Assessments of skeletal muscle functional capacity or bilateral muscular asymmetry often necessitate maximal contractile effort, which exacerbates muscle fatigue or injury. Tensiomyography (TMG) has been investigated in laboratory settings, as a means to assess muscle contractile function following fatigue; however observations have not been contextualised by concurrent physiological measures. TMG has more sparingly been applied in the field, with elite athletes. The aim of this thesis was to examine acute alterations and underlying variations in muscle contractile mechanics, through the application of TMG, contextualised with established physiological measures; and to apply TMG within high performance sports programmes. TMG successfully detected fatigue, evident from reduced strength, by displaying impaired muscle displacement, accompanied by elevated resting muscle tension. Greater asymmetry was detected in individuals with asymmetric strength; however, symmetry was masked during more complex tasks. Increased day-to-day variability was detected among highly trained athletes compared to recreationally active individuals. Acute training adaptations were detected, in contractile mechanics, in individual muscles. TMG could be useful in establishing fatigue status of skeletal muscle without exacerbating the functional decrements of the muscle, whilst also providing useful screening information for detecting asymmetry which may not be apparent during functional actions.

Master of Science / Department of Kinesiology / Brad J. Behnke / Prostate cancer is the most common type of non-skin cancer found in men and preliminary evidence suggests prostate cancer has atrophic effects on cardiac and left ventricle (LV) mass which are associated with reduced endurance exercise capacity in rats. Using a pre-clinical orthotopic model of prostate cancer, echocardiography was utilized to test the hypothesis that exercise training will mitigate prostate cancer induced-cardiac and skeletal muscle atrophy and improve LV function versus sedentary tumor-bearing counterparts. Methods: Dunning R-3327 AT-1 prostate cancer cells were injected orthotopically in male Copenhagen rats aged (n=39; ~5 mo. old). Animals were randomized into four groups, exercise-trained tumor-bearing (EXTB) or control (EXCON) and sedentary tumor-bearing (SEDTB), or control (SEDCON). Exercise training was performed via a rodent treadmill set at 15m/min with a 15° incline for 60 min/day for ~30 days. Animals underwent echocardiographic evaluation using the parasternal short axis view to examine ventricle dimensions pre-cancer or exercise (PRE) and 15 (Post 1) and 30 (Post 2) days post cancer cell injection and/or exercise training with tissues collected immediately after Post 2. Results: Cardiac and LV mass of SEDTB animals were significantly lower than all groups (p<0.05). Tumor mass was significantly negatively correlated with LV mass in EXTB (-0.75, p<0.02) and SEDTB animals (-0.72, p<0.02). EXCON group had significantly higher stroke volume Post 2 assessment compared to both sedentary groups (p<0.05), but not EXTB animals. Conclusion: The current investigation demonstrates prostate cancer independent of anti-cancer treatment significantly reduces cardiac mass, and LV mass as well as locomotor muscle masses. However, moderate intensity exercise training can mitigate cardiac and skeletal muscle atrophy with prostate cancer.

