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Au cours des dernières décennies, le commerce de détail a connu de profondesévolutions. Elles ont largement marqué l’organisation des espaces urbains, et plus largementdes territoires qu’ils polarisent. Cette thèse de doctorat se propose d’aborder la question ducommerce de détail dans un type d’espace urbain particulier que sont les petites villes, enprenant l’exemple de celles du Centre-est de la France. Dans le cadre des mutations dusystème commercial et des territoires sur lesquels il s’inscrit, nous avons posé laproblématique de l’adaptation des petites villes aux changements provoqués par les Secondeet Troisième Révolutions commerciales. Après avoir démontré que les petites villes, en dépitde certaines originalités liées à leur taille et à leur positionnement dans la hiérarchie urbaine,ont parfaitement été intégrées dans les dynamiques récentes de la fonction commerciale et descomportements d’achat, nous avons vu que cette adaptation varie fortement en fonction duprofil démographique, fonctionnel et situationnel des petites villes. La diversité des cas defigure nous a alors amené à nous pencher sur le question du rôle des acteurs publics et privésdans les stratégies locales d’aménagement et de développement commercial, et à laconclusion de la nécessité de coordonner les politiques d’aménagement et de développementcommercial avec celles portant sur les autres éléments du système urbain de la petite ville,afin de renforcer leur efficacité. / During the last decades, retail trade has known some important evolutions. Theyhave left a mark on the urban spaces’ organization, and moreover on the territories polarizedby the towns. This thesis aims to study the issue of the retail trade in a particular type of urbanspace that is the small town, taking the example of the Centre-East of France. Within theframework of the mutations of the commercial system and its territories, we have posed theproblematic of the adaptation of small towns to the changes generated by the Second and theThird Commercial Revolutions. After demonstrating that small towns, despite someoriginalities explained by their size and their position in the urban hierarchy, have beenclearly integrated in the recent dynamics of the commercial function and the customers’behaviour, we have seen that this adaptation vary according to the demographic, functionaland situational profile of the small towns. The diversity of the cases brought us to the issue ofthe role of public and private actors in the local strategies of commercial planning anddevelopment. Our reflection took us to the conclusion of a necessary coordination of retailplanning and development policies with the ones which deal with the other elements of thesmall town’s urban system, in order to improve their efficiency.

Scholarship has firmly established that the short story cycle is well-suited to representations of community. This study considers eight North American examples of the genre: four by Canadian authors Stephen Leacock, Duncan Campbell Scott, George Elliott, and Alice Munro; and four by American authors Sarah Orne Jewett, Sherwood Anderson, John Cheever, and Joyce Carol Oates. My original idea was to discover whether there were significant differences between the Canadian and American cycles, but ultimately I became far more interested in the way that all of the cycles address community formation and disintegration. The focus of each cycle is a small community, whether a small town, a village, or a suburb. In all of the examples, the authors address the small community as the focus of anxiety, concern, criticism, and praise, with special attention to the way in which, despite its manifold failings, the small community continues to inspire longings for the ideal home and source of identity. The narrative feature that ultimately provided the critical framework for the study is the recurring presence of the metropolis in all of the eight cycles. The city, set on the horizons of these small communities, consistently provides a backdrop against which author and characters seem to measure and understand their lives. Always an influence (whether for good or bad), the city’s presence is constructed as the other against which the small community’s identity is formulated and understood. The relationship between small community and city led me to an investigation into the mythology of the small community, a mythology that sets the small community in opposition to the city, portraying the former as the keeper of virtue and the latter as the disseminator of vice. The cycles themselves, as I increasingly discovered, challenge the mythology by identifying how the small community depends, in large part, on the city for self-understanding. The small community, however, as an idea, and a mythic ideal, is never dismissed as obsolete or irrelevant.

