Magister Commercii (Information Management) - MCom(IM) / The advent of the 4th Industrial Revolution brought on an onslaught of technology rippling through a multitude of industries. Smart Cities, Smart Communities, Artificial Intelligence and Cloud Computing are but a few buzzwords of this digital age. It is argued in Information Systems that many of the challenges faced by communities can be addressed in part through the innovative use of technology. As Higher Education (HE) communities move from traditional campus communities to smart campus communities, the application and implementation of technological advancements and digital skills are needed to facilitate the transition. The disruption caused by COVID-19 virus has had a significant effect on the tertiary educational sector. This research is particularly important and relevant in a post-pandemic phase in which HE finds itself. Especially, establishing a technological and digitally equipped HE community to safeguard itself from possible future threats that impede daily operations within HE campus communities.

This study aims to unpack the pre-implementation phase of initiating a transition to smart budgeting. Previous studies have mainly focused on implementing artificial intelligence and developing budgeting practices, leaving a gap in the research. The research uses a single-case study methodology of the organization Saab AB and is based on interviews with seven respondents in total. In this study, we develop a process model that details the mechanisms and underlying processes by which organizations can guide their pre-implementation of smart budgeting. The findings provide a sequential process to pre-implement smart budgeting by combining components of AI adoption and budgeting, further highlighting the understandings, decisions, competencies, and assignments organizations should entertain. Thus, adding to the current understanding of Smart FinTech.

A smart contract is a recently emerging technology which enables agreement to be automatable by computers and enforceable by legal enforcement or tamper-proof execution of code. A majority of smart contracts are run on the blockchain which enables smart contract transactions without a central authority. Smart contract implementation contains several challenges which makes implementation more difficult. The problem is that organisations struggle to implement smart contracts due to the absence of documentation, standardisation, and guidelines making it difficult to know how a smart contract should be implemented. Additionally, it is unclear what capabilities and tools are required for smart contract implementation. Therefore, it is challenging for organisations to assess their own competence of smart contract implementation. This thesis aims to develop a Smart Contract Maturity Model (SCMM). The purpose of the model is to clarify the functionalities and capabilities required to implement a smart contract while also offering organisations the ability to assess the smart contract implementation competency. This improves the adoption of smart contracts. Through the help of the design science framework, the SCMM emerged from the thesis. Applying design science included explicating the problem, defining requirements, designing and developing the artefact, demonstrating and evaluating the artefact. A literature survey was used to explicate the problem and to define requirements for the maturity model. Furthermore, a case study including interviews were used to refine the requirements and to demonstrate and evaluate the SCMM. The SCMM includes maturity levels, generic goals and practices, specific goals, key processing areas and practices, tools, glossaries and smart contract examples. Inspired by the Capability Maturity model Model Integration for Development (CMMI-DEV), the maturity levels of the SCMM consisted of initial, foundation, managed, defined, quantitatively managed and optimising. The identified key processing areas were stakeholder capabilities, resources and tools, platform, contract implementation, standards, laws and terminology and security. Although there were several limitations, the SCMM contributed to the field of smart contracts by closing the gap of previous research and improving the adoption of smart contracts.

As a result of developments, domestic usage of smart appliances by homeowners is increasing drastically. Clustering these appliances together and making them function as an efficient system defines a new place to live or new way of living called a “smart home”. While a smart home provides comfort to homeowners, realizing a smart home involves many technical and business oriented hurdles to be crossed. The primary goal of this thesis work is to design and evaluate the design of a residential gateway. This gateway should be designed as a standardized, secure, open source, hardware independent, and interoperable Residential Gateway. A service-oriented architecture is proposed using the OSGi framework to design the residential gateway and its individual components. These components include an access control component for homeowner authorization, a resource management component for managing connected devices, an automation component to realize an automation service, and finally a context component to provide context aware services to the homeowner. The final design proposed tries to solve the issues faced by some automation systems that are available in market. The evaluation of the design includes whether the design satisfies the basic requirements for a home gateway. This is followed by a comparison with existing systems with an emphasis on the improved features. The components proposed in the design could be used to construct a residential gateway that supports multiple services and multiple users. The proposed design will be taken into consideration during the design of Acreo’s home automation system. / Som en följd av utvecklingen inom vetenskap och teknik så har användningen av smarta lösningar i hushållen ökat drastiskt. Att samla dessa apparater och få dem att fungera tillsammans som ett effektivt system, skapar ett nytt hem och ett nytt sätt att leva: ett smart hem. Å ena sidan så ger smartare lösningar ett bekvämare boende, men å andra sidan innebär det också många tekniska och affärsinriktade hinder att ta sig över. Det primära målet med denna avhandling är att utforma en bostadsgateway som är att utforma en standardiserad, säker, open source, maskinvaruoberoende, interoperabel Residential Gateway. En serviceorienterad arkitektur föreslås med hjälp av OSGi-ramverket för utformning av bostadsgateway-komponenter. Komponenterna innefattar behörighetskontroll för husägare för tillgångskontroll, resurshanteringskomponenter för hantering av anslutna enheter, automationskomponent för att inkludera automationstjänst och slutligen kontextkomponent för att tillhandahålla kontextbevakad tjänster till husägaren. Den slutliga designen som föreslås försöker lösa de problem som vissa automationssystem som finns på marknaden står inför. Utvärderingen av konstruktionen med grundläggande krav för att bygga hemgateways och med befintliga system ger information om de improviserade funktionerna. De komponenter som föreslås i konstruktionen kan användas för att bygga en bostadsgateway som stöder flera tjänster och flera användare. Den föreslagna konstruktionen kommer att beaktas vid utformningen av Acreos hemautomatiseringssystem.

