A pesca artesanal de pequena escala representa a principal fonte de proteína animal e tem um importante papel na atividade econômica das populações que dela dependem. Entretanto, a pesca de pequena escala também pode levar à diminuição dos estoques pesqueiros. Estratégias de manejo da pesca de pequena escala costumam se dar em diferentes níveis de organização: individual, comunitário e regional. Devido à limitação logística e financeira que as instituições de manejo da pesca enfrentam, é necessário direcionar os esforços para aprimorar o manejo. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar em qual escala espacial de manejo o desembarque pesqueiro no Rio Tapajós (Amazônia brasileira) é mais influenciado. Onze comunidades ribeirinhas pertencentes a diferentes categorias de unidades de conservação de uso sustentável tiveram seus pescadores entrevistados. Os desembarques foram avaliados por meio da biomassa capturada, da captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE) e do rendimento econômico potencial. No total, 2013 desembarques pesqueiros, de 51 pescadores, durante 12 meses foram analisados. As variáveis com mais importância sobre a biomassa de peixes, a CPUE e o rendimento potencial foram aquelas correspondentes a escala espacial de manejo individual ligadas ao comportamento do pescador, juntamente com variáveis ambientais. Portanto, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que o manejo da pesca deve priorizar regras que influenciam o comportamento do pescador em face das características ambientais locais. / Small-scale artisanal fisheries represent the main source of animal protein and play an important role in the economic activity of the populations that depend on it. However, small-scale fisheries can also lead to decline of fish stocks. Small-scale fisheries management strategies tend to occur at different levels of organization: individual, communitarian and regional (groups of interest). Due to the logistical and financial limitations of fisheries management institutions, it is necessary to direct the efforts to improve management. The objective of this research is to determine in which spatial scale of management influence most the fish landings in the Tapajós River (Brazilian Amazon). Eleven riverine communities belonging to different categories of conservation units were sampled. Landings were assessed using the biomass of fish caught, catch per unit effort (CPUE) and potential economic yield. In total, 2013 fish landings of 51 fishermen during 12 months were analyzed. The variables with more importance on fish biomass, CPUE and potential yield were those corresponding to the spatial scale of individual linked to the fisherman’s behavior and environmental variables. Therefore, the results obtained in this study indicate that fisheries management should prioritize rules that influence the fisher’s behavior related to the local environmental characteristics.

A pesca artesanal de pequena escala representa a principal fonte de proteína animal e tem um importante papel na atividade econômica das populações que dela dependem. Entretanto, a pesca de pequena escala também pode levar à diminuição dos estoques pesqueiros. Estratégias de manejo da pesca de pequena escala costumam se dar em diferentes níveis de organização: individual, comunitário e regional. Devido à limitação logística e financeira que as instituições de manejo da pesca enfrentam, é necessário direcionar os esforços para aprimorar o manejo. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar em qual escala espacial de manejo o desembarque pesqueiro no Rio Tapajós (Amazônia brasileira) é mais influenciado. Onze comunidades ribeirinhas pertencentes a diferentes categorias de unidades de conservação de uso sustentável tiveram seus pescadores entrevistados. Os desembarques foram avaliados por meio da biomassa capturada, da captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE) e do rendimento econômico potencial. No total, 2013 desembarques pesqueiros, de 51 pescadores, durante 12 meses foram analisados. As variáveis com mais importância sobre a biomassa de peixes, a CPUE e o rendimento potencial foram aquelas correspondentes a escala espacial de manejo individual ligadas ao comportamento do pescador, juntamente com variáveis ambientais. Portanto, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que o manejo da pesca deve priorizar regras que influenciam o comportamento do pescador em face das características ambientais locais. / Small-scale artisanal fisheries represent the main source of animal protein and play an important role in the economic activity of the populations that depend on it. However, small-scale fisheries can also lead to decline of fish stocks. Small-scale fisheries management strategies tend to occur at different levels of organization: individual, communitarian and regional (groups of interest). Due to the logistical and financial limitations of fisheries management institutions, it is necessary to direct the efforts to improve management. The objective of this research is to determine in which spatial scale of management influence most the fish landings in the Tapajós River (Brazilian Amazon). Eleven riverine communities belonging to different categories of conservation units were sampled. Landings were assessed using the biomass of fish caught, catch per unit effort (CPUE) and potential economic yield. In total, 2013 fish landings of 51 fishermen during 12 months were analyzed. The variables with more importance on fish biomass, CPUE and potential yield were those corresponding to the spatial scale of individual linked to the fisherman’s behavior and environmental variables. Therefore, the results obtained in this study indicate that fisheries management should prioritize rules that influence the fisher’s behavior related to the local environmental characteristics.

