En jämförelse av Abetongs beräkningsunderlag och statistik från tryckprov visar att sliprarna klarar mycket mer belastning än vad beräkningarna visar. I den här studien har en utvärdering av använda beräkningsmetoder gjorts, samt en jämförelse mellan olika dimensioneringsprinciper för att komma så nära resultaten vid tryckprov som möjligt. Beräkningar med förenklat tryckblock och idealiserad-rektangulär parabolisk arbetskurva visade att det senare alternativet gav ett något högre värde på sliprarnas momentkapacitet, men förändringen förklarade inte varför den verkliga momentkapaciteten är så mycket högre än den framräknade. Den faktor som enligt den här undersökningen påverkar betongens tryckhållfasthet och i sin tur ger en större momentkapacitet än vad tidigare beräkningar visar är förhindrad tvärutvidgning. Studien visar att hänsyn till förhindrad tvärutvidgning bör tas med i beräkningar på betongsliprars hållfasthet. Detta medför att det finns utrymme att minska betongklass på Abetongs slipermodell A26 från C58/70 till C50/60. / A comparison of the calculation data from Abetong and statistics from pressure tests shows that the sleepers can handle more load than the calculations show. In this study, an evaluation of used calculation methods has been made and a comparison between different principles of dimensioning to get as close to the result from the pressure tests as possible. Calculations with rectangular stress distribution and idealized parabola-rectangle diagram showed that the second alternative gave a bit higher value on the sleeper bending moment capacity, but the difference did not explain why the real bending moment capacity is so much higher than the calculated one. According to this study confined concrete gave a larger capacity than the previous calculations. With regards to that effect the compressive strength of the concrete almost doubled, which together with an increased critical strain gave a bending moment capacity very close the one obtained from the pressure tests. This study concludes that the confined concrete effect should be considered when calculating the concrete strength. This also means that there is a possibility to reduce the concrete strength of Abetong’s sleeper model A26 from C58/70 to C50/60.

The thesis aims to give an overview of the treatment of media in texts that have formed modern dystopian writing and to which new additions in the genre necessarily relate. This set of texts consists of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, Aldous Huxley's Brave New World and When the Sleeper Awakes by H. G. Wells; first chapter substantiates this selection and proceeds to define the concepts of "media" and "dystopia". Second chapter is concerned with the understanding of history in dystopian societies and shows that the very concept of historicity is undesirable for a totalitarian state, which seeks to blur history and reduce it to a three-point schema "before the Event - the Event (revolution) - after the Event". Closer analysis then shows that the Event itself can be divided into a further triad that has to be completed in order to pass into eternal post-Event society. Third chapter describes the use of citizens as media and shows that while Huxley's society uses what Michel Foucault calls "biopower" to achieve this goal, Orwell's society rather uses the concept of "discipline". Fourth chapter turns to printed media a the privileged role they are ascribed in the novels: The authors see literature as an embodiment of individuality and, at the same time, as a guarantee of tradition established by an...

Este trabalho descreve um dormente monobloco de concreto protendido, o qual foi projetado para atender as características de uma via ferroviária brasileira. O dormente apresentou comportamento e resistência semelhantes aos dormentes de concreto comumente fabricados em vários países. A fim de verificar e aprovar o projeto, o dormente foi submetido a ensaios estáticos e dinâmicos, segundo as especificações da norma americana AREMA. Verificado e aprovado o projeto, dezoito dormentes foram fabricados sem e com fibras de aço, no teor de 60 kg/'M POT.3' (aproximadamente 0,75 % por volume). Ensaios estáticos e dinâmicos foram realizados em dormentes com e sem fibras de aço, com o objetivo de quantificar o benefício das fibras de aço à resistência estrutural do dormente. As fibras aumentaram o momento fletor de primeira fissura e o momento último, aumentaram significativamente a força de início de escorregamento dos fios de protensão e reduziram o espaçamento e a abertura das fissuras. As fibras também acrescentaram grande ductilidade aos dormentes e diminuíram a tensão nos fios de protensão, nos estágios mais avançados do carregamento. Sob ação dinâmica, as fibras reduziram a tensão nos fios de protensão mais tracionados em aproximadamente 100%, o que elevou significativamente a resistência do dormente à fadiga. Dormentes fabricados com menor força de protensão apresentaram excelente comportamento plástico e grande ductilidade, especialmente o dormente com fibras / This work describes a prestressed concrete monoblock railway sleeper designed according to a brazilian railway track. The sleeper was tested according to the Arema specifications in order to verify the project. The sleeper presented a structural behavior similar to the concrete railway sleepers used worldwide. After the preliminary tests, eighteen sleepers were manufactured without and with steel fibers contents of 60 Kg/'M POT.3' (about 0.75% by volume) and they were tested under static and dynamic loading to evaluate the fiber contribution on the resistance. Steel fibers increased the first crack and ultimate bending moments, reduced the deflection under ultimate load and increased significantly the slip force of the prestressing tendons. Reinforcing the sleeper with fibers also reduced the crack width and the spacing between cracks, adding higher ductility to the sleepers and decreasing the stress in the prestressing tendons under higher loads. The fibers increased significantly the fatigue strength under cyclic loading, decreasing the stress in the prestressing tendons in about 100%. The test results showed that sleepers manufactured with lower prestressed force have higher toughness, especially those reinforced with steel fibers

