Many organometallic reactions are solvent-dependent, suggesting solvent molecules interact with reaction intermediates. Studies of the solvent exchange reaction of group 6 transition metal carbonyls with moderately binding ligands have provided insight into these interactions, however, studies of the mechanism for this reaction with weakly binding ligands have not been performed. Experiments were conducted on the nanosecond time scale in methylcyclohexane over the temperature range of 4 to 44 °C using Step Scan FTIR (SS FTIR) spectroscopy with weakly binding ligands benzene and mesitylene. Upon photolysis of the metal hexacarbonyls, the kinetically favored product (M(CO)5(solv)), decays following pseudo-first-order kinetics to the thermodynamical favored product, M(CO)5(L). The decay is fit using a single exponential decay with a single exponential instrument response function, time zero and an offset. An Arrhenius plot yielded activation energies of 23.7 kJ/mol (M = Mo, L = benzene), 35.1 kJ/mol (M = W, L = benzene) and 29.8 kJ/mol (M = Mo, L = mesitylene). DFT calculations using NWCHEM gave binding energies of 45.8 and 54.3 kJ mol-1 for Mo(CO)5C6H12 and W(CO)5C6H12. The experimental and computational results suggest the exchange mechanism proceeds through an associative pathway, were slightly negative values of the entropy of reaction denote that the transition state has greater metal solvent bond breaking character then the more moderately binding ligands in the literature. Density Functional theory was used to calculate C-O vibrational frequencies of metal carbonyl complexes measured in our work and other complexes from the literature, with density functionals B3LYP, M06 and M06-L. Measured and computational frequencies were compared to obtain both an overall vibrational shift and a scaling factor. Scaling factors were found to be 0.9519±0.0095 for B3LYP, 0.9429 ± 0.0087 for M06 and 0.9565 ± 0.0095 for M06-L with overall shifts of 102 ± 16, 121 ± 15, 93 ± 17 cm-1, respectively. The molybdenum mediated Pauson-Khand reaction, a [2+2+1] cyclo-addition begins very similarly to the solvent exchange reaction on molybdenum. The initial product, the solvated complex, decays away with pseudo-first-order kinetics as the solvent is replaced by the C-C triple bond in 2-(2-propen-1-yl)-2-(2-propyn-1-yl)-,1,3-diethyl ester. An Arrhenius plot over the temperature range of -8 to 20° C yielded an energy of activation of 15.6 kJ/mol.