Pescarias tropicais são consideradas multiespecíficas, mas podem apresentar diferentes níveis de seletividade. A falta de longas séries temporais de dados pesqueiros, principalmente em ecossistemas tropicais, prejudica a avaliação das mudanças e impactos relacionados à pesca. A explotação pesqueira em ambientes tropicais está associada ao processo de substituição das maiores espécies por espécies de menor porte (fishing down process). O conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) de pescadores tem sido aplicado em estudos de ecologia, distribuição e abundância atual e passada de peixes para avaliar a conservação de espécies, de ecossistemas e na elaboração de normas de manejo. O objetivo da tese é analisar os padrões de seletividade da pesca continental da Amazônia através de dados secundários, investigar mudanças na abundância e composição das espécies capturadas no Baixo Rio Tapajós ao longo do tempo, bem como propor uma abordagem de manejo pesqueiro baseado no conhecimento ecológico local dos pescadores, registrados através de entrevistas e desembarques pesqueiros (dados primários). Analisamos a seletividade de pescarias em 46 locais ao longo da Bacia Amazônica, através da proporção da biomassa das principais espécies capturadas, proveniente de 15 estudos científicos já publicados. Entrevistamos 203 pescadores e 51 deles realizaram o monitoramento participativo de suas pescarias durante um ano, em 11 comunidades do Baixo Rio Tapajós. Analisamos o CEL de pescadores sobre possíveis mudanças na abundância e composição; tamanho e época reprodutiva das espécies de peixes mais capturadas, relacionando à literatura cientifica e desembarques pesqueiros. Avaliamos o nível de conservação dos recursos pesqueiros em três diferentes categorias de Unidades de Conservação (UCs), com diferentes tempos de criação. A maioria das pescarias Amazônicas foram consideradas moderadamente seletivas. Onze espécies de peixes (nove delas migratórias) têm recebido maior pressão de pesca nas regiões Amazônicas (Capítulo 1). A composição das espécies mais capturadas variou temporalmente no Baixo Rio Tapajós, apresentando tendência de diminuição das maiores espécies como o pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) e tucunaré (Cichla spp.). O tempo de criação das UCs na Amazônia apresentou influência positiva na conservação das espécies, enquanto que a proximidade e o acesso ao mercado consumidor apresentaram influência negativa (Capítulo 2). Pescadores citam tamanhos reprodutivos das espécies de acordo com os tamanhos registrados na literatura científica. Pescadores citam o período reprodutivo das espécies de acordo com desembarques pesqueiros, mas parcialmente de acordo com a literatura (Capítulo 3). O CEL dos pescadores mostrou-se eficiente na avaliação do tamanho reprodutivo e mudança da composição das espécies explotadas ao longo do tempo, identificando o “fishing down process” no Baixo Rio Tapajós. O manejo dos recursos pesqueiros na Amazônia e no Baixo Rio Tapajós pode ser direcionado às principais espécies e deve considerar o conhecimento das populações locais de duas maneiras: a) abordagem ecossistêmica integrada direcionada a espécies migratórias e áreas de vulnerabilidade; e b) incentivo aos sistemas de co-manejo locais, onde os pescadores participam da elaboração, implementação e fiscalização das normas de pesca baseadas em seu conhecimento sobre os recursos, podendo focar no manejo de espécies sedentárias e na proteção de lagos e igarapés próximos às comunidades ribeirinhas. / Tropical fisheries are considered multi-species, but these fisheries may show different degrees of selectiveness. The lack of long-term fisheries data, mainly in tropical ecosystems, affects the assessment of changes and impacts related to fisheries. The fisheries exploitation in tropical environments is associated to the process of replacing the larger species by smaller species, called fishing down process. The Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) of fishers have been applied to studies of ecology, distribution and current and past abundance of fishes to assess the conservation of species and ecosystems and in the development of management rules. The goal of this thesis is to analyze the patterns of selectivity of the inland fisheries of the Amazon through secondary data, to investigate changes over time in the abundance and composition of species caught in the Lower Tapajós River, as well as, to propose an approach to fisheries management based to fishers’ LEK, recorded by interviews and fish landings (primary data). The selectivity of fisheries was analyzed in 46 sites along the Amazon Basin through the proportion of biomass accounted for the most caught fish species from 15 scientific studies already published. We interviewed 203 fishers and 51 of them conducted participatory monitoring of their fish landings during one year, in 11 communities of the Lower Tapajós River. We analyzed the fishers’ LEK about possible changes in abundance and composition, size and spawning season of the