Scholarship has firmly established that the short story cycle is well-suited to representations of community. This study considers eight North American examples of the genre: four by Canadian authors Stephen Leacock, Duncan Campbell Scott, George Elliott, and Alice Munro; and four by American authors Sarah Orne Jewett, Sherwood Anderson, John Cheever, and Joyce Carol Oates. My original idea was to discover whether there were significant differences between the Canadian and American cycles, but ultimately I became far more interested in the way that all of the cycles address community formation and disintegration. The focus of each cycle is a small community, whether a small town, a village, or a suburb. In all of the examples, the authors address the small community as the focus of anxiety, concern, criticism, and praise, with special attention to the way in which, despite its manifold failings, the small community continues to inspire longings for the ideal home and source of identity. The narrative feature that ultimately provided the critical framework for the study is the recurring presence of the metropolis in all of the eight cycles. The city, set on the horizons of these small communities, consistently provides a backdrop against which author and characters seem to measure and understand their lives. Always an influence (whether for good or bad), the city’s presence is constructed as the other against which the small community’s identity is formulated and understood. The relationship between small community and city led me to an investigation into the mythology of the small community, a mythology that sets the small community in opposition to the city, portraying the former as the keeper of virtue and the latter as the disseminator of vice. The cycles themselves, as I increasingly discovered, challenge the mythology by identifying how the small community depends, in large part, on the city for self-understanding. The small community, however, as an idea, and a mythic ideal, is never dismissed as obsolete or irrelevant.

Scholarship has firmly established that the short story cycle is well-suited to representations of community. This study considers eight North American examples of the genre: four by Canadian authors Stephen Leacock, Duncan Campbell Scott, George Elliott, and Alice Munro; and four by American authors Sarah Orne Jewett, Sherwood Anderson, John Cheever, and Joyce Carol Oates. My original idea was to discover whether there were significant differences between the Canadian and American cycles, but ultimately I became far more interested in the way that all of the cycles address community formation and disintegration. The focus of each cycle is a small community, whether a small town, a village, or a suburb. In all of the examples, the authors address the small community as the focus of anxiety, concern, criticism, and praise, with special attention to the way in which, despite its manifold failings, the small community continues to inspire longings for the ideal home and source of identity. The narrative feature that ultimately provided the critical framework for the study is the recurring presence of the metropolis in all of the eight cycles. The city, set on the horizons of these small communities, consistently provides a backdrop against which author and characters seem to measure and understand their lives. Always an influence (whether for good or bad), the city’s presence is constructed as the other against which the small community’s identity is formulated and understood. The relationship between small community and city led me to an investigation into the mythology of the small community, a mythology that sets the small community in opposition to the city, portraying the former as the keeper of virtue and the latter as the disseminator of vice. The cycles themselves, as I increasingly discovered, challenge the mythology by identifying how the small community depends, in large part, on the city for self-understanding. The small community, however, as an idea, and a mythic ideal, is never dismissed as obsolete or irrelevant.