Naturligt organiskt material, NOM, har sitt ursprung från nedbrutna växter, alger och mikroorganismer. På grund av bland annat klimatförändringar har halten NOM ökat i Mälaren. Vid dricksvattenproduktion kan NOM ge upphov till smak-, färg- och luktproblematik i vattnet, bilda desinfektionsprodukter, sätta igen membran och aktiva kolfilter i vattenverk samt öka risken för biologisk tillväxt i ledningsnätet. Kommunalförbundet Norrvatten använder vatten från Mälaren för att producera dricksvatten. De undersöker bland annat reningstekniken SIX® för att avskilja NOM från vattnet. SIX® bygger på att vatten flödar genom en kontakttank som innehåller suspenderad jonbytarmassa som binder till NOM. Efter kontakttanken sedimenterar jonbytarmassan i en lamellseparator innan den regenereras och återförs till kontakttanken. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att jämföra olika jonbytarmassor för borttagning av NOM ur vatten. De parametrar som jämfördes var sedimenteringsegenskaper, koncentration av totalt och löst organiskt kol, UV-absorbans, alkalinitet, halt av konkurrerande anjoner samt SUVA (UV-absorbans dividerat med DOC-koncentration) i det jonbytesbehandlade vattnet. Vatten från tre olika delar av Mälaren användes då de har olika SUVA-värden och TOC-halter. Dessutom användes vatten från Görvälnverkets sandfiltreringssteg då det har ett lågt SUVA- värde och en hög sulfathalt. SIX®-pilotanläggningens jonbytarmassa jämfördes med ny jonbytarmassa för att se hur dess prestanda ändrats över tid. Målet var att undersöka om det fanns andra jonbytarmassor som kan prestera bättre än jonbytarmassan LEWATIT® S 5128, vilket är den jonbytarmassa som för tillfället används i pilotanläggningen på Görvälnverket. Målet var även att undersöka om SIX®-processen kan stå emot förändringar i vattensammansättning, samt hur LEWATIT® S 5128 prestanda ändrats med tiden. De jonbytarmassor som analyserades var S5128, MPSR7, SCAV3, S6368, S5528 samt den jonbytarmassa som för närvarande används i pilotanläggningen. Jonbytarmassorna hälldes ner i en bägare med vatten och rördes om med hjälp av en flockulator. Vattnet skickades sedan vidare till kemisk analys. För att undersöka sedimenteringsegenskaperna byggdes en uppställning som liknade en lamellseparator och en visuell bedömning av jonbytarmassornas sedimenteringsegenskaper gjordes. Samtliga jonbytarmassor hade en högre DOC-reduktion än den för S5128. Däremot har S5128 bra desorptionsförmåga och sedimenteringsegenskaper vilket är viktigt för SIX®-processen. Desorption testades inte i detta projekt och därmed är det svårt att avgöra vilken jonbytarmassa som är bäst. Det hade däremot varit intressant att undersöka MPSR7 och S6368A i pilotskala då dessa två jonbytarmassor presterade bra kemiskt. Dock nöts MPSR7 och det skulle vara intressant att undersöka om den nöts med luftomrörning. SCAV3 presterade bra kemiskt men hade dåliga sedimenteringsegenskaper, S5528 presterade inte bra kemiskt men hade goda sedimenteringsegenskaper, dessutom var den för lik S5128. SCAV3 och S5128 är därmed inte intressanta alternativ för vidare studier i pilotskala. Trots olika SUVA-värden presterade jonbytarmassorna likvärdigt vid behandling av de olika typerna av vatten. DOC-reduktionen skiljde sig inte speciellt mycket heller vid de olika typerna av vatten. Skillnaden i DOC-borttagning beror troligtvis mer på varierande DOC-halt än  varierande SUVA-värde. Detta innebär att SIX®-processen skulle kunna motstå ändringar i vattnets sammansättning när det gäller NOM-borttagning. Sandfiltervattnet hade lägst procentuell DOC-minskning vilket förklaras av att den höga sulfathalten gjo rde att jonbytarmassorna band starkare till sulfat än DOC. Vid jämförelse av ny och använd S5128 sjönk affiniteten för samtliga joner, därmed även för DOC. Dock var DOC-borttagningen liten jämfört med alkalinitetsborttagningen som var dubbelt så låg för den använda jonbytarmassan, vilket är en fördel för SIX®-processen. / Natural organic matter, NOM, originates from degraded plants, algae and microorganisms. Due to climate change the level of NOM has increased in Lake Mälaren. In drinking water production, NOM can give taste, colour and odor problems in the water, form disinfectant products, lead to fouling of membranes and carbon filters as well as increase the risk of biological growth. Norrvatten uses water from Lake Mälaren to produce drinking water. They examine the SIX® process to separate NOM from water. SIX® is based on water flowing through a contact tank that contains suspended ion exchange resins which bind to NOM. After the contact tank, the ion exchange resins settle in a lamella separator before it is regenerated and returned to the contact tank. The purpose of this thesis was to compare different ion exchange resins for removal of NOM from water. The parameters which were compared are sedimentation properties, concentration of total and dissolved organic carbon, UV-absorbance, alkalinity, concentration of competing anions, and SUVA (UV absorbance divided by DOC-concentration) in the ion exchange treated water. Water from three different parts of Lake Mälaren was used as they have different SUVA- values and TOC-content. In addition, water was used from the sand filtration step in the Görväln water treatment plant since it has a low SUVA-value and a high sulphate concentration. The ion exchange resin of the SIX® pilot plant was compared with new ion exchange resin to see how its performance changed over time. The aim was to investigate whether there were other ion exchange resins that could perform better than LEWATIT® S 5128, which is the ion exchange resin that is currently used in the SIX®-pilot plant at Görvälnverket. The aim was also to investigate whether the SIX®-process can withstand changes in water composition, and how the performance of LEWATIT® S 5128 has changed over time. The ion exchange resins that were analyzed were S5128, MPSR7, SCAV3, S6368, S5528 and the resin that is currently used in the pilot plant. The resins were poured into a beaker of water and stirred using a flocculator. The water was then sent to chemical analysis. In order to investigate the sedimentation properties, an arrangement was built that resembled a lamella separator and an ocular assessment of the ion exchange resins' settling properties was made. All ion exchange resins had a higher DOC-reduction than S5128. However, S5128 has good desorption and sedimentation properties, which is important for the SIX®-process. Desorption was not tested in this project and thus it is difficult to determine which ion exchange resin was the best option. However, it would have been interesting to investigate MPSR7 and S6368A in pilot scale as these two resins had good chemical performance. However, MPSR7 is not mechanically stable and should be examined to see if it is more mechanically stable when air is used for mixing. SCAV3 performed well chemically but had poor sedimentation properties, S5528 did not perform well chemically but had good sedimentation properties, moreover it was similar to S5128. SCAV3 and S5128 are therefore not interesting alternatives for further studies in pilot scale. Despite different SUVA-values, the ion exchange resins performed similarly when treating the different types of water. The DOC-reduction did not differ very much in the different types of water. The difference in DOC-removal is likely to depend more on varying DOC-levels than varying SUVA-values. This means that the SIX®-process could withstand changes in the water composition when it comes to NOM-removal. The sand filter water had the lowest percentage of DOC-reduction, which is explained by the fact that the high sulphate content caused the ion exchange resins to bind more readily to sulphate than to DOC. When comparing new and used S5128, the affinity for all ions decreased, thus also for DOC. However, the DOC-removal was small compared to the alkalinity removal which was twice as low, which is an advantage for the SIX®-process.