most caught fish species and compared LEK with scientific literature and fish landings. We evaluated the level of conservation of fisheries resources in three different categories of Conservation Units (CUs) created at distinct periods. Most of the studied Amazonian fisheries were considered moderately selective. Eleven fish species (nine of them migratory) have received more fishing pressure in the Amazonian regions (Chapter 1). The composition of the most caught species changed over time in the Lower Tapajós River, showing a trend of decreasing abundance of larger species, such as, pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and tucunaré (Cichla spp.). The time of creation of CUs had a positive influence in the species conservation, while the proximity and access to the consumer market had a negative influence (Chapter 2). Fishers cited reproductive sizes of the species which agreed to sizes reported in the scientific literature. Fishers cited fish spawning seasons that agreed with fish landings, but were only partly in accordance with the literature (Chapter 3). The fishers’ LEK was efficient in the evaluation of the reproductive size and changes in the composition of the exploited species over time, identifying the fishing down process in the Lower Tapajós River. The fisheries management in the Amazon and in the Lower Tapajós River may be directed to the main fish species and must consider the knowledge of local populations in two ways: a) an integrated ecosystem approach directed to migratory species and vulnerability areas; and b) encouraging local systems of co-management, where fishers participate in the creation, design, implementation, enforcement and monitoring of fishing rules based on their knowledge about resources, and the management should focus on sedentary species and the protection of lakes and streams near the riverside communities.

Pescarias tropicais são consideradas multiespecíficas, mas podem apresentar diferentes níveis de seletividade. A falta de longas séries temporais de dados pesqueiros, principalmente em ecossistemas tropicais, prejudica a avaliação das mudanças e impactos relacionados à pesca. A explotação pesqueira em ambientes tropicais está associada ao processo de substituição das maiores espécies por espécies de menor porte (fishing down process). O conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) de pescadores tem sido aplicado em estudos de ecologia, distribuição e abundância atual e passada de peixes para avaliar a conservação de espécies, de ecossistemas e na elaboração de normas de manejo. O objetivo da tese é analisar os padrões de seletividade da pesca continental da Amazônia através de dados secundários, investigar mudanças na abundância e composição das espécies capturadas no Baixo Rio Tapajós ao longo do tempo, bem como propor uma abordagem de manejo pesqueiro baseado no conhecimento ecológico local dos pescadores, registrados através de entrevistas e desembarques pesqueiros (dados primários). Analisamos a seletividade de pescarias em 46 locais ao longo da Bacia Amazônica, através da proporção da biomassa das principais espécies capturadas, proveniente de 15 estudos científicos já publicados. Entrevistamos 203 pescadores e 51 deles realizaram o monitoramento participativo de suas pescarias durante um ano, em 11 comunidades do Baixo Rio Tapajós. Analisamos o CEL de pescadores sobre possíveis mudanças na abundância e composição; tamanho e época reprodutiva das espécies de peixes mais capturadas, relacionando à literatura cientifica e desembarques pesqueiros. Avaliamos o nível de conservação dos recursos pesqueiros em três diferentes categorias de Unidades de Conservação (UCs), com diferentes tempos de criação. A maioria das pescarias Amazônicas foram consideradas moderadamente seletivas. Onze espécies de peixes (nove delas migratórias) têm recebido maior pressão de pesca nas regiões Amazônicas (Capítulo 1). A composição das espécies mais capturadas variou temporalmente no Baixo Rio Tapajós, apresentando tendência de diminuição das maiores espécies como o pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) e tucunaré (Cichla spp.). O tempo de criação das UCs na Amazônia apresentou influência positiva na conservação das espécies, enquanto que a proximidade e o acesso ao mercado consumidor apresentaram influência negativa (Capítulo 2). Pescadores citam tamanhos reprodutivos das espécies de acordo com os tamanhos registrados na literatura científica. Pescadores citam o período reprodutivo das espécies de acordo com desembarques pesqueiros, mas parcialmente de acordo com a literatura (Capítulo 3). O CEL dos pescadores mostrou-se eficiente na avaliação do tamanho reprodutivo e mudança da composição das espécies explotadas ao longo do tempo, identificando o “fishing down process” no Baixo Rio Tapajós. O manejo dos recursos pesqueiros na Amazônia e no Baixo Rio Tapajós pode ser direcionado às principais espécies e deve considerar o conhecimento das populações locais de duas maneiras: a) abordagem ecossistêmica integrada direcionada