Over the last decades, film theories with their focus on the mere audiovisual quality of cinema have been questioned by film scholars with a phenomenological interest. According to these critical approaches, the film experience cannot be understood through a mere involvement of the eye (and the ear). In this context, to disregard the significance of a multisensory attachment to the film results in the consideration of relationship between the film and the viewer to be a dominating one. This dissertation examines this multisensory attachment and aims to define the film experience as an embodied relationship between the film and the viewer by means of a formal analysis of the Turkish director Nuri Bilge Ceylan’s early films. Throughout the dissertation, it is argued that Ceylan encourages his viewer in various forms to have a more sensual and immediate experience of his films rather than to compel them to adhere to symbols and abstractions through a kind of intellectual effort – an intellectual effort that would damage the “sensuous” attachment between the film and the viewer.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:57:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceloLAS_DISSERT.pdf: 5058687 bytes, checksum: 8e0b13c88b148a83cb5f035a70c6da26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-18 / Studies on the urban landscape and on the changes of the urban space are relevant, since they reveal the economic dynamics and the way of life in the cities. Research on small towns, in particular, can display particular aspects and by so doing broaden the comprehension of this theme. The purpose of this research is to analyze the changes in the urban landscape and in the way of life of the inhabitants of the town of Tenente Ananias-RN that have been taking place since the 1990s up to the present (2013) and which result mainly from the commercial activity of credi?rio. The study is, therefore, a reflection on the impact of credi?rio economy on the urban landscape and on the way of life of a small town located in the hinterland of the State of Rio Grande do Norte. For this reason, it was necessary to study the landscape and the way of life found in Tenente Ananias in two moments: a) before the rise of the credi?rio, a period of time ranging from the town‟s initial emergence until the beginning of the 1990s; b) during the progress of credi?rio activity, from the beginning of the 1990s, when it starts, up to the present (2013). For this research, primary data (interviews, local survey visits) and secondary data (books, articles, reports, census data) were used. As a result of this study, it was possible to conclude that credi?rio plays a fundamental role for the explanation of the changes taking place in Tenente Ananias-RN, especially in the urban landscape and in the way of life of people. We have attempted, through this research, to contribute to the studies of a historical, social and economic process related to the urban landscape and space of a small town in the State of Rio Grande do Norte / Os estudos sobre a paisagem urbana e sobre as modifica??es do espa?o urbano s?o importantes, pois revelam a din?mica econ?mica e o modo de vida nas cidades. A pesquisa sobre as pequenas cidades, em particular, pode revelar aspectos particulares e ampliar, assim, a compreens?o dessa tem?tica. O objetivo desta pesquisa ? analisar as mudan?as na paisagem urbana e no modo de vida dos habitantes na cidade de Tenente Ananias-RN, que v?m ocorrendo da d?cada de 1990 aos dias atuais (2013) - em fun??o, principalmente, da atividade comercial do credi?rio. O estudo ?, portanto, uma reflex?o sobre o impacto da economia do credi?rio na transforma??o da paisagem urbana e do modo de vida de uma pequena cidade do interior potiguar. Para isso, foi necess?rio estudar a paisagem e o modo de vida da cidade de Tenente Ananias em dois momentos: a) antes de chegada do credi?rio, per?odo que se estende da forma??o inicial da cidade, em 1944, at? meados da d?cada de 1990; b) durante a vig?ncia do credi?rio, que se estende da metade da d?cada de 1990, quando ele se inicia, at? o momento atual (2013). Na elabora??o da pesquisa foram utilizadas fontes prim?rias (entrevistas, levantamento in loco) e secund?rias (livros, artigos, relat?rios, dados censit?rios). Como resultado desse estudo, constatamos que a atividade crediarista tem um papel fundamental na explica??o das mudan?as verificadas em Tenente Ananias-RN, principalmente na paisagem urbana e no modo de vida das pessoas. Com essa pesquisa buscamos contribuir com os estudos do processo hist?rico-social-econ?mico da produ??o da paisagem de do espa?o urbano de uma pequena cidade do Rio Grande do Norte