The computer service industry has been expanding dramatically due to the increase in the number of computing machineries in the last two decades. The entrance of large size companies in the market and the release of online tools that have the ability for diagnosing and troubleshooting hardware and software issues have boosted the competition. In the meantime, many of the small and medium size companies find themselves unable to keep their customers satisfied since their competitors provide high quality service with lower cost. The lack of a good measurement system to assess and analyze the satisfaction level with the provided service is the fundamental cause of customer decline. The aim of this study is to construct a robust framework to measure customer satisfaction and highlight the root causes of dissatisfaction in the computer service sector. This framework brings together the key aspects of Six Sigma and SERVQUAL instruments into a structured approach to measure and analyze customer satisfaction with computer services. It deploys the DMAIC problem solving methodology along with the SERVQUAL model, which contributes service dimensions and the Gap Analyze technique. Literature review indicates there have not been enough studies conducted to integrate Lean Six Sigma with SERVQUAL. To explore the effectiveness of the current framework, a computer service company has been selected. The satisfaction levels are calculated and the root causes of dissatisfaction have been identified. With a low overall customer satisfaction level, the company did not fulfill their customer requirements due to five major causes. Eliminating those causes will boost customer satisfaction, reduce the cost of acquiring new customers and improve the company performance in general.

Six Sigma is a business improvement strategy that aims to improve process performance using a structured methodology that identifies and removes the causes of defects in manufacturing and business processes, while implementing the lean concepts attempts to remove wasteful activities from those processes. In practice, the Six Sigma strategy and the Lean philosophy are combined and often viewed as one integrated philosophy, where the philosophy of Lean Six Sigma simultaneously removes wasteful activities from a process and reduces the variability of that process. This thesis research reviews the concepts and implementation of Lean thinking, Six Sigma strategy, and the integrated concept of Lean Six Sigma, with emphasis in service organizations. Most importantly, this thesis summarizes the critical success factors for implementing Lean Six Sigma within a service business environment and categorizes them within a proposed multi-level taxonomy that can be used by service business units and service providers to improve the .success of Lean Six Sigma implementation