a espécies migratórias e áreas de vulnerabilidade; e b) incentivo aos sistemas de co-manejo locais, onde os pescadores participam da elaboração, implementação e fiscalização das normas de pesca baseadas em seu conhecimento sobre os recursos, podendo focar no manejo de espécies sedentárias e na proteção de lagos e igarapés próximos às comunidades ribeirinhas. / Tropical fisheries are considered multi-species, but these fisheries may show different degrees of selectiveness. The lack of long-term fisheries data, mainly in tropical ecosystems, affects the assessment of changes and impacts related to fisheries. The fisheries exploitation in tropical environments is associated to the process of replacing the larger species by smaller species, called fishing down process. The Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) of fishers have been applied to studies of ecology, distribution and current and past abundance of fishes to assess the conservation of species and ecosystems and in the development of management rules. The goal of this thesis is to analyze the patterns of selectivity of the inland fisheries of the Amazon through secondary data, to investigate changes over time in the abundance and composition of species caught in the Lower Tapajós River, as well as, to propose an approach to fisheries management based to fishers’ LEK, recorded by interviews and fish landings (primary data). The selectivity of fisheries was analyzed in 46 sites along the Amazon Basin through the proportion of biomass accounted for the most caught fish species from 15 scientific studies already published. We interviewed 203 fishers and 51 of them conducted participatory monitoring of their fish landings during one year, in 11 communities of the Lower Tapajós River. We analyzed the fishers’ LEK about possible changes in abundance and composition, size and spawning season of the most caught fish species and compared LEK with scientific literature and fish landings. We evaluated the level of conservation of fisheries resources in three different categories of Conservation Units (CUs) created at distinct periods. Most of the studied Amazonian fisheries were considered moderately selective. Eleven fish species (nine of them migratory) have received more fishing pressure in the Amazonian regions (Chapter 1). The composition of the most caught species changed over time in the Lower Tapajós River, showing a trend of decreasing abundance of larger species, such as, pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and tucunaré (Cichla spp.). The time of creation of CUs had a positive influence in the species conservation, while the proximity and access to the consumer market had a negative influence (Chapter 2). Fishers cited reproductive sizes of the species which agreed to sizes reported in the scientific literature. Fishers cited fish spawning seasons that agreed with fish landings, but were only partly in accordance with the literature (Chapter 3). The fishers’ LEK was efficient in the evaluation of the reproductive size and changes in the composition of the exploited species over time, identifying the fishing down process in the Lower Tapajós River. The fisheries management in the Amazon and in the Lower Tapajós River may be directed to the main fish species and must consider the knowledge of local populations in two ways: a) an integrated ecosystem approach directed to migratory species and vulnerability areas; and b) encouraging local systems of co-management, where fishers participate in the creation, design, implementation, enforcement and monitoring of fishing rules based on their knowledge about resources, and the management should focus on sedentary species and the protection of lakes and streams near the riverside communities.

Orientador: Alpina Begossi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T02:56:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_PriscilaFabianaMacedo_D.pdf: 4700329 bytes, checksum: bbc9137dcc5a651ed9a7ac7fd9349c6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O enfoque deste estudo está centrado na dinâmica da pesca artesanal de caráter comercial da Praia do Perequê, Guarujá, SP, sob a perspectiva da ecologia comportamental humana e da análise do processo de decisão por parte dos pescadores. Assim, o objetivo geral foi avaliar a dinâmica da pesca artesanal local, comparando-a a outras pescarias artesanais brasileiras, levando em conta seus aspectos sócio-econômicos, ecológicos e comportamentais, a fim de fornecer subsídios básicos, mas essenciais, para o manejo dos recursos pesqueiros locais. Os resultados de quatorze meses de estudos de campo são integrados ao longo de três capítulos através de conceitos derivados da ecologia evolutiva, tais como otimização e territorialidade, e conceitos que provêm da Teoria dos Comuns, como regimes de propriedade. Os métodos utilizados incluem entrevistas semi-estruturadas para o levantamento sócio-econômico (n=51), acompanhamento de desembarques (n=424) e de viagens de pesca (n=21) e mapeamento (pontos georreferenciados) e