Desde seu desenvolvimento na década de 60, a fototerapia têm sido utilizada no tratamento de diversas condições patológicas, havendo um considerável corpo de evidências acerca de sua ação regenerativa, analgésica e anti-inflamatória. Tais efeitos terapêuticos podem ser explicados pela capacidade que a energia luminosa possui de ser absorvida pelos tecidos e estimular ou inibir processos intracelulares. Estudos recentes têm apresentado resultados promissores desta terapia também sobre a redução da fadiga e do dano muscular induzido pelo exercício. A fadiga muscular é um fenômeno multifacetado caracterizado por uma progressiva redução da capacidade de produção de força do músculo. O dano muscular, causado principalmente pelas ações excêntricas do exercício, é caracterizado pela desorganização da estrutura microscópica do músculo e redução da capacidade contrátil deste tecido. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar o efeito da fototerapia aplicada imediatamente antes do exercício sobre: (1) a fadiga muscular de extensores de joelho submetidos a exercício isocinético concêntrico; (2) o dano muscular de extensores de joelho submetidos a exercício isocinético excêntrico. No primeiro estudo, 17 homens saudáveis e fisicamente ativos participaram de um desenho experimental cruzado no qual foram submetidos a 30 repetições concêntricas máximas de flexo-extensão do joelho, precedidas de tratamento com fototerapia ou placebo. A fototerapia foi aplicada através de um equipamento de light emitting diodes therapy (LEDT) composto por 35 diodos infravermelhos de 850 nm e 34 diodos vermelhos de 660 nm. O tratamento foi realizado em três pontos do quadríceps com aplicação de uma dose total de 125,1 J. Mensurações da função muscular dos extensores de joelho foram realizadas antes e imediatamente após o exercício através de contrações voluntárias máximas (CVM) de extensores de joelho a 60º de flexão da articulação. Como resultado, observou-se que os voluntários apresentaram um decréscimo de torque significativamente menor quando tratados com fototerapia em comparação ao tratamento placebo. No segundo estudo, 36 homens saudáveis e fisicamente ativos foram randomizados em grupo fototerapia (n=18) e grupo placebo (n=18), e submetidos a cinco séries de 15 contrações excêntricas máximas de extensores de joelho. Avaliações de dor muscular e níveis séricos das enzimas lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e creatina kinase (CK) foram mensuradas pré-exercício, 24 e 48 horas pós-exercício. Avaliações da função muscular (CVM de extensores de joelho) foram realizadas pré-exercício, imediatamente após, 24 e 48 horas após o exercício. Um equipamento de low level laser therapy (LLLT) composto por cinco diodos infravermelhos de 810 nm foi utilizado para aplicar o tratamento em seis pontos do quadríceps e transmitir uma dose total de 180 J. Como resultado, observou-se que o grupo fototerapia apresentou: (1) menores incrementos de LDH 48 horas após o exercício; (2) menores incrementos de CK 24 e 48 horas após o exercício; e (3) menor decréscimo do torque de extensores de joelho imediatamente após, 24 e 48 horas após o exercício, em comparação ao grupo placebo. Os achados destes estudos permitem concluir que o tratamento com fototerapia foi capaz de atenuar os efeitos da fadiga e do dano muscular induzidos por exercício em dinamômetro isocinético. / Since its development in the 60’s, phototherapy has been used in the treatment of several pathological conditions, with a considerable body of evidence with respect to its regenerative, analgesic and anti-inflammatory action. These therapeutic effects may be explained by the capacity that the light energy has of being absorbed by soft tissues and stimulate or inhibit intracellular processes. Recent studies have also shown promising results regarding the reduction of muscle fatigue and exercise induced muscle damage. Muscle fatigue is a multifaceted phenomenon characterized by a progressive reduction in muscle force production capacity. Muscle damage, mainly caused by eccentric exercise, is characterized by the microscopic disorganization of muscle structure and reduction of the contractile capacity of this tissue. Thus, the purpose of this study was to verify the effect of phototherapy applied immediately before exercise on: (1) knee extensors muscle fatigue after isokinetic concentric exercise; (2) knee extensor muscle damage after isokinetic eccentric exercise. In the first study 17 healthy and physically active male subjects participated of a cross-over design trial. Subjects