. Thus, this thesis defines Wi-Bio as a communication protocol aimed at the establishment of IEEE 802.11 networks for patient monitoring, capable of enabling the harmonious coexistence among the traffic generated by medical sensors and user stations. The formal specification and verification of Wi-Bio were made through the design and analysis of Petri net models. Its validation was performed through simulations with the Network Simulator 2 (NS2) tool. The simulations of NS2 were designed to portray a real patient monitoring environment corresponding to a floor of the nursing wards sector of the University Hospital Onofre Lopes (HUOL), located at Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. Moreover, in order to verify the feasibility of Wi-Bio in terms of wireless networks standards prevailing in the market, the testing scenario was also simulated under a perspective in which the network elements used the HCCA access mechanism described in the IEEE 802.11e amendment. The results confirmed the validity of the designed Petri nets and showed that Wi-Bio, in addition to presenting a superior performance compared to HCCA on most items analyzed, was also able to promote efficient integration between the data generated by medical sensors and user applications on the same wireless network / O monitoramento de pacientes realizado nos hospitais normalmente ? feito de forma manual ou semi-automatizada, em que os membros da equipe de sa?de precisam constantemente se deslocar at? os pacientes para verificarem o estado de sa?de em que eles se encontram. A ado??o desse procedimento, todavia, compromete a qualidade do monitoramento realizado, uma vez que a escassez de recursos f?sicos e humanos nos hospitais tende a sobrecarregar os membros da equipe de sa?de e assim impedir que os mesmos se desloquem aos pacientes com a freq??ncia adequada. Diante disso, diversos trabalhos existentes na literatura especificam alternativas voltadas ? melhoria desse monitoramento mediante o uso de redes sem fio. Nesses trabalhos, a rede ? destinada apenas ao tr?fego de dados gerados por sensores m?dicos e n?o existe a possibilidade da mesma ser alocada para o envio de informa??es oriundas de aplica??es presentes nas esta??es de usu?rio existentes no hospital. Todavia, em se tratando de ambientes de automa??o hospitalar, esse aspecto constitui-se em um ponto negativo, haja vista que os dados gerados nessas aplica??es podem estar diretamente relacionados ao monitoramento de pacientes realizado. Desse modo, esta tese define o Wi-Bio como sendo um protocolo de comunica??o voltado ao estabelecimento de redes de monitoramento de pacientes IEEE 802.11 capazes de permitir a conviv?ncia harmoniosa entre os tr?fegos gerados por sensores m?dicos e esta??es de usu?rio. A especifica??o e verifica??o formal do Wi-Bio foram feitas mediante o projeto e an?lise de modelos em redes de Petri e sua valida??o foi realizada atrav?s simula??es efetuadas na ferramenta Network Simulator 2 (NS2). As simula??es realizadas no NS2 foram projetadas para retratarem um ambiente real de monitoramento de pacientes correspondente a um andar do setor de enfermarias do Hospital Universit?rio Onofre Lopes (HUOL), localizado na cidade de Natal/RN. Al?m disso, no intuito de verificar a viabilidade do Wi-Bio quanto aos padr?es de redes sem fio vigentes no mercado, o cen?rio de testes tamb?m foi simulado sob uma perspectiva em que os elementos da rede utilizavam o mecanismo de acesso HCCA descrito na emenda IEEE 802.11e. Os resultados obtidos atestaram a validade das redes de Petri projetadas e mostraram que o Wi-Bio, al?m de apresentar um desempenho superior ao do HCCA na maioria dos quesitos analisados, tamb?m se mostrou capaz de promover uma integra??o eficiente entre os dados gerados por sensores m?dicos e aplica??es de usu?rio sob a mesma rede sem fio

Detta examensarbete utfördes som ett uppdrag av Atlas Copco där målet var att utveckla en programvara som kan simulera en OU (Operator Unit) i en PC miljö. Atlas Copcos egenutvecklade radiostyrningssystem för gruvfordon består av en sändare, kallad OU, och en mottagare, kallad MU (Machine Unit). En OU är en kontroller med reglage i form av knappar, joysticks och switchar och med indikatorer i form av LEDs och display. För att säkerställa att en OU endast kan kommunicera med en specifik MU och vice versa måste enheternas radiomoduler paras ihop genom en process som kallas ”learn link”, som görs genom att ansluta en CAN-kabel mellan enheterna.   Genom att använda en OU simulator vid MU produktionstest skulle det vara lättare att utföra vissa tester, såsom internfel och varningar, och det skulle vara möjligt att inkludera tester som är omöjliga att göra med en hårdvaru-OU, som att avsiktligt sända en felberäknad checksumma, för att undersöka MU-enhetens respons. OU simulatorn skulle ha ett grafiskt gränssnitt och genom att ansluta ett radiokort till PC:n skulle den kunna skicka och ta emot data från en MU. Den skulle också kunna utföra ”learn link”. Den färdiga produkten utvecklades med hjälp av C# och en XP-inspirerad utvecklingsmetod. / This thesis was developed as an assignment from Atlas Copco where the goal was to develop software that could simulate an OU (Operator Unit) in a PC environment. Atlas Copco’s proprietary radio-control system for mining vehicles consists of a transmitter, called OU, and a receiver, called MU (Machine Unit). An OU is a controller with controls in the form of buttons, joysticks and switches and with indicators in the form of LEDs and display. To ensure that an OU only can communicate with a specific MU and vice versa the units’ radio modules must be paired together through a process called “learn link”, that is performed by connecting the units with a CAN-cable.   By using an OU simulator for MU production tests it would be easier to perform some tests, such as internal errors and warnings, and it would be possible to include tests that are impossible to do with OU hardware, such as intentionally send a miscalculated checksum, to examine the MU’s response. The OU simulator should have a graphical user interface and by connecting a radio card to the PC it should be able to send and receive data from an MU. It should also be able to perform “learn link”. The final product was developed using C# together with an XP-inspired development method.