etnomapeamento (identificação pelos pescadores) dos principais pontos de pesca. O primeiro capítulo traz uma caracterização sócio-econômica da comunidade, analisando as similaridades e diferenças entre os dois principais grupos de pescadores: os pescadores de camarão (camaroeiros) e os pescadores de peixes. Foram registradas as principais e poucas espécies de camarão (n=2) e peixe (n=5) de interesse para a pesca, os equipamentos utilizados (e.g.: arrasto de fundo e rede de espera), a influência da migração de pescadores de outros estados para o local, especialmente os vindos da região Sul, e as interrelações econômicas e familiares que direcionam a vida local (e.g: economia centrada na pesca e comércio do camarão). O segundo capítulo aborda a pesca e o processo decisório por parte do pescador. O esforço de pesca é analisado sob a perspectiva temporal, mostrando a influência de fatores sazonais (e.g.: vento) em decisões que governam, por exemplo, o simples fato de ir ou não pescar diariamente. Além disso, é uma área de livre acesso, onde nem regras locais nem o poder público fiscalizam e limitam a exploração dos recursos, contribuindo para que o processo de decisão se dê apenas em nível individual e não comunitário. Apesar disto, alguns conflitos em função da sobreposição entre as áreas de pesca de camaroeiros e demais pescadores podem ser observados. O ultimo capítulo traz uma análise a partir da Teoria do Forrageio Ótimo, testando-se se o pescador obtem a maximização (otimização) calórica e financeira. Foram encontradas evidências de sobre-exploração de peixes, já que o pescador precisa ir cada vez mais longe para conseguir espécies que normalmente são pescadas próximas à costa. Além disso, o fato de ambos os grupos de pescadores obterem a otimização de seus ganhos calóricos e financeiros sugere um comportamento que visa somente o retorno a curto prazo, uma estratégia claramente não conservacionista. O levantamento de alguns pontos principais ao longo deste estudo no que concerne à pesca no Perequê (como migração de pescadores, conflitos sobre o direito de acesso às áreas de pesca, exploração não controlada, intensa dependência de poucos recursos) subsidia e mostra a relevância de se adotar medidas de manejo imediatas, que visem coibir ou diminuir o impacto ambiental e social que uma eventual crise dos recursos locais poderia causar. Entre tais medidas de manejo, cita-se a aplicação efetiva da legislação existente, o desenvolvimento de acordos locais próprios que visem diminuir conflitos e tornar a exploração mais sustentável, e principalmente a reforma das instituições formais e informais, as quais facilitariam a efetivação de tais medidas / Abstract: This study focus on the dynamics of the commercial, but still artisanal fisheries in Perequê Beach, Guarujá, SP, under the perspective of human behavioral ecology and decision-making processes analyses by local fishermen. Its main goal was to evaluate the conditions of the local fisheries, comparing it to other artisanal fisheries in Brazil, taking into account social-economic, ecological and behavioral factors, in order to provide basic but essential information to local fisheries management. The results of 14 months of fieldwork are integrated throughout three chapters using concepts from evolutionary ecology, such as optimization and territoriality, and concepts from the Commons Theory, such as property regimes. The methods used include semi-structured interviews applied to the social-economic characterization, fish landings samplings (n=424), participant observations in some fishing trips (n=21) and fishing spots mapping (georeferenced spots) and ethnomapping (identified by the local fishermen). The first chapter brings up a socialeconomic portrait of the community, showing the similarities and differences between the two fishing systems: shrimp trawl and gillnet fishery. Few targeted shrimp (n=2) and fish (n=5) species were identified. The kinds of equipment used (bottom otter trawl and gillnet), the importance of fishermen migration from other Brazilian states to the place, especially from the south region, and the economic and family based interrelations that lead the local life (economy based on fishing and commerce of shrimp) were also studied. The second chapter addresses the local fisheries and fishermen¿s decision-making processes. Fishing effort is analyzed under a temporal perspective, investigating the influence of seasonal factors (e.g.: wind) in decisions that rule, for example, the simple daily act of going fishing or not. In addition to that, Perequê represents an open access area, where neither local rules nor government enforces the existing laws or curtails the resource exploitation, which makes the decision making processes be solely at the individual level and not at the community level. Despite that, some conflicts due to the overlap of fishing areas between trawlers and gillnetters can be observed. The last chapter bringsup an analysis based on Optimal Foraging Theory, testing if a fisherman tries to maximize (optimization process) his caloric and financial returns. Pieces of evidence concerning fish overexploitation were found, as the fisherman needs to go further to fish species that are usually caught close to the coast. Moreover, the fact that both fishing groups aims at maximizing their financial and caloric return suggests a kind of behavior that is directed towards the short term return, a strategy clearly non-conservationist. The main points showed by this study concerning Perequê¿s fishing (fishermen¿s migration, conflicts over the rights to use the fishing spots, non regulated exploitation, intense dependence on a few fishing resources, etc.) ground and show the need of adopting immediate management measures, aiming at restricting and decreasing the environmental and social impacts caused by an eventual resource crises. Among them, it is suggested the fleet control, the effective enforcement of existing regulations, the development of local agreements that aim to decrease conflicts and to make resource exploitation more sustainable, and mainly the restructuring of formal and informal institutions, which would make the application of such measures easier / Doutorado / Ecologia / Doutor em Ecologia

Small-scale fishing communities along Cambodia’s coast have relied on marine resources as a mainstay of their livelihood for decades. However, in the last ten to fifteen years, a confluence of shocks such as increased fishing pressure, the rapid rise of commercial fisheries in the Gulf of Thailand, illegal, underreported and unregulated fishing, climate change and, more recently, sand mining, have contributed to a progressive decline in catch. Such challenges demand that fishers harness social traits of adaptability, responsiveness, persistence, planning, inter alia. In other words, there is a need for fishers and their households to demonstrate resilience in the face of such challenges. Though a contested term, scholars working within human-environment relations have adopted the concept of social-ecological resilience, acknowledging that the social aspects of resilience have been relatively under-addressed. Relatedly, studies on fishers and fishing communities have shown the important contribution fishing plays in fulfilling social and psychological needs, i.e. wellbeing, and how fishing is more than ‘just’ a livelihood. While evidence for this connection between fishing and wellbeing has been shown across different regions, the nature of this relationship is not as clear for coastal communities in Cambodia. Meanwhile, Cambodia has exhibited rapid economic growth (and foreign direct investment) over the past decade. Part of this has been through the creation of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) across the country. The creation of the SEZs and thus, the resultant labour demand has catalyzed migration of Cambodians to secondary cities and to the capital, Phnom Penh. Unlike other parts of the country, the experience of the lives of people on the move from the coastal regions of Cambodia remains less understood. Through qualitative work done among three coastal fishing villages in Koh Kong province in southwest Cambodia, I aim to contribute to a better understanding of the social dimensions of resilience by using a multidimensional (material, subjective, and relational) social wellbeing framework to not only better understand how migration affects the wellbeing of those who leave and those who stay, but also the implications on fishing as ‘a way of life’. My research focuses on understanding the role fishing plays, and the degree to which it impacts the wellbeing of fishers and their households in coastal Cambodia, in the context of migration. My empirical findings problematize the notion that fishing as a way of life supplants other dimensions (e.g. material/income) as observed elsewhere by considering outmigration of villagers from the fishing village. I find that the draw of alternative economic opportunities outside the coastal village has resulted in shifting values and opinions towards fishing as a livelihood particularly by younger villagers and has catalyzed their out migration. As a livelihood strategy, migration plays a crucial role in supplementing income from fishing and, in some cases, forms a critical lifeline for the poorest households. I also show how life in the coastal fishing village is filled with trade-offs and difficult choices people must navigate and negotiate, including tensions between various aspects within subjective dimensions of wellbeing. My thesis reveals the important, and sometimes dominant, influence of subjective and psycho-social factors on coastal villagers’ resilience and how this changes the way some view fishing itself. As such this research shows that adopting a social wellbeing lens can not only result in a better understanding of the impact of migration on coastal fishing communities in Cambodia but also broaden understanding of social resilience, for villagers and migrants who are facing a sea of environmental and economic change.

