Yes / A new low-cost dual-segmented dielectric resonator (DR) antenna design is proposed for wideband applications in the X-band region. Two DRs coupled to an S-shaped slot introduce interesting features. The antenna performance was characterized in terms of the reflection coefficient, gain, and radiation pattern, and detailed simulation studies indicate excellent antenna performance from 7.66 GHz to 11.2 GHz (37.5% fractional bandwidth) with a maximum gain of 6.0 dBi at 10.6 GHz while the fabricated prototype has a matched bandwidth from 7.8 GHz to 11.85 GHz (41% fractional bandwidth) and maximum gain of 6dBi. The antenna is compact, size 1 x 0.83 x 0.327 time the wavelength at 10 GHz. The two DR segments may be located on the same side or on opposite sides of the substrate, giving respectively improved gain or more uniform field patterns. Experimental testing of the prototype performance showed reasonable agreement with the predicted performance.

The desire to counter multipath effects and improve communication links between mobile wireless systems in dense environment has led to much research in implementing antenna diversity. Space diversity, utilizing two or more antennas separated several wavelengths from one another, is one of the most popular method to achieve this operation. Meanwhile, polarization diversity, utilizing two orthogonal polarizations, has become more attractive in reducing cost and size of antenna systems. Polarization diversity is achieved using two orthogonal feeds to excite the two orthogonal polarization planes of the antenna. The challenge associated with designing dual polarized antennas is the need to reduce isolation between the feed and cross polarization level while maintaining a high efficiency. While a number of studies are successful in realizing polarization diversity, their antenna structure typically present more complex structures involving multiple layers. This thesis presents a novel method to implement polarization diversity on a miniature antenna using a simple planar structure. The antenna structure uses two crossed slots further miniaturized using a method derived from a recent study on miniaturized spiral slot antenna. At an operating frequency of ~ 1 GHz, the antenna is capable of achieving efficiency greater than 90% with a size as small as 0.08 .? x 0.08? The dual polarization operation is achieved by exciting the magnetic currents of the crossed slots with two orthogonal coplanar waveguide feeds. Simulation results of the proposed antenna yield an isolation > 15 dB with cross polarization levels > 10 dB. Theantenna structure was designed using CST Microwave Studio and the simulations were performed using IE3D simulation software.

This thesis presents solutions and studies related to the design of wideband antennas for wireless handheld terminal applications. A method of electrically shortening the terminal chassis length to obtain resonance at high frequencies has been proposed and evaluated, thereby increasing the antennas impedance bandwidth. No significant effect on the lower frequency band in a dual-band antenna prototype has been observed, making the method suitable for multi-band applications. The chassis has further been utilized as a zero-thickness 0.9 - 2.7 GHz high efficiency antenna by inserting a notch in the chassis center, and a feasibility study for typical phones has been performed. Additionally, the effect of talk position on the chassis wave-mode has been investigated, where the standard equivalent circuit model for terminal antennas has been modified to include the presence of the users head. The model has been used to explain measured and simulated effects concerning frequency detuning, efficiency reduction and bandwidth enhancements when the terminal is placed in talk position. The use of a hands-free earpiece cord is currently mandatory for FM radio reception as the cord is utilized as antenna. However, there is currently a market driven demand for removing the cord requirement since many modern phones are equipped with speakers and Bluetooth headsets. In this thesis, an active ferrite loop antenna is proposed as an internal replacement/complement with a performance of -23 dB (G/T degradation) compared to a full-size lossless dipole in urban environments. Also, a modification to the cord is suggested for DVB H reception. Complex matching networks have been investigated to increase the bandwidth of dual band PIFA antennas, and a printed dual band dipole has been integrated with a modified Marchand balun for dual resonance at two separate frequency bands, thus covering the commercial cellular bands 824-960 and 1710-2170 MHz with a single antenna.

