A dissertação aborda a questão do território e das disputas discursivas para problematizar as delimitações do fenômeno favela por distintas definições de instituições estabelecidas como Organização das Nações Unidas, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. Parte-se do problema de que cada definição de favela utiliza distintos critérios de classificação, o que acaba por produzir dados estatísticos diversos. Dados estes que instauram distintas realidades a respeito do mesmo fenômeno, constituem discursos numéricos sobre favela e se territorializam na forma de discursos imagéticos ou cartográficos. O trabalho propõe-se a analisar essa problemática a partir de um estudo geral de análise dos discursos de definições de favela e seus efeitos estatísticos, e, a partir de um estudo de caso a respeito das cartografias constituídas por esses discursos, tendo Porto Alegre como locus do caso. Assim, pretende-se verificar, a partir dos discursos analisados, as diferenças entre os fenômenos construídos por cada instituição com o fim de estabelecer o entendimento de favela, para este estudo, como um fenômeno espacial. / This dissertation addresses the issue of territory and discursive disputes to problematize the delimitation of the slum phenomenon by different definitions of established institutions like United Nations, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and Institute of Applied Economic Research. The study departure problematizes that each definition of slum uses distinctive classification criteria that produces various statistical data. This data establish different realities about the same phenomenon; constitute numerical discourses on slum and territorialise in the form of imagetic or cartographic discourse. The dissertation proposes to investigate this problem from a general study analyzing slum definitions speeches and their statistical effects, and from a case study about the cartographies made by these speeches, with Porto Alegre as the locus of the case. Within this scope, this study checks, by speech analysis, the differences between the phenomena constituted by each institution in order to establish a slum understanding as a spatial phenomenon.

A dissertação aborda a questão do território e das disputas discursivas para problematizar as delimitações do fenômeno favela por distintas definições de instituições estabelecidas como Organização das Nações Unidas, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. Parte-se do problema de que cada definição de favela utiliza distintos critérios de classificação, o que acaba por produzir dados estatísticos diversos. Dados estes que instauram distintas realidades a respeito do mesmo fenômeno, constituem discursos numéricos sobre favela e se territorializam na forma de discursos imagéticos ou cartográficos. O trabalho propõe-se a analisar essa problemática a partir de um estudo geral de análise dos discursos de definições de favela e seus efeitos estatísticos, e, a partir de um estudo de caso a respeito das cartografias constituídas por esses discursos, tendo Porto Alegre como locus do caso. Assim, pretende-se verificar, a partir dos discursos analisados, as diferenças entre os fenômenos construídos por cada instituição com o fim de estabelecer o entendimento de favela, para este estudo, como um fenômeno espacial. / This dissertation addresses the issue of territory and discursive disputes to problematize the delimitation of the slum phenomenon by different definitions of established institutions like United Nations, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and Institute of Applied Economic Research. The study departure problematizes that each definition of slum uses distinctive classification criteria that produces various statistical data. This data establish different realities about the same phenomenon; constitute numerical discourses on slum and territorialise in the form of imagetic or cartographic discourse. The dissertation proposes to investigate this problem from a general study analyzing slum definitions speeches and their statistical effects, and from a case study about the cartographies made by these speeches, with Porto Alegre as the locus of the case. Within this scope, this study checks, by speech analysis, the differences between the phenomena constituted by each institution in order to establish a slum understanding as a spatial phenomenon.