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Cette thèse a pour thème central l'étude de deux problèmes soulevés dans les pêcheries modernes, la dégradation des habitats et le manque d'informations, qui comptent parmi les causes les importantes de la surexploitation des ressources halieutiques. Les deux premiers chapitres sont consacrés à l'examen du problème de la dégradation des habitats marins liée notamment aux activités de pêche destructrices. Le modèle de Gordon-Schaefer est prolongé afin de tenir compte de l'impact négatif de la pêche sur les habitats. Les conséquences pour la gestion sont analysées et l'importance de la prise en compte des habitats dans le développement des programmes de gestion des ressources halieutiques est mise en évidence. Le modèle élaboré est ensuite utilisé pour évaluer les bénéfices économiques des récifs artificiels, un outil de gestion auquel font de plus en plus appel les gestionnaires des pêcheries artisanales pour répondre à la dégradation des habitats. Enfin, dans le troisième chapitre, le rôle de l'information pour une pêche durable est examiné lorsque la ressource est en accès libre. Si, dans les deux premiers chapitres, il est supposé que les informations complètes sont disponibles pour l'élaboration des recommandations de gestion, dans la dernière étude, la décision concernant l'exploitation des ressources halieutiques est prise dans un contexte où aucune information sur la ressource n'est accessible. Cette décision est prise individuellement par chaque pêcheur qui opère dans la pêcherie. En développant un modèle multi-agents, nous montrons l'impact de l'apprentissage des pêcheurs sur la dynamique globale du système halieutique. / This thesis focuses on two main problems posed in contemporary fisheries: habitat degradation and lack of information. They count among the most important causes of the overexploitation of marine resources. The first two chapters aim at examining the habitat degradation that is linked to destructive fishing activities. The Gordon-Schaefer model is extended to take account of the negative impact of fishing on the habitats. The consequences for fisheries management are analyzed and the importance of taking into account habitats in the development of fisheries management programs is highlighted. Then the extended model is used to evaluate the economic benefits of artificial reefs, a management tool to which frequently resort the managers of small-scale fisheries to mitigate the effects of habitat degradation. Finally, in the third chapter the role of information for sustainable fisheries is examined under open access. If in the first two chapters it is assumed that there is complete information, in the last study this assumption is relaxed - no information on the resource is known. The decision concerning the exploitation of marine resources is made individually by each fisherman that operates in the fishery. By developing an agent-based model, we show the impact of individual learning on the global dynamics of the system.

As a consequence of global environmental change, sustainable management and governance of natural resources face critical challenges, such as dealing with non-linear dynamics, increased resource variability, and uncertainty. This thesis seeks to address some of these challenges by using simulation models. The first line of research focuses on the use of learning-by-doing (LBD) for managing a renewable resource, exemplified by a fish stock, and explores LBD in a theoretical model using artificial intelligence (Paper I and II). The second line of research focuses on the emergence of different forms of self-governance and their interrelation with the dynamics of trust among fishers when harvesting a shared resource, using an agent-based model. This model is informed by qualitative data based on small-scale fisheries in Mexico (Paper III and IV). Paper I and II find that the most sustainable harvesting strategy requires that the actor values current and future yields equally, cautiously experiments around what is perceived as the best harvest action, and rapidly updates its ‘mental model’ to any perceived change in catch. More specifically, Paper II reveals that understanding these aspects in relation to the type of change can yield not only increased performance, but also, and more importantly, increased robustness to both fast and slow changes in resource dynamics. However, when resource dynamics include the possibility of a more fundamental shift in system characteristics (a regime shift), LBD is problematic due to the potential for crossing a threshold, resulting in possible persistent reductions in harvests (Paper I). In Paper III, results indicate that cooperative forms of self-governance are more likely to establish and persist in communities where fishers’ have prior cooperative experience, fishers’ trustworthiness is more or less equal, and that this likelihood increases when resource availability fluctuates seasonally. Finally, to achieve a transformation toward more cooperative forms of self-governance, interventions are required that can strengthen both financial capital and trust among the members of the cooperatives (Paper IV). The unique contribution of this thesis lies in the method for ‘quantitatively’ studying LBD, the stylized model of a small-scale fishery, and the analysis of the two models to advance our understanding of processes of learning and self-governance in uncertain and variable social-ecological environments. Together, the results shed light on how social and ecological factors and processes co-evolve to shape social-ecological outcomes, as well as contributing to the development of novel methods within the emerging field of sustainability science. / I vårt antropocena tidevarv är ett långsiktigt förvaltarskap av naturresurser inom social-ekologiska system av yttersta vikt. Detta kräver en djup förståelse