The field of surgery is continually evolving as there is always room for improvement in the post-operative health of the patient as well as the comfort of the Operating Room (OR) team. While the success of surgery is contingent upon the skills of the surgeon and the OR team, the use of specialized robots has shown to improve surgery-related outcomes in some cases. These outcomes are currently measured using a wide variety of metrics that include patient pain and recovery, surgeon’s comfort, duration of the operation and the cost of the procedure. There is a need for additional research to better understand the optimal criteria for benchmarking surgical performance. Presently, surgeons are trained to perform robot-assisted surgeries using interactive simulators. However, in the absence of well-defined performance standards, these simulators focus primarily on the simulation of the operative scene and not the complexities associated with multiple inputs to a real-world surgical procedure. Because interactive simulators are typically designed for specific robots that perform a small number of tasks controlled by a single user, they are inflexible in terms of their portability to different robots and the inclusion of multiple operators (e.g., nurses, medical assistants). Additionally, while most simulators provide high-quality visuals, simplification techniques are often employed to avoid stability issues for physics computation, contact dynamics and multi-manual interaction. This study addresses the limitations of existing simulators by outlining various specifications required to develop techniques that mimic real-world interactions and collaboration. Moreover, this study focuses on the inclusion of distributed control, shared task allocation and assistive feedback -- through machine learning, secondary and tertiary operators -- alongside the primary human operator.

Beim Einsatz mobiler Arbeitsmaschinen bestimmt der Maschinenführer die Arbeitsleistung und -sicherheit wesentlich mit. Er muss in die Lage versetzt werden, die Maschine ohne Gefahr für sich und andere zu steuern und ihr Leistungspotential voll zu nutzen. Deshalb sind Maschinenführer als reale oder virtuelle Bediener frühzeitig in die Maschinenentwicklung mit einzubeziehen. In einem global härter werdenden Markt reichen den Herstellern empirische Untersuchungen allein nicht mehr aus. Die Zusammenhänge im System Bediener-Maschine-Prozess sollen möglichst objektiv und reproduzierbar erfasst werden. Das kann aufwändige experimentelle Untersuchungen erfordern. Der Bau realer Testmaschinen und ihre Ausstattung mit Messtechnik kosten viel Zeit und Geld. Reale Einsatzversuche sind oft nicht unter gleich bleibenden Bedingungen durchführbar, was die Auswertung erschwert. Hingegen bieten Werkzeuge der Simulation und Virtuellen Realität eine effiziente Möglichkeit, Maschinenführer in frühen Phasen der Produktentwicklung mit einzubeziehen.

FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) använder en version av Navier-Stokes ekvationerna för att göra noggranna beräkningar av värme- och gastransport genom brandbelastade utrymmen. Utvecklarna av programmet arbetar kontinuerligt med att validera det allteftersom nya funktioner tillförs för att öka noggrannheten och bredda tillämpningsområdena. Väldigt lite av detta arbete fokuserar dock på FDS:s konduktionsmodell, den endimensionella Crank-Nicolson metoden. Det här examensarbetet ämnar därför undersöka noggrannheten i FDS:s konduktionsmodell genom jämförelse mot beräkningar med FEM (Finita elementmetoden). En FDS-modell skapades för att tillåta undersökning av en vägg och dess randvillkor med så liten påverkan från andra faktorer som möjligt. Detta för att skapa en kontrollerad omgivning som enkelt kunde replikeras i efterföljande FE-beräkningar av det konduktiva värmeflödet genom den solida obstruktionen. Tre väggar (10 cm betong, 20 cm betong och 1 mm stål) vardera med tre randvillkor (Exposed, Void och Insulated) utsattes för tre temperaturer (100 °C, 500 °C och 1000 °C) vilket ger 27 FDS simuleringar. Den adiabatiska yttemperaturen mättes i varje simulering och användes som indata till motsvarande FE-beräkningar. Resultatet påvisade inga signifikanta motsägelser vad gäller randvillkoren, med tillräcklig tid för termisk penetrering påverkade de den resulterande temperaturen som väntat. Undantaget var en mindre avvikelse i stålväggarna som utsattes för 100 °C och 500 °C med randvillkoren Exposed och Void där FDS aningen underskattade temperaturen relativt FE-beräkningarna. Gastemperaturerna i gridcellerna närmast väggen visade sig vara opålitliga. De tenderade att genomgå substantiella fluktuationer, troligen som ett resultat av hur FDS hanterar diskretiseringen av icke-solida volymer för Navier-Stokes beräkningarna. Dessa fluktuationer påverkade dock inte de resulterande solida temperaturerna eftersom medelgastemperaturen var korrekt. FDS påvisades även ha en tendens att aningen överskatta yttemperaturen under de första minuterna av simuleringarna relativt FE-beräkningarna. Temperaturerna från de två beräkningsmetoderna konvergerade dock efter några få minuter i samtliga tester. Dessa avvikelser ansågs ha för liten påverkan på de solida temperaturerna för att påvisa onoggrannhet i FDS. Därmed drogs slutsatsen att FDS:s beräkningar av temperaturer i solida material är tillräckligt noggranna inom dessa avgränsningar. / FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) uses a version of the Navier-Stokes equations to make accurate calculations of heat and gas flow through enclosures exposed to fire. The developers of FDS have, and continue to, validate it as new features get added in an attempt to increase its accuracy and broaden its potential applications. However, little of this effort is focused on FDS’ conductive heat transfer model, based on the one-dimensional Crank-Nicolson method. Thus, this study aims to test the accuracy of FDS’ conduction model by comparing it to calculations using FEM (Finite Element Method). FDS simulations were created so as to facilitate the study of a wall and its boundary conditions with as little interference from other factors as possible. This to create a controlled environment which easily could be replicated in the subsequent FE-calculations of the conductive heat flow through the solid obstructions. Three different walls (10 cm concrete, 20 cm concrete and 1 mm steel), each with the three different boundary conditions for the rear surface (Exposed, Void and Insulated), were exposed to three different temperatures (100 °C, 500 °C and 1000 °C) for a total of 27 FDS simulations. The adiabatic surface temperature was measured in each simulation in FDS and used as input for the corresponding FE-calculations. The results showed no clear inconsistencies in the boundary conditions, given enough time for thermal penetration they affected the resulting temperatures as expected. Save a slight deviation in the steel walls exposed to 100 °C and 500 °C with boundary conditions Exposed and Void where FDS slightly underestimated the temperature relative to the FE-calculations. The gas temperatures in the grid cells closest to the wall were found to be unreliable as they tended to undergo substantial fluctuations, likely as a result of how FDS handles the discretization of non-solid space for the Navier-Stokes calculations. These fluctuations were however not found to affect the solid temperatures as the mean gas temperature was accurate. FDS was also found to have a tendency to slightly overestimate the surface temperature in the first few minutes of the simulations relative to the FE-calculations. Though the resulting temperatures from the two methods converged after a few minutes at most in all tests. These deviations were considered to have too minor an impact on the solid temperature to justify claims of inaccuracy in FDS. Thus, the general conclusion of this study is that FDS’ predictions of solid phase temperatures are sufficiently accurate within these delimitations.

The field of surgery is continually evolving as there is always room for improvement in the post-operative health of the patient as well as the comfort of the Operating Room (OR) team. While the success of surgery is contingent upon the skills of the surgeon and the OR team, the use of specialized robots has shown to improve surgery-related outcomes in some cases. These outcomes are currently measured using a wide variety of metrics that include patient pain and recovery, surgeon’s comfort, duration of the operation and the cost of the procedure. There is a need for additional research to better understand the optimal criteria for benchmarking surgical performance. Presently, surgeons are trained to perform robot-assisted surgeries using interactive simulators. However, in the absence of well-defined performance standards, these simulators focus primarily on the simulation of the operative scene and not the complexities associated with multiple inputs to a real-world surgical procedure. Because interactive simulators are typically designed for specific robots that perform a small number of tasks controlled by a single user, they are inflexible in terms of their portability to different robots and the inclusion of multiple operators (e.g., nurses, medical assistants). Additionally, while most simulators provide high-quality visuals, simplification techniques are often employed to avoid stability issues for physics computation, contact dynamics and multi-manual interaction. This study addresses the limitations of existing simulators by outlining various specifications required to develop techniques that mimic real-world interactions and collaboration. Moreover, this study focuses on the inclusion of distributed control, shared task allocation and assistive feedback -- through machine learning, secondary and tertiary operators -- alongside the primary human operator.