Produced Water (PW) is the largest volume of waste that is normally generated during oil and gas production. It has large amounts of contaminants that can cause negative environmental and economic impacts. The management method for PW relies highly on types and concentrations of these contaminants, which are field dependent and can vary from one oil field to another. Produced water can be converted to fresh water if these contaminants are removed or reduced to the acceptable drinking water quality level. In addition, increasing oil production rate and reducing amounts of discharged harmful contaminants can be achieved by removing dissolved hydrocarbons from PW. In order to identify the types of these contaminants, effective tools and methods should be used. Six Sigma, which uses the DMAIC (Define- MeasureAnalyze- Improve- Control) problem-solving approach is one of the most effective tools to identify the root causes of having high percentages of contaminants in produced water. The methodology also helped develop a new policy change for implementing a way by which this treated water may be used. Six Sigma has not been widely implemented in oil and gas industries. This research adopted the Six Sigma methodology through a case study, related to the southern Iraqi oil fields, to investigate different ways by which produced water can be treated. Research results showed that the enormous amount of contaminated PW could be treated by using membrane filtration technology. In addition, a Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) framework is developed and that could be used as an effective tool for decision makers. The developed framework could be used within manufacturing industries, services, educational systems, governmental organizations, and others. iv This work is dedicated to my scholarship providers and supporters wit

Over the past two decades, the Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control (DMAIC) framework of the Six Sigma methodology and a host of statistical tools have been brought to bear on process improvement efforts in today’s businesses. However, a major challenge of implementing the Six Sigma methodology is maintaining the process improvements and providing real-time performance feedback and control after solutions are implemented, especially in the presence of multiple process performance objectives. The consideration of a multiplicity of objectives in business and process improvement is commonplace and, quite frankly, necessary. However, balancing the collection of objectives is challenging as the objectives are inextricably linked, and, oftentimes, in conflict. Previous studies have reported varied success in enhancing the Six Sigma methodology by integrating optimization methods in order to reduce variability. These studies focus these enhancements primarily within the Improve phase of the Six Sigma methodology, optimizing a single objective. The current research and practice of using the Six Sigma methodology and optimization methods do little to address the real-time feedback and control for online process control in the case of multiple objectives. This research proposes an innovative integrated Six Sigma multiobjective optimization (SSMO) approach for online process control. It integrates the Six Sigma DMAIC framework with a nature-inspired optimization procedure that iteratively perturbs a set of decision variables providing feedback to the online process, eventually converging to a set of tradeoff process configurations that improves and maintains process stability. For proof of concept, the approach is applied to a general business process model – a well-known inventory management model – that is formally defined and specifies various process costs as objective functions. The proposed iv SSMO approach and the business process model are programmed and incorporated into a software platform. Computational experiments are performed using both three sigma (3σ)-based and six sigma (6σ)-based process control, and the results reveal that the proposed SSMO approach performs far better than the traditional approaches in improving the stability of the process. This research investigation shows that the benefits of enhancing the Six Sigma method for multiobjective optimization and for online process control are immense.

A six degree-of-freedom model for a tailless supersonic aircraft (TSA) concept was developed using MATLAB and Simulink. Aerodynamic data was provided through the computational fluid dynamics analysis of Techsburg, Inc. A three degree-of-freedom model of the configuration's longitudinal dynamics was completed first. Elevator control power was derived from the dynamic response requirements for pitch chosen by Techsburg. The propulsion model utilized General Electric F-414-400-like turbofan engines because an engine deck was readily available. Work on the six degree-of-freedom dynamic model began with determining the necessary rolling and yawing moment coefficients necessary to meet the rest of the chosen dynamic response requirements. These coefficients were then used to find the corresponding all-moving tip deflections. The CFD data showed that even at small all-moving tip deflections the rolling moment coefficient produced was much greater than the amount of yawing moment coefficient produced. This result showed that an additional roll effector was needed to counteract excess rolling moment at any given all-moving tip deflection and trim the aircraft. An angle of attack and pitch rate feedback controller was used to improve the longitudinal dynamics of the aircraft. Because this configuration lacked a vertical tail, a lateral-directional stability augmentation system was vital to its success. The lateral-directional dynamics were improved to Level 1 flying qualities through use of a modified roll/yaw damper. The modified controller fed yaw rate back to both the all-moving tips and roll effector. The six degree-of-freedom model was augmented with actuator dynamics for the elevator, roll effector, and all-moving tips. The actuators were modeled as first order lags. The all-moving tip actuator time constant was varied to determine the effect of actuator bandwidth on the lateral-directional flying qualities. After the actuator dynamics were successfully implemented, the six degree-of-freedom model was trimmed for both standard cruise and engine-out situations. The eccentuator concept from the DARPA Smart Wing program was selected as a possible conceptual design for the all-moving tip actuation system. The success of the TSA six degree-of-freedom dynamic model proved that morphing all-moving tips were capable of serving as effective control surfaces for a supersonic tailless aircraft. / Master of Science