were subjected to 30 maximal concentric repetitions of knee flexion-extension, preceded by placebo or phototherapy treatment. Phototherapy was applied with a light emitting diodes therapy (LEDT) equipment composed by 35 infrared diodes of 850 nm wavelength and 34 red diodes of 660 nm. Treatment was applied in three different points of the quadriceps muscle with a total dose of 125.1 J. Measurements of knee extensor muscle function were obtained before and immediately after exercise by maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) at a knee angle of 60º of joint flexion. Subjects showed a significant smaller decrease in torque when treated with phototherapy compared to placebo treatment. On the second study, 36 healthy and physically active male subjects were randomized into a phototherapy (n=18) and a placebo (n=18) group, and subjected to five series of 15 maximal knee extensor eccentric contractions. Measurements of pain and serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) enzymes were obtained pre-exercise, 24 and 48 hours postexercise. Evaluations of muscle function (knee extensor MVC) were obtained preexercise, immediately after, and 24 and 48 hours after exercise. A low level laser therapy (LLLT) equipment composed by five infrared diodes of 810 nm wavelength was used to apply the treatment on six different points of the quadriceps muscle with a total dose of 180 J. The phototherapy group showed: (1) smaller increments of LDH 48 hours after exercise; (2) smaller increments of CK 24 and 48 hours after exercise; and (3) smaller decrease on knee extensor torque immediately after, 24 and 48 hours after exercise compared to the placebo group. These findings allow us to conclude that the phototherapy treatment was able to attenuate the effects of fatigue and muscle damage induced by isokinetic exercise.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Anatomy and Physiology / Timothy I. Musch / Matching local muscle O[subscript]2-supply to O[subscript]2-demand during the prodigious exercise-induced metabolic challenge is achieved through coordinated mechanisms of vascular control. The unique sensitivity of ATP-sensitive potassium (K[subscript]ATP) channels to cell metabolism indicates the potential to match energetic demand to peripheral O[subscript]2 transport. The aim of this dissertation was to determine the magnitude and kinetics of the K[subscript]ATP channel contribution to vascular control during exercise in health and heart failure. It was hypothesized that K[subscript]ATP channel inhibition via glibenclamide would, in healthy rats, 1) reduce exercising skeletal muscle blood flow and vascular conductance 2) speed the fall of microvascular O[subscript]2 driving pressure (PO[subscript]2mv; set by the O[subscript]2 delivery-O[subscript]2 utilization ratio) during muscle contractions and 3) in heart failure rats, augment the PO[subscript]2mv undershoot and delay the time to reach the contracting steady-state. A total of 55 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used under control and glibenclamide conditions (5 mg kg[superscript]-1). Hindlimb muscle blood flow (radiolabelled microspheres) was determined at rest (n = 6) or during treadmill exercise (n = 6-8; 20, 40 and 60 m min[superscript]-1, 5% incline). Spinotrapezius muscle PO[subscript]2mv (phosphorescence quenching) was measured in 16 heart failure (coronary artery ligation) and 12 healthy rats and during 180 s of 1-Hz twitch contractions (~6 V). The major effects of glibenclamide were, in healthy rats, 1) a reduction in exercising hindlimb skeletal muscle blood flow with the greatest effect in predominantly oxidative muscle fiber types and at higher running speeds 2) an increased prevalence of the undershoot of PO[subscript]2mv steady-state and doubled time to reach the steady-state and 3) in heart failure rats, a reduced baseline PO[subscript]2mv, an augmented undershoot of the steady-state and time to reach steady-state and a reduction in the mean PO[subscript]2mv during contractions. These data suggest that the K[subscript]ATP channel contributes substantially to exercise-induced hyperemia and may contribute to the slowing of VO[subscript]2 kinetics given the spatial and temporal effects of glibenclamide. The K[subscript]ATP channel-mediated protection against a severe O[subscript]2-delivery to O[subscript]2-utilization mismatch at the onset of contractions raises serious concerns for sulphonylurea treatment in diabetes which is likely to cause perturbations of [metabolite] and compromise exercise tolerance.