Centro Universitário de Patos de Minas / O trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a qualidade de vida na cidade de Tupaciguara – MG e propor diretrizes para o planejamento urbano. A partir dos objetivos específicos definidos, conhecer a realidade socioambiental de Tupaciguara, analisar qualidade de vida no município e discutir planejamento urbano voltado para qualidade de vida. Para alcançar os resultados esperados iniciou com revisão bibliográfica, sobre urbanização, planejamento urbano e qualidade de vida, cidades sustentáveis, saudáveis e pequena cidade. A partir da revisão buscou realizar um diagnóstico para conhecer o município de Tupaciguara, com foco na área urbana, desde sua formação socioespacial, o contexto populacional, as condições ambientais, análise espacial e sociocultural, economia, as moradias, o planejamento e a gestão urbana. Além desse levantamento foi possível realizar uma análise comparativa da qualidade de vida com municípios da Mesorregião do Triângulo Mineiro/ Alto Paranaíba – MG com população total entre 10.000 a 30.000 habitantes. Em seguida realizou-se uma discussão acerca do planejamento em Tupaciguara com proposta de diretrizes. Os resultados alcançados foram, em primeiro momento descrição dos pontos positivos e negativos, que auxiliou na construção da matriz FOFA que indicou as ações prioritárias, entre elas, gestão mais adequada da área ambiental de Tupaciguara. Em segundo lugar identificação dos cenários atual e desejado que serviu de base para confecção da tabela de diretrizes. Ao final dos resultados conclui-se que em Tupaciguara, a qualidade de vida é mediana, sendo necessário uma maior atenção na área ambiental e de saúde, para que a cidade busque promover uma melhor qualidade de vida para a população. / The aim of this study is to analyze the life’s quality at Tupaciguara-MG and to propose guidelines for urban planning. One of the specific objectives, is to know the socialenvironmental reality at Tupaciguara. Other objective is to analyze the life’s quality at the city and discuss urban planning focused on life’s quality. The study began with literature review; about urbanization, city planning and urban life’s quality, sustainable cities healthyand small town. A diagnosis to know the city was done based on the bibliographic discussion, focusing on urban area, since its formation, the socio-spatial context of population, environmental conditions, and socio-spatial analysis, economics, housing, urban and planning management. In addition to this, a comparative analysis of quality of life was made with municipalities at Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba-MG region, those which have total population between 10,000 to 30,000 inhabitants. Afterwards was discussed about planning at Tupaciguara with proposals of guidelines. At first result was made a description of positives and negatives points, which supported in the formulation of the FOFA (COLOCAR O QUE SIGNIFICA), what says the priority actions, including the most appropriate management of the environmental area of Tupaciguara. At second result was highlighted the present and intended scene that formed the guidelines table. Concluding life’s quality is median at Tupaciguara, what requires bigger attention with environmental and health area, to improve the life’s quality for the population. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Scholarship has firmly established that the short story cycle is well-suited to representations of community. This study considers eight North American examples of the genre: four by Canadian authors Stephen Leacock, Duncan Campbell Scott, George Elliott, and Alice Munro; and four by American authors Sarah Orne Jewett, Sherwood Anderson, John Cheever, and Joyce Carol Oates. My original idea was to discover whether there were significant differences between the Canadian and American cycles, but ultimately I became far more interested in the way that all of the cycles address community formation and disintegration. The focus of each cycle is a small community, whether a small town, a village, or a suburb. In all of the examples, the authors address the small community as the focus of anxiety, concern, criticism, and praise, with special attention to the way in which, despite its manifold failings, the small community continues to inspire longings for the ideal home and source of identity. The narrative feature that ultimately provided the critical framework for the study is the recurring presence of the metropolis in all of the eight cycles. The city, set on the horizons of these small communities, consistently provides a backdrop against which author and characters seem to measure and understand their lives. Always an influence (whether for good or bad), the city’s presence is constructed as the other against which the small community’s identity is formulated and understood. The relationship between small community and city led me to an investigation into the mythology of the small community, a mythology that sets the small community in opposition to the city, portraying the former as the keeper of virtue and the latter as the disseminator of vice. The cycles themselves, as I increasingly discovered, challenge the mythology by identifying how the small community depends, in large part, on the city for self-understanding. The small community, however, as an idea, and a mythic ideal, is never dismissed as obsolete or irrelevant.