Yes / In this work a simulation of detailed steady state model of an industrial fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit with a newly proposed six-lumped kinetic model which cracks gas oil into diesel, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), dry gas and coke. Frequency factors, activation energies and heats of reaction for the catalytic cracking kinetics and a number of model parameters were estimated using a model based parameter estimation technique along with data from an industrial FCC unit in Sudan. The estimated parameters were used to predict the major riser fractions; diesel as 0.1842 kg-lump/kg-feed with a 0.81% error while gasoline as 0.4863 kg-lump/kg-feed with a 2.71% error compared with the plant data. Thus, with good confidence, the developed kinetic model is able to simulate any type of FCC riser with six-lump model as catalyst-to-oil (C/O) ratios were varied and the results predicted the typical riser profiles.

I dagens samhälle finns ett stort behov av processeffektiviserings-metoder för att hålla företaget konkurrenskraftigt gällande produktivitet och effektivitet. Samtidigt satsar företag idag mycket på ekologisk hållbarhet, vilket har öppnat dörren för nya så kallade Green Lean-metoder vars syfte är att förbättra både produktivitet och hållbarhet. I detta arbete behandlas metoderna 5S, Environmental Value Stream Mapping, Green Lean Six Sigma samt Green Kaizen. Syftet med arbetet var att redogöra för innebörden av respektive metod samt motivera hur dessa metoder bör appliceras och implementeras i praktiken. Först behandlades metoderna teoretiskt, därefter praktiskt med enkäter. I arbetet behandlar vi företaget Scania och undersöker hur de valt att applicera och använda de metoder, hållbara metoder, de idag använder. Resultatet visade att det finns flera olika drivkrafter till varför man väljer att implementera Green Lean-metoder samt flera olika aspekter som påverkar vilka metoder som bör väljas, som exempelvis kundkrav eller erfarenhet och kunskap inom företaget. Scania använder idag Green Performance Map och Energy Kaizen som Green Lean-metoder. Slutsatsen som drogs är att metoden som bör implementeras varierar beroende på vad företaget tillverkar, hur långt de kommit med andra processeffektiviserings-metoder såsom Lean Production och Six Sigma. Om det är en problemdriven lösning så är EVSM en stark metod medan 5S bör implementeras uppifrån ledningen. / In today's society, there is a significant need for process improvement methods to maintain a company's competitiveness regarding productivity and reasonable pricing. Additionally, companies are investing heavily in environmental sustainability, leading to the emergence of new "Green Lean" methods aimed at creating improvements in both productivity and sustainability. This study examines the methods of 5S, Environmental Value Stream Mapping, Green Lean Six Sigma, and Green Kaizen. The aim of the study is to explain the meaning of each method and to motivate how these methods should be applied and implemented in practice. The methods were first studied theoretically and then practically with surveys. Scania was chosen as a case study to examine how they have chosen to apply and use the methods they have. The results showed that there are several driving forces for why companies choose to implement Green Lean methods, and several aspects affect which methods should be chosen, such as customer requirements or experience and knowledge within the company. Scania currently uses Green Performance Map and Energy Kaizen as Green Lean methods. The conclusion drawn is that the method to be implemented varies depending on what the company produces, and how far they have progressed with other process improvement methods such as Lean Production and Six Sigma. If it is a problem-driven solution, EVSM is a robust method, while 5S should be implemented by top management.

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