abstract: Obesity and its underlying insulin resistance are caused by environmental and genetic factors. DNA methylation provides a mechanism by which environmental factors can regulate transcriptional activity. The overall goal of the work herein was to (1) identify alterations in DNA methylation in human skeletal muscle with obesity and its underlying insulin resistance, (2) to determine if these changes in methylation can be altered through weight-loss induced by bariatric surgery, and (3) to identify DNA methylation biomarkers in whole blood that can be used as a surrogate for skeletal muscle. Assessment of DNA methylation was performed on human skeletal muscle and blood using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) for high-throughput identification and pyrosequencing for site-specific confirmation. Sorbin and SH3 homology domain 3 (SORBS3) was identified in skeletal muscle to be increased in methylation (+5.0 to +24.4 %) in the promoter and 5’untranslated region (UTR) in the obese participants (n= 10) compared to lean (n=12), and this finding corresponded with a decrease in gene expression (fold change: -1.9, P=0.0001). Furthermore, SORBS3 was demonstrated in a separate cohort of morbidly obese participants (n=7) undergoing weight-loss induced by surgery, to decrease in methylation (-5.6 to -24.2%) and increase in gene expression (fold change: +1.7; P=0.05) post-surgery. Moreover, SORBS3 promoter methylation was demonstrated in vitro to inhibit transcriptional activity (P=0.000003). The methylation and transcriptional changes for SORBS3 were significantly (P≤0.05) correlated with obesity measures and fasting insulin levels. SORBS3 was not identified in the blood methylation analysis of lean (n=10) and obese (n=10) participants suggesting that it is a muscle specific marker. However, solute carrier family 19 member 1 (SLC19A1) was identified in blood and skeletal muscle to have decreased 5’UTR methylation in obese participants, and this was significantly (P≤0.05) predicted by insulin sensitivity. These findings suggest SLC19A1 as a potential blood-based biomarker for obese, insulin resistant states. The collective findings of SORBS3 DNA methylation and gene expression present an exciting novel target in skeletal muscle for further understanding obesity and its underlying insulin resistance. Moreover, the dynamic changes to SORBS3 in response to metabolic improvements and weight-loss induced by surgery. / Dissertation/Thesis / Appendix A / Appendix B / Appendix C / Appendix D / Appendix G / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2017

Cinco membros da família das Acil-CoA sintetases de cadeia longa (ACSL) são responsáveis por ativar ácidos graxos, produzindo acil-CoA, e distribuí-los entre diversas vias metabólicas no interior da célula, tais como a síntese de triacilglicerol (TAG) e ?- oxidação mitocondrial. Apesar das disfunções nas ACSLs contribuirem para muitas doenças metabólicasa função de algumas isoformas de ACSL em tecidos específicos permanece ainda sem descrição na literatura. Aqui mostramos pela primeira vez a presença de mRNA da ACSL6 no músculo esquelético de seres humanos. Além disso, indivíduos obesos apresentaram menores níveis de mRNA de ACSL6 quando comparados à indivíduos magros. Após refeição hiperlipídica aguda (high fat meal, HFM, 90% de gordura) a expressão ACSL6 aumentou 2,5 vezes em relação aos níveis de jejum. Nós também verificamos as condições metabólicas que controlam a expressão ACSL6 em ratos: o jejum de 48h modulou negativamente a expressão gênica de ACSL6 e de outros genes de síntese de lipídeos tais como SREBP-1c e DGAT1, enquanto que a ingestão aguda de HFM (80% de gordura saturada , 10 mL/kg) teve o efeito oposto; Após o treinamento aeróbio (6 semanas, 5 dias /semana, uma vez por dia, 60 min a 70% da capacidade aeróbica máxima) o mRNA da ACSL6 foi reduzido em 35%. Em células primárias de músculo esquelético de ratos, a transfecção com siRNA de ACSL6 diminuiu a expressão de ACSL6, DGAT1 e SREBP-1c e o acúmulo de TAGs e gotas lipídicas. O silenciamento gênico da ACSL6 também aumentou o conteúdo dos ácidos graxos C16:0 e C18:0, AMPK-fosforilada, capacidade respiratória mitocondrial, a oxidação de palmitato e mRNA de PGC-1?, UCP2 e UCP3, mas diminuiu a produção de espécies 11 reativas de oxigênio. Em células primárias de músculo esquelético de seres humanos, a superexpressão da ACSL6 não alterou o conteúdo de TAG e da proteína DGAT1, mas aumentou as espécies lipídicas esfingomielina e fosfatidilcolinas, e reduziu a oxidação de 1-14C-palmitato e a expressão do PGC1?. Em conclusão, ACSL6 está envolvida na síntese e distribuição de acil-CoA para a síntese de lipídeos. A inibição gênica da ACSL6 melhora a capacidade de respiração mitocondrial e oxidação lipídica, através da ativação da via AMPK/PGC1?. / Five members of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL) family activate fatty acids providing acyl-CoA for several metabolic pathways within the cell, such as synthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG) and mitochondrial ?