Diploma thesis "Problems in functioning of the Retail Sector on the EU Single Market" analyses the possibility to solve on the European Union level problems, which prevent the retail sector from realizing its full potential on the single market. In the main part of the thesis the key retail sector problems are named, as they were identified by the European Commission in its retail sector monitoring. These problems are then discussed in the second chapter by assessing their relevance in the Czech and Slovak Republics. The third chapter analyses attitude towards problems' solution from the perspective of retail trade actors -- retail operators, suppliers, consumers, employees and national authorities. Based on the analysis of situation in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia and based on the analysis of retail actors' positions, the retail problems in the EU are categorized according to the possibility to solve them on the EU level.

This paper examines the phenomenon of economic nationalism within market interactions of different economic models of governance in the European Union. The first section offers a retrospective of economic nationalism interpretations at different periods of time, with a focus on the past century. It also introduces the reader to new forms of economic nationalism, particular for the European integration context and which ultimately represent the subject of this paper. Next the study focuses on the particularities of the European economic model and its relation to state interventionism. It also attempts to identify EU's mandate of action and instruments in this direction, with a special attention to the key economic sectors and dominant forms of interventionism. The last chapter provides a closer look at national regulatory traditions of three economic models: British, German and French and traces approaches to economic nationalism within these distinct models of economic governance.

The purpose of this final thesis is to describe and study the development of the export structure and market orientation of Slovakia taking into consideration wider economical aspect including transformation and following rules of the EU. The basic assumption that the market orientation to EU markets will be stronger after fulfilling Mastrchits's criteria and accepting EURO was not confirmed. I have confirmed an assumption about strict commodity orientation especially to automotive and therefore in the inclination to external impact stronger. For this analysis was used data of WTO, EU, OSN as well as domestic intuitions.

This research paper aims to explore the economic effects of Brexit on the European Union. The main research question is: What were the Brexit's effects on the E.U. economy? The study was conducted through a systematic literature review, focusing on existing literature to explain the various impact of Brexit on the E.U. The review materials were sourced from news articles, previous research studies, government statements and documents, European Union statements and documents, peer-reviewed articles, academic texts, and literature on the topical issues by experts. The main objective of the research study was to explain all economic effects the Brexit has on the E.U., bearing in mind that liberalism thrives on opening up the international border to free movement of goods and people. The Brexit reintroduced restrictions on the cross-border movement of goods and people between the U.K. and the E.U., impacting both regions economically. The study establishes that the Brexit had a wide range of economic effects on the E.U., which included inflations, relocation of businesses, loss of jobs, cheapening of labor, increased registration of new business companies in the E.U., the decline in the GDP, loss of market, and custom wall. The E.U. member states that traded much with the U.K. suffered most of the impact because of strong economic ties.

The European Single Market (SM) has typically been a symbol of economic integration and multilateralism within the European Union (EU). It operates within a robust regulatory framework aimed at ensuring the free movement of goods, services, people, and capital. However, with the steady onslaught of crises seen in the union in recent years, the SM governance appears to be changing by giving privilege to the safeguarding of strategic interests and ensuring stability. Similar changes have been noted in other sectors, where it has been dubbed a crisisification of policy-making in the EU. This is expressed by the agenda-setting, decision-making, participation, and legitimising narratives of ordinary governance becoming similar to those employed during crises. The thesis seeks to understand the changing governance of the SM by using the theoretical framework of crisisification. The framework is adapted by considering elements of time, active secrecy, and Council coordination dynamics. Crisisification shows that changes to SM governance challenges democratic processes and community building. Insights from critical security studies also contributes to assessing the implications on policy-makers, citizens, and democracy of crisisification. The study explores these goals through semi-structured interviews and reflexive thematic analysis with civil servants from the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, the European Commission, and the Swedish National Board of Trade. Findings revealed the multifaceted impacts of crisisification on privileging sectors deemed vulnerable or threatened over others and changing interinstitutional power dynamics resulting in challenges towards democratic values. The study underscores the need for further exploration into the effects of crisisification through systematic review across European policy sectors.

This thesis deals with the process of development and completing of the EU single market. It analysis whether the development of the EU market deepens the integration in other than economical areas of the European integration and how does this process influence and improves the position of EU as an actor of international relations. The thesis compares two chosen period of time -- from 1985 to 1993 and from 2007/8 to present, and looks for such a model of EU integration development. In the chosen periods the analyse of strategic documents The White Paper on Completing the Internal Market and the Single Market acts is done. These documents are perceived as the triggers of the political integration deepening. Finally the development and state of EC/EU actorness is examined by a theory of four basic dimension of actorness taking into account its different sources. The conclusion of the thesis confirms or disproves the presented model of integration and compares the two chosen periods.