Este trabalho descreve um dormente monobloco de concreto protendido, o qual foi projetado para atender as características de uma via ferroviária brasileira. O dormente apresentou comportamento e resistência semelhantes aos dormentes de concreto comumente fabricados em vários países. A fim de verificar e aprovar o projeto, o dormente foi submetido a ensaios estáticos e dinâmicos, segundo as especificações da norma americana AREMA. Verificado e aprovado o projeto, dezoito dormentes foram fabricados sem e com fibras de aço, no teor de 60 kg/'M POT.3' (aproximadamente 0,75 % por volume). Ensaios estáticos e dinâmicos foram realizados em dormentes com e sem fibras de aço, com o objetivo de quantificar o benefício das fibras de aço à resistência estrutural do dormente. As fibras aumentaram o momento fletor de primeira fissura e o momento último, aumentaram significativamente a força de início de escorregamento dos fios de protensão e reduziram o espaçamento e a abertura das fissuras. As fibras também acrescentaram grande ductilidade aos dormentes e diminuíram a tensão nos fios de protensão, nos estágios mais avançados do carregamento. Sob ação dinâmica, as fibras reduziram a tensão nos fios de protensão mais tracionados em aproximadamente 100%, o que elevou significativamente a resistência do dormente à fadiga. Dormentes fabricados com menor força de protensão apresentaram excelente comportamento plástico e grande ductilidade, especialmente o dormente com fibras / This work describes a prestressed concrete monoblock railway sleeper designed according to a brazilian railway track. The sleeper was tested according to the Arema specifications in order to verify the project. The sleeper presented a structural behavior similar to the concrete railway sleepers used worldwide. After the preliminary tests, eighteen sleepers were manufactured without and with steel fibers contents of 60 Kg/'M POT.3' (about 0.75% by volume) and they were tested under static and dynamic loading to evaluate the fiber contribution on the resistance. Steel fibers increased the first crack and ultimate bending moments, reduced the deflection under ultimate load and increased significantly the slip force of the prestressing tendons. Reinforcing the sleeper with fibers also reduced the crack width and the spacing between cracks, adding higher ductility to the sleepers and decreasing the stress in the prestressing tendons under higher loads. The fibers increased significantly the fatigue strength under cyclic loading, decreasing the stress in the prestressing tendons in about 100%. The test results showed that sleepers manufactured with lower prestressed force have higher toughness, especially those reinforced with steel fibers

This diploma thesis deals with the design and elaboration of the project documentation for the works required for the completion and modernization of Žamberk Health Clinic. Specifically it deals with the extension of ambulatory psychiatry of its inpatient ward. The object in focus is located in the built-up part of Žamberk and it is located in the area of the Specialist Asylum Albertinum Žamberk. The building is designed as an annex with one underground and two aboveground floors with a flat roof. It is divided into three units: a dormitory psychiatric care, the dormitory gerontopsychiatric care unit and the therapeutic block. The suggestion was to keep up the requirement to minimize the interference of existing outpatient psychiatric facility and to create operationally interconnected unit between the existing object and the extension at the same time. The construction system is considered from traditional building materials. The fundamentals are made by a combination of plain concrete and lost formwork. Vertical carrier structures are made of reinforced concrete monolithic walls for the underground floor and brick walls made of ceramic blocks for both aboveground floors. Vertical partitioning structures are also walled from ceramic blocks. Horizontal carrier structures are designed as reinforced concrete monolithic continuous boards. The object is insulated with ETICS, the roof is flat and single-skinned

The aim of the diploma thesis is the reconstruction of Milevsko railway station. The platforms with access persons with reduced mobility are designed in this station. The rail substructure and station drainage system design was necessary to do within the reconstruction. New assembly of a switches and crossing is the part of reconstruction design as well.