Ce travail fait émerger les indices d'urbanité dans une Savoie encore toute rurale, entre 1536 (indépendance de Genève) et septembre 1792 (invasion de la Savoie par les troupes révolutionnaires françaises). Une première partie dégage d'abord un corpus de villes, de villes-bourgs et de simples bourgs, à partir des témoignages contemporains. Elle insiste ensuite sur les conditions du développement urbain. La Savoie urbaine compte de toutes petites villes, dont le ressort s'étend généralement sur un territoire et une population ruraux importants. Au cours de la période, ces cités connaissent une croissance démographique faible, voire négative pour nombre de bourgs. Quelques traits spécifiques à la démographie urbaine caractérisent les villes savoyardes (surmortalité, surféminité, faible part des familles élargies et multiples...). L'examen des fonctions administratives, religieuses et culturelles dévoile une hiérarchie urbaine dominée par Chambéry, et dans une moindre mesure par six capitales de province. La fonction militaire est insignifiante, sauf à Montmélian. Au plan économique, les villes savoyardes, en général bien situées sur un carrefour international, ont manqué leur chance. En l'absence d'une élite entreprenante et suffisamment aisée, du fait de la pauvreté chronique du duché, et en raison de réticences politiques, elles n'ont pas su capter une partie du commerce européen et n'ont pas accompli de démarrage économique. Une deuxième partie s'intéresse à la pratique de la ville. L'étude du cadre urbain dessine des villes marquées par la ruralité et fortement dépendantes des conditions naturelles. Le manque de moyens financiers et diverses pesanteurs ont empêché les tenants de la gouvernance urbaine de sortir les villes de leur carcan médiéval, même si quelques nouveautés urbanistiques apparaissent à la fin de la période. L'usage social de la ville est également envisagé. Il fait apparaître des facteurs de cohésion qui lient la société urbaine, mais aussi des menaces qui pèsent sur l'ordre social, et des rythmes proches de ceux de la campagne. Une troisième partie cherche à évaluer les capacités d'ouverture des villes savoyardes. Elle s'intéresse aux notions de concurrence, de dépendance et de complémentarité, entre les villes et leurs campagnes, entre les cités du duché, et entre ces dernières et les grandes villes voisines, comme Genève, Lyon, Grenoble ou Turin. En outre, de par sa situation géographique, la Savoie offre un chapelet de villes frontières dont les caractéristiques sont exposées. Un tableau du réseau urbain savoyard à l'époque moderne vient conclure cette étude. / With this work, the urbanity rating can emerge in Savoy which was rural between 1536 (Geneva's Independence) and September 1792 (Savoy's invasion by French revolutionary troops). The first part highlights a corpus of towns, market towns and small towns, from the contemporary stories. Secondly, it states the urban development conditions. The urban Savoy has very small towns, the resort of them generally dwells on important rural territory and population. During this time, this cities show a demographic low growth, or even negative for lots of market towns. The towns in Savoy are characterized by some specifics features in the urban demography like more mortality, more femininity, less enlarged and multiple families...).The exam of the administrative, religious and cultural duties reveal an urban hierarchy dominated by Chambéry and to a lesser extent by six provincial town's capitals. The military duty is insignificant, except Montmélian. The towns in Savoy, even if they are locate on an international junction, lack opportunity on economic level. Without enterprising and enough well-off elite, because of duchy’s chronic poverty and politics reticence, they don’t know how to catch a part of European trade and they don’t accomplish economic starting up. The second part talk about the town’s convenient. The study of the urban environment outlines some rural towns and dependent deeply natural conditions. The lack of financial means and other inertia have stop the urban direction ins to send of the towns to the medieval rigidity, even if some new town planner appears at the end of this period. The social custom of the town is also envisaging. It highlights cohesion’s factor which link the urban society, but threats which influence the social order too, and rate close to those of the countryside. The third part tries to assess openness capacity of the town’s in Savoy. It’s interested in competition, dependence and complementary notions, between the towns and the countryside, between cities duchy, and between the last and the big bordering cities, like Geneva, Lyon, Grenoble and Turin. In addition, by his geographic situation, the Savoy presents some border towns which characteristics are state. A board of the urban network in the Savoy in modern era will conclude this study.