A paisagem apresenta-se ao indivíduo pela sua dimensão material, que é a manifestação da vida humana na superfície terrestre. Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender como o cortiço no Brás e Belenzinho integra o conjunto da paisagem e quais são os fatores de sua permanência, no contexto da imigração boliviana, frente às renovações urbanas que vêm ocorrendo neste setor. Partindo de uma compreensão histórica dessa configuração, a pesquisa procura compreender a paisagem em suas diferentes escalas, do setor urbano ao cortiço. Optou-se pelo método qualitativo na coleta dos dados e na interpretação dos resultados. O método morfológico auxiliou na descrição da paisagem e o processo histórico contribuiu com a compreensão dos fatores econômicos e sociais que estruturaram este setor e a configuraram. A observação participante e a realização de entrevistas auxiliaram no estudo da paisagem a partir da memória de velhos moradores e do cortiço estudado. Como é mínimo o investimento em habitações populares para a população de baixa renda neste setor, o cortiço é a principal alternativa para morar próximo ao trabalho e em um setor que possui boa oferta de equipamentos urbanos. A pesquisa com os bolivianos costureiros permitiu averiguar a existência da relação entre a reprodução de cortiços e as oficinas de costura organizadas por eles. Esta pesquisa denominou tal categoria de cortiço, a partir da sobreposição de atividades domésticas e trabalho no mesmo espaço, como oficina-cortiço, que se apresenta no setor de estudo a partir da refuncionalização de edificações antigas às mais recentes. A permanência do cortiço na categoria oficina-cortiço deve-se à reestruturação produtiva da indústria de vestuários e à quarteirização do trabalho, onde as confecções contratam informalmente, os serviços de costura que são realizados por imigrantes bolivianos em locais insalubres. Moradia e trabalho unem-se no mesmo cômodo, pois esta forma gera menos custos para o dono da oficina, ao mesmo tempo em que permite aos imigrantes, que não desejam se enraizar, uma possibilidade maior de mobilidade / The landscape presents itself to the individual by its material dimension, which is the manifestation of human life on Earth\'s surface. This study aims to understand how a slum in Bras and Belenzinho area integrates all of the landscape and the factors of its permanence in the context of Bolivian immigration, according to the urban renovation which has been happening in this sector. From a historical understanding of this setting, the research seeks to understand the landscape in its different scales, from the urban sector to the slum. We chose the qualitative method in data collection and interpretation of results. The morphological method helped in the description of the landscape and historical process contributed to the understanding of economic and social factors that have shaped and structured this sector. Participant observation and interviews helped in the study of landscape according to the memory of old residents and the studied slum\'s area. As the investment in affordable housing, for low-income people, is low, slum is the main alternative to live close to work and in a sector that has a good supply of urban equipment. A survey with Bolivian tailors allowed verifying the existence of the relationship between the reproduction of slum and the sewing workshops organized by them. This research called this category of slum from the overlap of domestic activity and work in the same space as the \"sewing-slum, which appears in the sector studied since the old building operation until the most recent ones. The permanence of slum in the category named as \"workshop-slum\", is due to the restructuring process of the garments industry and the subcontracting work, which means that the clothing hires, informally, the sewing services that are performed by Bolivian immigrants in unsanitary places. Thus, dwelling and working are jointed in the same room as this form generates lower costs to the owner of the workshop sewing at the same time that allows immigrants, who do not wish to take roots, a greater possibility of mobility

The Bangladeshi capital, Dhaka, is the world’s fastest growing primate city, having nearly 15 million people and approximately 6 million living in slum areas. Their high population density and growth rates, coupled with inadequate and inappropriate water and sanitation (WatSan) facilities, are creating social, economic and environmental effects. Until recently, several attempts have been made to provide infrastructure services to those slums. But the extent of the services is unsatisfactory due to resource constraints and a burdensome concentration of slums that contaminates the city ecology on a broad-spectrum. In consequence, the trend of development ventures through government (GO) and non-government organizations (NGO) is not only disappointing but also questionable due to disastrous project histories. The complex social dynamics of these informal settlements, together with inappropriate or inadequate WatSan facilities and incompetent governance systems obstruct the pace of sanitation interventions. Apart from this, Bangladesh has succumbed to political indiscretion and bureaucratic intemperance which have severely diminished the capacity of the GOs and NGOs to perform at a reasonable level. The result is all round deterioration in the quality and adequacy of the urban basic services and people of the informal settlements are the worst sufferers. It is widely recognized that the poor communities mostly have no proven demand for improved sanitation facilities, as their basic priority, rather, is managing their next meal. In this situation, some NGOs have come forward with their ‘flexible’ and ‘tailor-made’ working strategies developed from previous project experiences whereas government agencies are more geared to ‘facilitation’ and continue with their ‘supply-driven' strategy, ignoring criticisms and pitfalls. As one of the most dysfunctional sectors in Bangladesh, urban sanitation is traumatized and its coverage is affected by several interconnecting factors while the government continues to bypass questions related to slum improvement arguing that the slums are illegal settlements and do not qualify for government services. Several NGOs have come forward to work in the urban sanitation sector and in most instances, the poor slum-dwellers have appreciated the NGOs’ participatory working strategies. In fact the dynamics of the ‘social-technological-governance’ system of the slum areas often determines the success of sanitation interventions. In this research, the vibrant dynamics of ‘social-technological-governance’ systems and the roles of GO-NGO service providers and beneficiaries in the selected slums are critically analysed through a qualitative methodology and a bottom-up approach that has the potential to identify inherent policy weaknesses and factors that facilitate or hinder the successful implementation of sanitation programmes. This research is entirely based on empirical evidences and the qualitative assessment of field data that were collected from five informal settlements of Dhaka city and associated GO-NGO sources. The outcome of this research suggests that the impacting factors are not equally weighted in WatSan projects as some could be defined as crucial and influencing factors that shape other interrelated factors. In order to smoothen the pathways of different WatSan projects it is necessary to carefully identify and restrict those problem-breeding factors on a priority basis. This research also describes different stakeholders’ practices and links with existing policies to identify the gaps between them. Here, the proposals are made for reality-based, short-term and long-term solutions and policy recommendations that might offer guidelines for addressing the overwhelming slum sanitation agenda in urban Bangladesh.