Introduction: The objective of this experimental research was to evaluate the slot’s vertical dimension and profile of four different 0.018″ self-ligating brackets and to identify the level of tolerance accepted by manufacturers during the fabrication process. It was then possible to calculate and compare the torque play of those brackets using the measured values and the nominal values. Material and Methods: Twenty-five 0.018″ self-ligating brackets of upper left central incisors from the following manufacturers, Speed® (Strite Industries, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada), InOvationR® (GAC, Bohemia, NY, USA), CarriereLX® (Ortho Organizers, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and SmartClip® (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA), were evaluated using electron microscopy with 150X images. The height of each bracket was measured at every 100 microns of depth from the lingual wall at five different levels. A Student T test was then used to compare our results with the manufacturer’s stated value of 0.018″. To determine if there was a significant difference between the four manufacturers, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed at the significance level of p<0.05. The torque play was then calculated using geometrical formulas. Results: On average, Speed brackets were oversized by 2.7%[MV 0.0185″ (SD:0.002)], InOvationR by 3.7% [MV 0.0187″ (SD:0.002)], CarriereLX by 3.2% [MV 0.0186″ (SD:0.002)] and SmartClipSL by 5.0% [MV 0.0189″ (SD:0.002)]. The height of all brackets was significantly higher than the nominal value of 0.018″ (p<0.001). The slot of SmartClip brackets was significantly larger than those of the other three manufacturers (p<0.001). None of the brackets studied had parallel gingival and occlusal walls; some were convergent and others divergent. These variations can induce a torque play up to 4.5 degrees with a 0.017″x0.025″ wire and 8.0 degrees with a 0.016″x0.022″ wire. Conclusion: All studied brackets were oversized. None of the brackets studied had parallel gingival and occlusal walls and there was no standard between manufacturers for the geometry of their slots. These variations can cause a slight increase of the torque play between the wire and the bracket compared with the nominal value. / Introduction : Cette recherche a été une étude expérimentale conduite en laboratoire visant à évaluer la dimension verticale ainsi que la géométrie de la lumière de différents boîtiers auto-ligaturants populaires de grandeur 0,018″. Par la suite, il a été possible de calculer mathématiquement la perte de torque engendrée par ces variations. Matériel et méthode : Vingt-cinq boîtiers auto-ligaturants d’incisive centrale supérieure gauche de quatre différents manufacturiers, Speed® (Strite Industries, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada), InOvationR® (GAC, Bohemia, NY, USA), CarriereLX® (Ortho Organizers, Carlsbad, CA, USA) et SmartClip SL® (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA), ont été évalués en utilisant un microscope à balayage électronique à un grossissement de 150X. La hauteur de la lumière a été mesurée à tous les 100 microns de profondeur à cinq différents niveaux, permettant ainsi d’établir sa hauteur moyenne et d’évaluer le parallélisme de ses parois. Le test T de Student a été utilisé pour déterminer si ces valeurs étaient statistiquement significatives comparativement à la valeur de référence de 0,018″. Un test de variance (ANOVA), avec un seuil de signification p<0,05, a été utilisé pour comparer les boîtiers des différents manufacturiers entre eux. La perte de torque a, par la suite, été calculée théoriquement à l’aide de formules géométriques en fonction d’un fil donné. Résultats : En moyenne, la lumière des boîtiers Speed était surdimensionnée de 2,7% [VM : 0,0185″ (DS : 0,002)], InOvationR de 3,7% [VM 0,0187″ (DS : 0,002)], CarriereLX de 3,2% [VM 0,0186″ (DS : 0,002)] et SmartClip SL de 5,0% [VM 0,0189″ (DS : 0,002)]. La hauteur moyenne des quatre types de boîtiers a démontré une différence statistiquement significative par rapport à la valeur de référence de 0,018″ (p<0,001). Il existe également une différence statistiquement significative entre la hauteur moyenne des boîtiers SmartClip et celle des trois autres manufacturiers (p<0,001). Aucun des boîtiers étudiés n’avait les parois gingivales et occlusales parallèles, certaines étaient divergentes, d’autres convergentes. Ces variations peuvent engendrer cliniquement une perte de torque jusqu’à 4,5 degrés avec un fil 0,017″x0,025″ et jusqu’à 8,0 degrés avec un fil 0,016″x0,022″. Conclusion : La lumière de tous les boîtiers étudiés était légèrement surdimensionnée. La géométrie de la lumière variait d’un manufacturier à l’autre, certains boîtiers étaient convergents et d’autres divergents. Ces variations causées par les méthodes de fabrication engendrent une perte de torque supplémentaire par rapport à la valeur nominale.

Legal regulation of lotteries and other similar games The thesis deals with legal regulation of lotteries and other similar games not limited in the legal system of Czech Republic, but also from the perspective of European law. The main objective of this work is to analyze the legal provisions of the Act No. 202/1990 Coll., on the Lotteries and other similar games. It is a valid law, the basis adjustments operation of lotteries and other similar games in our country. The thesis is divided into the three chapters. The first chapter is subdivided into two major parts. The first part deals with the legal regulation of the lotteries and other similar games in the Czech legal order and the second part is focused on the legislation of this part of industry in the European legal order. The first part begins with a brief overview into the history of the gambling. Consequently I analyze the private law regulation with a focus on key provisions of the Act No. 40/1964 Coll., Civil Code. The largest part of the first chapter is devoted to analysis of the public law regulation of the games of chance in the relevant provisions of the Act No. 202/1990 Coll., on the Lotteries and other similar games. These are the provisions that define special properties of gambling and the specific conditions for gambling...