Orientador: Michael John Brennan / Abstract: The advances in microelectromechanical systems to power supply devices for monitoring the structural integrity, mainly for applications in remote areas or with difficult access, have made energy harvesting from ambient vibration a highly researched topic. Although several electromechanical mechanisms have been proposed for applications in a variety of fields, harvesting energy from railway track vibrations is relatively new, and only a small amount of research is ongoing in this topic. This thesis aims to determine the factors that govern the sleeper vertical vibration induced by a passing train, develop a methodology to emulate this vibration in a laboratory-based system and to derive a model of a load resistance attached to a linear electromagnetic transducer to determine the optimum energy harvested. The study shows the importance of knowing the vibration behaviour of the sleeper in order to tune the energy harvester to the correct excitation frequency. A comparison between piezoelectric and electromagnetic transducers is performed using a two-port network model to determine which transducer performs better for low frequency vibration. To emulate sleeper vibration due to a passing train using an electrodynamic shaker, a compensator filter is designed to remove the system dynamics. An analytical investigation into the energy dissipated by a load resistance attached to an electromagnetic transducer when subject to a time-limited base excitation, which may include the transie... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumo: Avanços em sistemas micro eletromecânico para fornecer energia à dispositivos para monitoramento de integridade estrutural, principalmente para aplicações em áreas remotas ou de difícil acesso, fez de extração de energia a partir de vibrações contidas no ambiente um tópico de pesquisa em destaque. Apesar de que diversos mecanismos eletromecânicos já foram propostos em uma variedade de aplicações, extração de energia à partir de vibrações em linhas férreas é, relativamente, novo e somente algumas pesquisas estão sendo realizadas sobre esse tópico. Esta Tese busca determinar os fatores que governam a vibração vertical do dormente induzida devido a passagem de um trem, desenvolver uma metodologia para emular esta vibração em um sistema em laboratório e derivar um modelo para um transdutor linear eletromagnético com uma carga resistiva acoplada. O estudo mostrou a importância de conhecer o comportamento vibracional do dormente de modo a sintonizar o extrator de energia com a frequência correta de excitação. Uma comparação entre transdutores piezoelétrico e eletromagnético é realizado utilizando um modelo quadripolo para determinar qual transdutor tem um melhor desempenho para vibrações em baixa frequência. Para emular a vibração do dormente devido a passagem de um trem em um agitador eletrodinâmico, um filtro compensador é projetado para remover a dinâmica do sistema. Uma investigação analítica da energia dissipada pela carga resistiva acoplada à um transdutor eletromagnético qua... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Rail is a very expensive component of the railway track. Therefore, research methods extending rail life have great economic importance. During the past thirty years and, particularly during the past ten years there has been an increasing awareness throughout most rail networks in the world of the need to introduce improved design criteria, better construction techniques and higher standard track generally. This implies that quality control at all levels is mandatory if these objectives are to be achieved. With the improved understanding of degradation of track, a more complete comprehension of the costs associated with different operating and infrastructure conditions should also be developed, aiding in the determination of efficient maintenance costs and their contribution to access charges. Track and structures together account for 60% of maintenance costs, with 50% of the total being track. The UIC has done a lot of work on comparative performance indicators, and these show what potential savings much be out there for the taking, just by adopting current best practice. The old wisdom is that it's not enough o do things rights; we have to make sure that we do the right things. These developments have largely resulted from the demand for higher speeds particularly in passenger services and the demand to accept heavier axle loads of freight traffic. Whilst the conventional railway track structure is not likely to change significantly over the next ten years there will be a requirement over that period for better quality track infrastructure. This means less rail surface defects, less internal defects and less wheels irregularities. The presence of rail surface defects generally increases the roughness of the track leading to a poor passenger ride and increased safety risk with freight traffic. In addition, rail surface defects will generally increase the degradation rate of other track components; however, not all defects will produce visible track deterioration. Dynamic impacts produced by the rollingstock running over rail surface defects, such as poor welds, will, over time, create continuous rail defects, loosening of fastenings, abrasion and skewing of sleepers, crushing of ballast and loss of formation geometry. It is only in the recent years that the importance of poor welds in track has been identified. Dips and peaks must be recognised as a severe track irregularity that needs to be addressed and removed. Current maintenance activities have little effect on removing misaligned welds in track and the improvement obtained after the maintenance works is generally short lived. On the other hand, straightening operations have proven to solve the problem and maintain the results following 7 months of traffic. As part of this project, a six kilometre test section was selected on the Mt Isa Line and all welds located in this region were monitored for over 9 months to increase the understanding of the effect of individual maintenance activities on the track roughness. Three 2km Divisions were established; each Division had different maintenance activities and levels of intervention completed over the duration of the project. Over 15,000 readings were recorded and analysed. The following conclusions were drawn. The effect of cycle tamping was clearly identified when comparing the means of weld located in Division 1, 2 to the mean of welds in Division 3. Cycle tamping showed to have a significant positive effect on the dipped welds geometry and an increase in severity of peaked welds prior to their correction. Straightening operations completed in Division 1 and 2 reduced the overall mean of weld misalignments. These Divisions were subjected to different levels of straightening intervention however they produced similar results. Division 1 all dips were straightened and Division 2 only dips &gt0.3mm were straightened. This means that no additional benefit, in terms of overall misalignment of welds, can be gained when straightening operations target dips with a misalignment smaller than 0.3mm. Cycle grinding proved to have little effect on the removal of both dips and peaks. In fact, due to the configuration of the grinding machine, grinding operation produced a slight worsening of the dips misalignments and only a minor improvement of peaks. Although long term monitoring of the site may show minor variations in weld geometry performance, after approximately 3.9 Mgt of traffic the mean of dipped welds in Division 1 and 2 appeared to remain unaltered, as Division 3 showed a minor worsening. Furthermore, the mean of peaked welds in Division 1 and 2 appeared to remain unaltered, as Division 3 showed a minor worsening.