[pt] Desde o surgimento das favelas, sempre houve a necessidade de intervenções urbanas nas encostas dos morros, seja para transformá-las em estruturas habitáveis, seja para evitar que este processo ocorresse. Algumas ações se voltaram na erradicação desta forma de habitar, baseadas na defesa de uma cidade higiênica, bela e padronizada. Em contrapartida, a mobilização dos moradores de favelas, por melhores condições de vida, acabou por conquistar intervenções urbanas que, de certa forma, contribuíram para sua permanência nestes locais. Contudo, no histórico de urbanizações das favelas cariocas, grande parte das experiências de participação foi promovida pelo Estado, sendo esta apresentada inicialmente como aspecto importante para o processo de desenvolvimento local, e posteriormente, garantida como direito. Assim, os projetos urbanos realizados mostram como o sentido de participação foi sendo apropriado e materializado pelos favelados, de acordo com o que lhes era consentido, e, conforme lutavam por melhores condições de vida. Desta forma, até os dias atuais, a participação dos moradores na urbanização das favelas é vista, dependendo do lado em que se está, com interpretações muito distintas e que acabam por interferir tanto positiva, quanto negativamente nos resultados previstos das obras e, principalmente, na vida dos moradores. Para uma análise mais abrangente deste objeto, o primeiro capítulo traz uma discussão sobre as principais teorias de participação e concepções brasileiras. No segundo capítulo, verifica-se como as favelas foram constituídas, bem como as formas de intervenção que interferiram em sua evolução, assim como os projetos locais de urbanização. No terceiro capítulo, é feita uma descrição do Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC), último programa do governo federal voltado para a urbanização de favelas, analisando mais especificamente suas características e legados nas favelas Pavão-Pavãozinho-Cantagalo. No quarto capítulo, a descrição do Projeto de Trabalho Social do PAC no Pavão-Pavãozinho-Cantagalo destaca as atividades realizadas na promoção da participação dos moradores. E, por fim, no quinto capítulo, através da realização de entrevistas com lideranças e com a aplicação de questionários e entre os moradores e gestores, é feita uma análise do Projeto Técnico de Trabalho Social do PAC nessas favelas, responsável pela promoção da participação dos moradores. / [en] Since the appearance of favelas, there has always been a need for urban interventions on hillsides, either to transform them into habitable structures or to prevent this process from occurring. Some actions have focused on the eradication of this form of habitation, based on the defense of a hygienic, beautiful and standardized city. On the other hand, the mobilization of favela dwellers, by better living conditions, ended up conquering urban interventions that, in a way, contributed to their permanence in these places. However, in the urbanization history of the Rio de Janeiro favelas, most of the experiences of participation were promoted by the State, which was initially presented as an important aspect for the local development process, and later, guaranteed as a right. Thus, the urban projects carried out show how the sense of participation was appropriate and materialized by the favelados, according to what was allowed them, and as they struggled for better living conditions. Thus, until the present day, the participation of the residents in the urbanization of the favelas is seen, depending on the side where one is, with very different interpretations and that end up interfering both positive and negative in the expected results of the works and, mainly, In the lives of the residents. For a more comprehensive analysis of this object, the first chapter discusses the main theories of Brazilian participation and conceptions. In the second chapter, it is verified how the favelas were constituted, as well as the forms of intervention that interfered in its evolution, as well as the local projects of urbanization. In the third chapter, a description is given of the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC), the last federal government program focused on favela urbanization, analyzing more specifically its characteristics and legacies in the Pavão-Pavãozinho-Cantagalo favelas. In the fourth chapter, the description of the PAC Social Work Project in Pavão-Pavãozinho-Cantagalo highlights the activities carried out in promoting the participation of residents. And finally, in the fifth chapter, through interviews with leaderships and the application of questionnaires and among residents and managers, an analysis of the Technical Project of Social Work of the PAC in these favelas is carried out, responsible for promoting the participation of residents.

Background: Urbanization is increasing around the world, and in India this trend has translated into an increase in the size of slum dwellings. Slum environments may have a negative effect on human health, in particular women’s health. The objective of the study is to determine factors associated with Indian women’s health in slum environments. Methods: The relationship between women’s health, measured by BMI, and demographic, behavioural, and socioeconomic factors was statistically modelled. A multiple linear regression was performed, using data from the India National Family Health Survey. Results: Increasing BMI is significantly and positively associated with: frequency of watching television, having diabetes, age, wealth index, and residency status in the areas of New Delhi, Andhra Pradesh or Tamil Nadu. Conclusion: While belonging to a scheduled tribe was not associated with changes in BMI, unadjusted rates suggest that tribal status may be worthy of deeper investigation. Among slum dwellers, there is a double-burden of under-nutrition and over-nutrition. Therefore a diverse set of interventions will be required to improve the health outcomes of these women.