[pt] O processo de revestimento por Extrusão é amplamente usado nos processo de manufatura de diferentes produtos. Em geral a mínima espessura de filme que pode ser obtida é proporcional à distância entre a barra de revestimento e o substrato (usualmente apoiado por um cilindro rígido) e inversamente proporcional à viscosidade do líquido. Na prática, existe uma distância mínima de operação, tipicamente em torno de 100 m, abaixo da qual o processo torna-se perigoso com o risco de colisão do cilindro de apoio com a barra e de quebra do substrato. Conseqüentemente, existe um limite da menor espessura de filme que pode ser depositada, principalmente no caso de líquidos de alta viscosidade. Uma solução comum é usar um cilindro rígido de apoio coberto com uma camada de borracha, que se deforma durante a operação. O líquido na região de aplicação produz uma pressão suficiente para deformar a camada elástica, mudando a geometria do escoamento, caracterizando uma interação elastohidrodinâmica. Apesar de muito usado na indústria, o conhecimento fundamental deste processo é bastante limitado. O entendimento desta interação líquido/sólido é vital para a otimização deste processo de revestimento. Um modelo teórico para descrever este processo deve considerar o escoamento viscoso, a deformação do cilindro e os efeitos da superfície livre a fim de predizer o comportamento do escoamento e conseqüentemente os limites de operação do processo. Uma análise teórica é apresentada neste trabalho, que consiste em resolver a equação de Navier-Stokes para descrever escoamento com superfície livre acoplado a um arranjo de molas para modelar a deformação da camada elástica. O sistema de equações foi resolvido pelo método Galerkin/MEF. O sistema de equações algébrica não-linear resultante foi resolvido pelo método de Newton. Os resultados indicam como os parâmetros de operação, as propriedades do líquido e da cobertura do cilindro afetam os limites de operação do processo. / [en] Slot coating is largely used in the manufacturing process of many products. In general, the minimum thickness that can be coated is proportional to the gap between the coating die and the substrate (usually backed- up by a rigid roll) and inversely proportional to the liquid viscosity. Therefore, in order to obtain thin films with liquid of high viscosity, a very small gap would be necessary. In practice, the clearance between the die and the web has to be large enough to avoid the risk of clashing two hard surfaces. A common solution is the use a backup rolls covered with an elastomeric layer. The liquid in the coating bead develops high enough pressure to deform the resilient cover, which changes the geometry of the flow, characterizing an elastohydrodynamic action. The understanding of the flow is vital to the optimization of this widely used coating method. Theoretical model has to take into account the viscous flow, the roll deformation and the free surface effects in order to predict the flow behavior. A theoretical analysis is presented here, that consisted of solving the Navier-Stokes equation to describe the free surface flow coupled with an array of springs to model the elastic cover deformation. The equation system was solved by the Galerkin / Finite element method. The resulting set of non- linear algebraic equations was solved by Newton´s method. The results indicate how different operating parameters, liquid and roll cover properties affect the flow.

[pt] Devido às propriedades de banda larga e polarização circular, as antenas espirais tornaram-se bastante atrativas para diversos serviços de telecomunicações modernos e móveis. Neste trabalho uma antena espiral tipo fenda apoiada em uma cavidade cilíndrica metálica foi analisada. Por causa de sua geometria complexa, optou-se por um método numérico híbrido, realizado através de uma implementação de elementos mistos do método dos elementos finitos - integral de fronteira. Baseado nesta formulação, um programa computacional foi desenvolvido. Um grande esforço foi realizado a fim de escrever o programa de maneira que o armazenamento e as necessidades computacionais fossem mínimos, boa parte conseguida pela aplicação das condições de contorno na superfície metálica. Com o objetivo de melhor explorar a geometria do problema, definiu-se uma malha de elementos finitos onde a parte que cabia a abertura foi dividida em quadriláteros enquanto que no restante da superfície, elementos triangulares foram utilizados. Repetiu-se então esta malha ao longo da altura da cavidade, de maneira que hexaedros e prismas formaram a malha final. Para cada espécie de elemento, funções de base vetoriais específicas foram aplicadas. A fim de verificar a precisão do algoritmo, o mesmo programa computacional foi utilizado na análise de uma antena tipo fenda retangular, também apoiada em uma cavidade cilíndrica metálica. / [en] Known for the properties of broadband and circular polarization, spiral antennas have become sufficiently attractive for services of modern and mobile telecommunications. In this work a cavity-backed slot spiral antenna was analyzed. Because of its complex geometry, it was chosen a hybrid numerical method, carried through an implementation of mixing elements of the finite elements - boundary integral method. Based in this formulation, a computer program was developed. A great effort was carried out in order to write the program thus the computational storage and necessities were minimum, good part obtained by application of the boundary conditions on the metallic surface. With the goal of better exploring the geometry of the problem, a mesh of finite elements was defined where the part that fit the aperture was divided into quadrilaterals, while that in the rest of the surface, triangular elements were used. By repeating this mesh along the height of the cavity, hexahedrals and prisms formed the final mesh. For each kind of element, specific vector base functions were applied. In order to verify the accuracy of the algorithm, the same computational program was used in the analysis of a cavity-backed slot rectangular antenna.