-oxidation, and their dysfunctions contribute to many metabolic diseases. Despite this, the existence and function of some ACSL isoforms in specific tissues remains unclear. Here we show for the first time the presence of ACSL6 mRNA and protein in skeletal muscle (SM) of humans. Obese subjects had lower levels of ACSL6 mRNA when compared to leans, and acute high fat meal (HFM, 90% fat) increased ACSL6 expression 2.5 times over fasted levels in both. We also verify the metabolic conditions that control ACSL6 expression in rats: fasting (48h) negatively modulated the ACSL6 mRNA and the expression of other genes of lipid synthesis SREBP-1c and DGAT1 in rat SM, while acute ingestion of HFM (80% saturated fat, 10 mL/Kg) had the opposite effect; After aerobic training (6 weeks, 5 days/week, once a day, 60 min at 70% of maximal aerobic capacity) ACSL6 mRNA was reduced 35%. In primary skeletal muscle cells (PSMC) of rats, ACSL6-specific siRNA oligo transfection (20 nM) decreased ACSL6, DGAT1 and SREBP-1c mRNA and the accumulation of TAGs and lipid droplets (LD). The knockdown also increased the content of C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids, AMPK-Phosphorylated, mitochondrial content and respiratory rates, palmitate oxidation and PGC-1?, UCP2 and UCP3 mRNA, but decreased reactive oxygen species production. In PSMC of humans, ACSL6 overexpression did not change the contents of TAG or DGAT1 mRNA, but increased sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholines and reduced 14C-palmitate oxidation and PGC1? mRNA expression. In conclusion, ACSL6 drives acyl-CoA toward lipid synthesis and its 13 downregulation improves mitochondrial capacity of respiration, lipid oxidation and biogenesis, which involves the activation of AMPK/PGC1-? pathway.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:36:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 madeira_la_me_botfmvz.pdf: 412433 bytes, checksum: 5b5f4d7f7c20cef2362c3230ae70ed32 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar peso vivo, rendimento de carcaça e pernas e aspectos morfológicos dos tipos de fibras musculares esqueléticas do músculo flexor longo do hálux, em machos e fêmeas de quatro linhagens de frangos de corte, criados nos sistemas confinado e semi-confinado. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado com esquema fatorial 4x2x2, ou seja, quatro linhagens (Ross-308, Pescoço Pelado Label Rouge, Caipirinha e Paraíso Pedrês), dois sistemas de criação (confinamento e semi-confinamento) e dois sexos, com duas repetições por tratamento, sendo que cada ave retirada ao acaso aos 56 dias de idade foi considerada uma unidade experimental, totalizando 64 aves. A maior massa muscular das aves selecionadas para alta taxa de crescimento está relacionada ao aumento na área dos três tipos de fibras musculares (SO, FOG e FG). Machos apresentaram maior massa muscular e musculatura mais glicolítica que as fêmeas. O sistema de criação semi-confinado alterou a composição de fibras musculares esqueléticas dos machos, tornando-a mais oxidativa, porém tal efeito não foi observado nas fêmeas. / The aim of this research was to evaluate body weight, carcass and legs yields and the types of skeletal muscle fibers of the flexor hallucis longus muscle using histochemical and morphologic aspects, in four strains of broilers reared in the confined and semi-confined system. The experiment was conducted in factorial design 4x2x2, four strains (Ross-308, Naked Neck Label Rouge, Caipirinha and Paraiso Pedrês), two production systems (confinement and semi-confinement) and two sex, with two replicates each treatment, considering each bird randomly at 56 of age an experimental unit, totalizing 64 birds. The biggest muscle mass of the birds selected for high tax of growth is related to the increase in the area of the three types of skeletal muscle fibers (SO, FOG and FG). Males show greater muscle mass and glycolityc muscle than the females. The semi-confined system modified the skeletal muscle fiber composition of the males, becoming it oxidative, however such effect was not observed in the females.