This thesis is focused on the elimination of slums in Kenya. It is currently facing a huge challenge - improving the quality of life of slum dwellers. Despite the large amount of efforts developed to promote the slums in Kenya, the situation remains problematic and local slums has already grown to such proportions that it was not easy efficient and sustainable. Thesis is divided into three subsequent chapters. The first chapter focuses on the economic, political and social situation in Kenya. In the second chapter I explain term slum, it's history, the life of slum dwellers and I also think about causes of their origin and subsequent dynamic urban sprawl. The third chapter is focused on the actual Kenyan slums and projects dedicated to tackle the challenges of their elimination. My goal is to identify the causes that lead to the extension of slums. Further I want to analyze how the issue of slums in Kenya is solved and whether these projects are effective and sustainable.

No description available.

Interorganizational arrangements, such as partnerships between non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and governmental organizations (GOs), are increasingly regarded by policymakers as critical to effective social sector development. This is particularly true in the arena of housing provision for residents of slums and squatter settlements. The recent pursuit of collaboration between NGOs and government housing agencies in large urban agglomerations such as Mumbai, India marks a significant shift from the adversarial climate that previously characterized NGO-GO interactions. In other words, NGOs engaged in housing issues appear to be evolving from ''housing rights advocates'' to ''housing developers''. However, very little research has examined the struggles and pressures facing organizations as they travel from confrontational to collaborative relationships. This dissertation provides an empirical and theoretical basis for examining the evolution of NGO-GO relationships over time and, in doing so, links research on urban political economy of housing to research on organizational life cycles and strategic institutional change. Two questions are central to the dissertation: 1) How do shifts in state housing policies influence the strategies pursued by advocacy NGOs in housing the poor? 2) What are the factors that influence the emergence and sustenance of NGO-government housing partnerships? To address these, I use a multiple-case study analysis of critical incidents in the history (from 1981 to 2003) of three NGOs in Mumbai: Nivara Hakk Suraksha Samiti, Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action, and Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres. In addition, I examine five state and city level housing authorities. The dissertation's findings address three broad themes of literature: i) NGO-GO Interaction Styles; ii) Institutional Isomorphism; and, iii) NGO Development Continuum. Findings related to these broad streams of literature suggest that NGO behavior is shaped both by public policy orientation and by internal strategies and decisions. In efforts to gain and retain legitimacy, NGOs will likely use multiple interaction styles both simultaneously and sequentially. Analysis of internal institutional processes in NGOs suggests that organizational responses to isomorphic demands are circumscribed by path-dependent factors and the variability in NGO resource environments. NGO development strategies have evolved towards greater complexity and sophistication. / Ph. D.

"Looked into the streets - the glaring lights and the tall buildings - and there I conceived Metropolis" exclaimed the Austrian filmmaker Fritz Lang at the sight of New York. This visit inspired him while creating the sets and background for the radical movie Metropolis released in 1927. Taken right after World War I, the movie set in 2026 was heavily symbolic with German expressionism and it captured a projected socio-economic condition which was a direct result of the fears of the people at that time. The working class lived in subterranean spaces distraught with mundane labor while the affluent lived in skyscrapers and exotic terraced gardens and drove around in elevated highways. The city seemed to be this well-oiled machine existing only to cater to the needs of the upper class. The poor eventually try to overthrow the rich. The movie finally ends with the message of hope, that the mediator would create harmony among the classes and create peaceful coexistence. The city of Mumbai in 2018 is in many ways - the Metropolis. When a city develops, it does not seem to cater to all sects of people. In fact, there seems to be a parallel relationship between the size of the city and its level of socio-economic disparity: the larger the city the less equal it tends to be. More often than not, the true soul of the city lies within that lower stratum of society who often live in slum-like settlements. Can architecture play the Mediator and bring about a connect? / Master of Architecture / At the time of Indian Independence in 1947, Gandhi said that “India is to be found not in its few cities but in its 700,000 villages. Villages were self-sustaining units which were rich in culture and tradition. He believed that the revival of the villages and all its cottage industries, handicrafts and agriculture was India’s answer to development. However in 2018, there are only about 597,464 census villages . At this rate, within a few centuries, India would loose its identity and will look like every other country in the world. Anybody who could afford to travel. moved to the cities. Villages are constantly abandoned and some get engulfed or morphed into cities. Cities grow at such rapid rates with the latest building technologies usually ignoring the needs of the people its supposed to serve. Is the city developed only for the rich and affluent? Can architecture support social inclusion and break down spatial segregation within a megacity? Can we capitalize on a city’s history and rich traditions without destroying them? Can a village survive a city? My thesis attempts to answer some of these questions through case studies, research and finally applying some of these theories and concepts on to a project that involves the redevelopment of a fishing village in the heart of Mumbai, India.