The aim of the diploma thesis is the reconstruction of Prostějov hl. n. railway station. The platforms with access persons with reduced mobility are designed in this station. The rail substructure and station drainage system design was necessary to do within the reconstruction. New assembly of a switches and crossing is the part of reconstruction design as well.

In Sweden, there are students who live in small student apartments. These apartments can be called compact living as a student apartment can be as small as 16 square meters. To take advantage of the place that is in small homes, it would be good if larger furniture could be combined into a piece of furniture. On behalf of Husmuttern AB, this work has been aimed at exploring furniture concepts with sleeping and their functions in a compact living environment for students. The issues being examined are: -          What functions are desirable in a multifunctional seating and sleeping furniture for students and people living in compact living environments? -          How can a multifunctional seating and sleeping furniture be designed, that is applied to students living in a compact-living environment? Human Centered Design was used as a method and thus a qualitative data collection was carried out in the form of observations. The respondents were in the primary target group and were observed in their everyday lives in their homes. A focus group was involved in generating ideas and concepts. Functional prototypes were built, and 3D models were created in SolidWorks. Digital testing of the concepts was carried out and the development of the Generation Sofa Bed was realized. There is a discussion about how reliable this study is, when the results became situational. However, the respondents were from a limited audience and had different views on what they wanted from a sofa bed, which provided rewarding information for the development of the furniture. The conclusion is that while the Generation Sofa Bed needs to be further developed through testing and evaluation of storage facilities, it has great potential to become a finished product. / I Sverige bor det studenter i små studentlägenheter. De lägenheterna kan kallas för compact living då en studentlägenhet kan vara så liten som 16 kvadratmeter. För att ta vara på den plats som finns i små hem vore det bra om större möbler kunde kombineras till en möbel. På uppdrag av Husmuttern AB har detta arbete haft som syfte att utforska möbelkoncept med sov- och sittfunktioner i en compact living miljö för studenter. De frågor som undersöks är: 1.      Vilka funktioner är önskvärda i en multifunktionell sitt- och sovmöbel för studenter och personer som bor i compact living miljö? 2.      Hur kan en multifunktionell sitt- och sovmöbel konstrueras, som är tillämpad för studenter som bor i compact-living miljö?  Human Centered Design användes som metod och därmed genomfördes en kvalitativ datainsamling i form av observationer. Respondenterna var med i den primära målgruppen och observerades i sin vardag i sina hem. En fokusgrupp var med och genererade idéer och koncept. Funktionsprototyper byggdes och 3D modeller skapades i SolidWorks. Digital testning av koncepten genomfördes och utvecklingen av Bäddsoffan Generations blev förverkligad. Det finns en diskussion om hur pålitlig denna studie är, då resultaten blev situationsbaserade. Dock var respondenterna från en begränsad målgrupp och hade olika syn på vad de ville ha av en bäddsoffa, vilket gav givande information till utvecklingen av möbeln. Slutsatsen är att medan Bäddsoffan Generations behöver vidareutvecklas genom testning och utvärdering om förvaringsmöjligheter, så har den stor potential att bli en färdig produkt.