Orientador: Eliete Luciano / Banca: Carlos Alberto da Silva / Banca: Cláudio Alexandre Gobatto / Banca: Gustavo Puggina Rogatto / Banca: Ricardo José Gomes / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar e quantificar a participação das interleucinas (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-alfa) em animais que tiveram uma pata imobilizada e eletroestimulada por 1, 2 e 3 dias consecutivos, analisando-se a repercussão da hipocinesia focal sobre o conteúdo das proteínas musculares, bem como sobre parâmetros metabólicos como glicemia, insulinemia, glicogênio muscular, ácidos graxos livres, ácido ascórbico da glândula adrenal e da enzima creatina quinase (CK). A estimulação elétrica neuromuscular (EE, F=10Hz, T=0,4ms, i=5mA, 20 minutos diariamente), foi aplicada ao membro posterior de ratos, nos músculos Gastrocnêmio e Sóleo. Assim, ratos machos Wistar foram divididos em 7 grupos: controles (C), imobilizados por 1 dia (I1), imobilizados e eletroestimulados por 1 dia (IE1), imobilizados por 2 dias (I2), imobilizados e eletroestimulados por 2 dias (IE2), imobilizados por 3 dias (I3) e imobilizados e eletroestimulados por 3 dias (IE3). A Imobilização foi realizada através de uma órtese confeccionada sob medida em resina acrílica, mantendo o membro em posição a 90º pelos respectivos períodos experimentais. Os resultados demonstraram que a imobilização monosegmentar utilizada neste estudo desencadeou precocemente a proteólise muscular, alem de provocar respostas agudas nos sistemas diretamente relacionados com o fornecimento energético. Tais reações podem ser mediadas por algumas interleucinas, sobretudo a IL-6, que apresentou expressiva variação durante os períodos experimentais. Por outro lado, a eletroestimulação neuromuscular utilizada precocemente pode atenuar algumas destas respostas, minimizando o aspecto catabólico induzido pela imobilização. Assim, os resultados deste estudo leva a sugestiva de que as ações terapêuticas ou preventivas sobre as conseqüências deletérias da imobilização sobre os sistemas orgânicos devem ser adotadas precocemente. / Abstract: The objective of the study was to evaluate and quantilfy the participation of interleukins (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF) in rats that underwent paw immobilization and electrical stimulation for 1, 2, and 3 consecutive days, while analyzing the local hypokinesia repercussion on muscular protein content, as well as metabolic parameters of glycemia, insulineamia, muscular glycogen, free fatty acids, ascorbic acid, and createne kinase enzime (CK). The neuromuscular electrical stimulation (EE, F=10Hz, T=0,4ms, i=5mA, 20 minutes daily) was applied to the hindlimb of the animas over the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. In this manner, albino male Wistar rats were distributed into 7 experimental groups: control (C), immobilized 1 day (I1), immobilized 1 day and electrostimulated (IE1), immobilized 2 days (I2), immobilized 2 days and electrostimulated (IE2), immobilized 3 days (I3) and immobilized 3 days and electrostimulated (IE3). The immobilization of the animals was achieved by an acrylic resin orthesis model which maintained the limb in the position of 90º during the respective experimental periods. The results demonstrated that the mono-segmental immobilization utilized during this study unchained muscular proteolysis prematurely, while also provoked acute responses in systems directly related to energy distribution. Such reactions can be measured by certain interleukins, especially the IL-6, which demonstrated an expressive variation during the experiemntal period. On the other hand, the neuromuscular electrical stimulation, when utilized prematurely, can diminish the occurance of some of these responses, minimizing the catabolic aspect induced by immobilization. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that theurapeutical or preventive actions over deleterious consequences of immobilization on organic systems should be adopted prematurely. / Doutor