av människan, ekologin, interaktionerna sinsemellan och deras utveckling över tid. Syftet med denna avhandling är att nå en djupare och mer nyanserad förståelse kring två av grundpelarna inom forskningen av hållbar förvaltning av naturresurser–kontinuerligt lärande genom learning-by-doing (LBD) för att förstå naturresursens dynamik, samt vad som kan kallas socialt kapital, i detta sammanhang i betydelsen tillit mellan individer, som naturligtvis ligger till grund för framgångsrik gemensam förvaltning. Denna föresats operationaliseras genom att använda två olika simuleringsmodeller. Den ena modellen undersöker hur en hållbar förvaltning av en förnyelsebar resurs, i denna avhandling exemplifierad av en fiskepopulation, kan uppnås genom LBD. Den andra modellen söker blottlägga det komplexa sociala samspel som krävs för att praktisera gemensam förvaltning genom att använda ett fiskesamhälle som fallstudie. Tidigare forskning på båda dessa två områden är relativt omfattade. Emellertid har den forskning som specialiserat sig på LBD i huvudsak inskränkt sig till empiriska fallstudier. Vad som bryter ny mark i denna avhandling är att vi konstruerar en simuleringsmodell av LBD där vi kan studera lärandeprocessen i detalj för att uppnå en mer hållbar förvaltning över tid. Beträffande modellen som behandlar socialt kapital så har tidigare forskning fokuserat på hur en organisation, eller grupp, kan uppnå hållbar förvaltning. Dock saknas ett helhetsgrepp där som tar hänsyn till alla nivåer; från individnivå (mikro), via gruppnivå (meso), till samhällsnivå (makro). Detta är något som denna avhandling försöker avhjälpa genom att undersöka betydelsen av individers egenskaper, uppbyggnaden av socialt kapital, samt hur detta påverkar emergens av ett samhälle dominerat av mer kooperativa förvaltningsformer respektive mer hierarkiska diton. I papper I and II studeras kärnan av LBD som återkoppling mellan en aktör och en resurs, där aktören lär sig genom upprepade interaktioner med en resurs.  Resultaten visar att LBD är av avgörande betydelse för en hållbar förvaltning, speciellt då naturresursens dynamik är stadd i förändring. I den mest hållbara strategin bör aktören värdera nuvarande och framtida fångster lika högt, försiktigt experimentera kring vad aktören upplever som bästa strategi, för att sedan anpassa sin mentala modell till upplevda förändringar i fångst relativt dess insats någorlunda kraftigt. I papper III och IV behandlas uppbyggnaden av förtroende mellan individer och grupp, samt själv-organiserat styre. Genom att använda småskaligt fiske i Mexiko som en illustrativ fallstudie, utvecklades en agent-baserad modell av ett arketypiskt småskaligt fiskesamhälle. Resultaten indikerar att kooperativa förvaltningsformer är mer dominanta i samhällen där de som utför fisket har liknande pålitlighet, starkt gemensamt socialt kapital vid kooperativets start, och då resursen fluktuerar säsongsmässigt (papper III). Papper IV visar att för att uppnå en transformation från hierarkiska förvaltningsformer till kooperativa diton krävs interventioner som inriktar sig på både socialt och finansiellt kapital. Denna avhandling bidrar således till en djupare förståelse kring hur socialt kapital växer fram, samt hur mer strategiska LBD processer bör utformas när abrupta och osäkra förändringar i ekosystemen blir allt vanligare på grund av människans ökade tryck på planeten. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

This thesis examines small-scale rural fisheries which were initiated in two villages by the Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries in conjunction with the Institute of Social and Economic Research in 1997. The main objective for undertaking the study was to determine the potential of the fisheries to serve as viable and sustainable options that could contribute towards rural development in the area of study. To examine the contribution made by the small-scale fisheries towards rural development in the villages, it is imperative to have an understanding of the context in which they were established as well as the prospects for sustainable development. It is argued in this study that despite the significant contribution made by inland rural fisheries in improving rural livelihoods they are still accorded minimal support and attention in South Africa. As an illustration of the important role played by rural fisheries, case studies from Malawi and Zimbabwe have been drawn into the study with a view to providing lessons for rural areas of South Africa. The study took place at a time when natural resources in the villages were significantly declining and environmental degradation reaching uncontrollable proportions, so there is an urgent need to secure an alternative mode of subsistence for the population in the villages. Development interventions by the state and non-governmental organisations in the study area have not been sustainable and they collapsed within a short period of time. A case in point is the Tyefu irrigation scheme, which was initiated in the villages but, owing to various factors, it failed leaving the villagers with a diminished mode of subsistence, thus providing the impetus for the implementation of small-scale rural fisheries. In order for small-scale fisheries to be sustainable it is essential to adopt models that are aimed at sound natural resource use and management. This study has raised various issues pertinent to natural resource use and management in the study area. A model for management of natural resources that involves and aims to empower local communities in the management of the fisheries is presented in the study. It has also been demonstrated that rural fisheries in the study area comply with the model. Finally, the study draws the conclusion that small-scale fisheries in the villages contribute towards rural development, however, there are constraints that need to be eradicated.