<p>This thesis considers integration of antennas and active electronics manufactured on the same substrate. The main topic is on-chip antennas for commercial silicon processes, but hybrid integration using printed circuit board technology is also addressed.</p><p>The possible use of micromachining techniques as a means of reducing substrate losses of antennas manufactured on low resistivity silicon wafers is investigated. Compact dipole, loop, and inverted-F antennas for the 20-40 GHz frequency range are designed, implemented, and characterized. The results show significantly improved antenna efficiency when micromachining is used as a post-processing step for on-chip antennas manufactured in silicon technology.</p><p>High resistivity wafers are used in a commercial silicon germanium technology to improve the efficiency of dipole antennas realized using the available circuit metal layers in the process. Monolithically integrated 24 GHz receivers with on-chip antennas are designed and evaluated with regard to antenna and system performance. No noticeable degradation of the receiver performance caused by cross talk between the antenna and the integrated circuit is observed.</p><p>For low frequency antenna arrays, such as base station antennas, hybrid integration of active devices within the antenna aperture is treated. A compact varactor based phase shifter for traveling wave antenna applications is proposed and evaluated. Electrically steerable traveling wave patch antenna arrays, with the phase shifters implemented in the same conductor layer as the radiating elements, are designed and manufactured in microstrip technology. It is experimentally verified that the radiation from the feed network and phase shifters in the proposed antenna configuration is small.</p>

<p>This thesis presents solutions and studies related to the design of wideband antennas for wireless handheld terminal applications. A method of electrically shortening the terminal chassis length to obtain resonance at high frequencies has been proposed and evaluated, thereby increasing the antennas impedance bandwidth. No significant effect on the lower frequency band in a dual-band antenna prototype has been observed, making the method suitable for multi-band applications. The chassis has further been utilized as a zero-thickness 0.9 - 2.7 GHz high efficiency antenna by inserting a notch in the chassis center, and a feasibility study for typical phones has been performed. Additionally, the effect of talk position on the chassis wave-mode has been investigated, where the standard equivalent circuit model for terminal antennas has been modified to include the presence of the users head. The model has been used to explain measured and simulated effects concerning frequency detuning, efficiency reduction and bandwidth enhancements when the terminal is placed in talk position.</p><p>The use of a hands-free earpiece cord is currently mandatory for FM radio reception as the cord is utilized as antenna. However, there is currently a market driven demand for removing the cord requirement since many modern phones are equipped with speakers and Bluetooth headsets. In this thesis, an active ferrite loop antenna is proposed as an internal replacement/complement with a performance of -23 dB (G/T degradation) compared to a full-size lossless dipole in urban environments. Also, a modification to the cord is suggested for DVB H reception.</p><p>Complex matching networks have been investigated to increase the bandwidth of dual band PIFA antennas, and a printed dual band dipole has been integrated with a modified Marchand balun for dual resonance at two separate frequency bands, thus covering the commercial cellular bands 824-960 and 1710-2170 MHz with a single antenna.</p>

This thesis considers integration of antennas and active electronics manufactured on the same substrate. The main topic is on-chip antennas for commercial silicon processes, but hybrid integration using printed circuit board technology is also addressed. The possible use of micromachining techniques as a means of reducing substrate losses of antennas manufactured on low resistivity silicon wafers is investigated. Compact dipole, loop, and inverted-F antennas for the 20-40 GHz frequency range are designed, implemented, and characterized. The results show significantly improved antenna efficiency when micromachining is used as a post-processing step for on-chip antennas manufactured in silicon technology. High resistivity wafers are used in a commercial silicon germanium technology to improve the efficiency of dipole antennas realized using the available circuit metal layers in the process. Monolithically integrated 24 GHz receivers with on-chip antennas are designed and evaluated with regard to antenna and system performance. No noticeable degradation of the receiver performance caused by cross talk between the antenna and the integrated circuit is observed. For low frequency antenna arrays, such as base station antennas, hybrid integration of active devices within the antenna aperture is treated. A compact varactor based phase shifter for traveling wave antenna applications is proposed and evaluated. Electrically steerable traveling wave patch antenna arrays, with the phase shifters implemented in the same conductor layer as the radiating elements, are designed and manufactured in microstrip technology. It is experimentally verified that the radiation from the feed network and phase shifters in the proposed antenna configuration is small.