Orientador: José Carlos Silva Camargo Filho / Banca: Luiz Carlos Marques Vanderlei / Banca: Willian Dias Belangero / Resumo: Investigar o efeito do uso e da descontinuidade da atorvastatina associadas a um programa de atividade física nos parâmetros bioquímicos de ratos. Métodos: 56 ratos machos Wistar, divididos em 4 grupos: sedentário, exercitado, sedentário com estatina e exercitado com estatina, foram submetidos ao uso da Atorvastatina (10 mg/Kg/dia) ou placebo sete dias na semana por 4 semanas, e a um programa de atividade física em esteira de 60 minutos diários, 5 dias na semana por 4 semanas. Após este período, 8 animais de cada grupo foram sacrificados; os demais animais foram submetidos à descontinuidade da estatina ou placebo, permanecendo a atividade física por 2 semanas. Nos três momentos distintos das intervenções, foram realizadas coletas de sangue para verificação dos parâmetros bioquímicos lipídicos e de biomarcadores de lesão hepática e muscular. Resultados: O uso da atorvastatina por 4 semanas reduziu efetivamente os níveis de colesterol total, fração não HDL-c e triacilgliceróis sem alteração dos biomarcadores de lesão muscular e hepática; a descontinuidade de seu uso acarretou em aumento dos níveis lipídicos. A adição da atividade física reduziu significantemente os níveis de triacilgliceróies e elevou os de HDL-c, permitindo que não houvesse aumento dos níveis lipídicos após a descontinuidade do uso da estatina. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o uso da estatina em conjunto com a prática de atividade física promove efeitos benéficos no perfil lipídico, que são sustentados até mesmo após a descontinuidade do fármaco. / Abstract: Investigate the effect of atorvastatin use and its discontinuity associated to a physical activity program in the biochemical profiles of rats. Methods: 56 male wistar rats, divided into 4 groups: sedentary, exercised, sedentary with statin, and exercised with statin, were submitted to Atorvastatin use or placebo seven days per week for four weeks, and a physical activity program in treadmill consisted of 60 minutes daily of activity, 5 days per week for four weeks. After this period, eight animals of each group were sacrificed and the others were submitted to the discontinuance of statin or placebo, maintaining the physical activity for 2 weeks. In the three different intervention moments, the blood was collected to verify the lipid and muscle and liver lesion biomarkers parameters. Results: The use of Atorvastatin for 4 weeks effectively reduced total cholesterol levels, non HDL-c fraction and triglyceride levels with no alteration on muscle and liver biomarkers; the discontinuance of its use led to the rise of lipids levels. Adding the physical activity in the statin treatment significantly reduced triglyceride levels and raised HDL-c levels, and allowed the maintenance of the lipids levels after the discontinuance of the statin. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that statin use together with physical activity practice promote beneficial effects in the lipid profile, that are sustained even after the discontinuance of the drug. / Mestre

Orientador: José Roberto Sartori / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar peso vivo, rendimento de carcaça e pernas e aspectos morfológicos dos tipos de fibras musculares esqueléticas do músculo flexor longo do hálux, em machos e fêmeas de quatro linhagens de frangos de corte, criados nos sistemas confinado e semi-confinado. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado com esquema fatorial 4x2x2, ou seja, quatro linhagens (Ross-308, Pescoço Pelado Label Rouge, Caipirinha e Paraíso Pedrês), dois sistemas de criação (confinamento e semi-confinamento) e dois sexos, com duas repetições por tratamento, sendo que cada ave retirada ao acaso aos 56 dias de idade foi considerada uma unidade experimental, totalizando 64 aves. A maior massa muscular das aves selecionadas para alta taxa de crescimento está relacionada ao aumento na área dos três tipos de fibras musculares (SO, FOG e FG). Machos apresentaram maior massa muscular e musculatura mais glicolítica que as fêmeas. O sistema de criação semi-confinado alterou a composição de fibras musculares esqueléticas dos machos, tornando-a mais oxidativa, porém tal efeito não foi observado nas fêmeas. / Abstract: The aim of this research was to evaluate body weight, carcass and legs yields and the types of skeletal muscle fibers of the flexor hallucis longus muscle using histochemical and morphologic aspects, in four strains of broilers reared in the confined and semi-confined system. The experiment was conducted in factorial design 4x2x2, four strains (Ross-308, Naked Neck Label Rouge, Caipirinha and Paraiso Pedrês), two production systems (confinement and semi-confinement) and two sex, with two replicates each treatment, considering each bird randomly at 56 of age an experimental unit, totalizing 64 birds. The biggest muscle mass of the birds selected for high tax of growth is related to the increase in the area of the three types of skeletal muscle fibers (SO, FOG and FG). Males show greater muscle mass and glycolityc muscle than the females. The semi-confined system modified the skeletal muscle fiber composition of the males, becoming it oxidative, however such effect was not observed in the females. / Mestre