The current - and very relevant - debate about the way authors and performers lose control over exploitation, and more importantly, revenue generated through use of their works and performances in the digital world somewhat overshadows the fact that there are existing scenarios arising from the normal course of dealings in such works where the same occurs and were remedy of any such "injustice" has not been fully enshrined in law. A right to additional fair remuneration is a concept recognised to various degrees in some Member States of the EU but not all, scaling from (seemingly) zero in the UK to quite an elaborate regulation in Germany. Where they are recognised, application and enforcement of relevant provisions also vary. The EU sought to harmonise the issue of author's and performer's access to fair share of revenue generated from exploitation of their work or performance (for normal dealings and in digital spheres of copyright exploitation) in its new draft Directive. The Proposal for a Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market published in September 2016 dedicates its Chapter 3 of Title IV to Fair remuneration in contracts of authors and performers; contract adjustment mechanism introduced in Article 15 attempts to tackle the issue by proposing a statutory right to additional remuneration being introduced throughout the EU Member States. Or, was the aim of this provision originally even broader? In this work, three main areas are addressed: (i) the background and justification of inclusion of such provisions into the Draft DSM Directive; (ii) current applicable law in Germany, Czech Republic and the UK; three countries each representing different historical and doctrinal approach to copyright law and thus providing unique benchmarks for the analysis, (iii) reconciliation of the first two parts: analysing what - if any - change in the national legislation would be needed for the three Member States to transpose the provision into the national laws. By way of conclusion, recommendations to amend Article 15 of the draft Directive is based on the analysis made in the third part.

Bendroji prekybos politika yra viena iš geriausiai integruotų ES šalių narių bendradarbiavimo sričių ir yra vienas iš svarbiausių ekonominio augimo veiksnių. Prekybos santykių liberalizavimas sąlygojo konkurencingumo augimą, įgalino imtis tokių projektų, kurių pavienės valstybės savarankiškai įvykdyti būtų nepajėgios. ES teisyne numatytomis priemonėmis tarp valstybių narių buvo panaikinti tarifiniai ir netarifiniai barjerai, fizinės laisvo prekių kliūtys, įteisintas abipusio pripažinimo principas davė naują postūmį vidaus rinkos liberalizavimui. Šalių narių patirtis bei statistiniai duomenys rodo, kad prisijungimas prie ES prekybinio regioninio darinio duoda dideles naudos. Tai iliustruoja ir Lietuvos ekonominio augimo rodikliai. Prekybos politikos negalima atskirti nuo kitų ES šalių narių gyvenimo sričių integracijos. Prekybos veikėjai dinamiškoje rinkoje susiduria su naujais iššūkiais (naftos kainų augimu, demografiniais pokyčiais, konkurencijos augimu ir t.t.), kurie veikia prekybos politiką, daromus sprendimus. Prekybos politika apima platų spektrą problemų, kurios turi būti sprendžiamos drauge su kitų vykdomų politikų problemomis. / Common trade policy is one of the best integrated spheres of cooperation between EU member states. It is one of the most important factors of economic growth. Liberalization of trade relations predetermined the development of competitiveness, enable to undertake projects which would be too complex to implement by one individual state. EU acquis establishes measures for the elimination of tariffs and non-tariff barriers, physical barriers to trade between the member states, mutual recognition gave a fresh power for further liberalization of the single internal market.

This thesis analyzes the implications of regulation on the transformation to a Digital Economy. A gap analysis shows that Czech Republic is significantly lagging behind in terms of connectivity, which is an essential precondition for a transformation to a digital age. The regulator promotes the entry of the new player as a solution for this situation. However, a simulation based on Herfindahl Hirschman Index does not support this view. This outcome is further supported by the results of correlation between market competitiveness and network advancement, which does not suggest any relationship. These findings are in line with empirical evidence from EU markets, which prove that a three-operator market is efficient and delivers attractive competitive services to the customers and society. The root cause of this situation lies in the current telecommunications regulation, which failed to create a sustainable digital ecosystem for the transition to a digital economy. This paper concludes, that regulatory framework needs to be redefined to address new challenges ahead. The regulatory priority should be shifted from service focus to encouraging long-term connectivity investments, differentiation, and competition.

The first chapter characterizes the common trade policy of the EU both from factual and institutional aspect. The second chapter describes the EU intra-trade, with focus on the European single market and implementation of Lisbon Strategy. The third chapter inquires into the EU extra-trade, with focus on the EU bilateral and multilateral trade relations, the WTO multilateral trade negotiations and some of the most famous trade disputes of the EU. The last chapter is dedicated to the changes of the Czech Republic trade policy which result from its integration in the common trade policy.