Yes / The introduction of smart metering has brought more detailed information on the actual load profile of a house. With the ability to measure, comes the desire to control the load profile. Furthermore, advances in renewable energy have made the consumer to become supplier, known as Prosumer, who therefore also becomes interested in the detail of his load, and also his energy production. With the lowering cost of smart plugs and other automation units, it has become possible to schedule electrical appliances. This makes it possible to adjust the load profiles of houses. However, without a market in the demand side, the use of load profile modification techniques are unlikely to be adapted by consumers on the long term. In this research, we will be presenting work on scheduling of energy appliances to modify the load profiles within a market environment. The paper will review the literature on algorithms used in scheduling of appliances in residential areas. Whilst many algorithms presented in the literature show that scheduling of appliances is feasible, many issues arise with respect to user interaction, and hence adaptation. Furthermore, the criteria used to evaluate the algorithms is often related only to reducing energy consumption, and hence CO2. Whilst this a key factor, it may not necessarily meet the demands of the consumer. In this paper we will be presenting work on a novel genetic algorithm that will optimize the load profile while taking into account user participation indices. A novel measure of the comfort of the customer, derived from the standard deviation of the load profile, is proposed in order to encourage the customer to participate more actively in demand response programs. Different scenarios will also be tested. / This work was supported by the British Council and the UK Department of Business Innovation and Skills under GII funding for the SITARA project.

Background. Smart door locks are either replacing or adding on to more regular mechanical locks today. They come in many different sizes and with many different functionalities. Today, most consumer advertisements focus on the functionalities of the locks and not so much on security. A few years ago when the locks started first to appear, they were very easily hacked and dedicated hackers could ride along the road and unlock people's doors with ease. As this is not the case as it was then, the problem persists. Insecure locks exist but consumer media focuses only on functionality, how are consumers making their purchases? In blind faith or with educated guesses? Objectives. This thesis tends to find out if consumers research the security of a smart lock, how do they research it, and is it enough for them? What sources do they consider before purchasing a lock and do they trust the sources? Can an application with security as its main focus aid or change consumers' methods of research? Methods. To begin answering these questions knowledge of the subject is necessary. Therefore, a literature study was conducted in order to find out what aspects of a smart door lock are more or less secure. To answer the first research question a questionnaire was created to collect quantitative data. This questionnaire contained questions about the participants' knowledge of the subject. Then, interviews were held in order to gather qualitative data for answering the second research question. During the interviews, participants got to test a prototype application helping them understand the subject of the questions. Results. The result shows that a majority of the participants are conscious of security regarding smart locks, 59.8% even think it is the most important aspect. The results from the interviews show that people do want an application suggesting smart locks with security in mind. Conclusions. The research here shows that smart door lock consumers value security. Consumers are also aware that consumer media does not value it as much. However, what is left unanswered is if the consumers care enough to do their own research before purchasing a smart door lock?

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The smart city is not a new concept. For centuries urbanists have sought to rationalize city making and explore more efficient means to operate cities. Meanwhile, the exponential utilization of information and communication technologies (ICT) have opened up for a new wave of ‘smart’ development that is rapidly sweeping across the globe contributing to a previously unseen ‘datafication’ of cities. The concept of smart cities is often met by staunch criticism due to, among other things, the influence from corporate actors. Smart cities have also been criticized for not adequately addressing issues related to sustainable development. Despite this recent upswing of smart initiatives and plans, there is still a significant gap in our understanding of what this looks like in situ. While spectacular cases (Songdo, South Korea; Masdar City, UAE, among others) of smart cities have been dissected and covered extensively over the last few years, more ordinary examples of already existing cities transitioning into smart cities are still largely unexplored. Against the backdrop of both the high appraisal and vast criticism of smart cities, a growing literature have recently called for a more nuanced approach, advocating for a focus on the ‘actually existing smart city’ and how smart cities unfold in specific contexts. This study examines the situatedness of smart cities in the Australian context through a grounded theory lens, looking specifically at how the ‘datafication’ plays out and how it influences the realization of the sustainable city. Taking an inductive approach, this study applies semi-structured interviews with key smart cities stakeholders in Australia and participant observations to identify key themes in the smart city sphere in relation to sustainability and data. The findings highlight that smart city initiatives do not necessarily fit into preconceived ideas about smart cities. Secondly, while data is seen almost universally as a valuable source of information to better understand and manage cities, it is not clear that it influences sustainable development. In addition, competing opinions on open data also suggest that this is a fairly contested topic in Australia, which should encourage further investigation of its intended contributions to a more sustainable form of urban development. This study adds to a relatively scarce number of qualitative studies of smart cities in general, and of smart cities in the Australian context in particular.

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Människan har alltid utvecklat produkter för att förenkla sin vardag i hemmet. Ett område som växer snabbt är sakernas Internet där smarta ansluta enheter tillhör. Intentionen med smarta kameror är övervakning där man har möjlighet att bevaka sin intelligenta kamera trådlöst från exempelvis en smartmobil. Utmaningar med de intelligenta anslutna kamerorna är att hur kan man få kunskap om spionage, attacker och skador. Många av dessa smarta kameror har mindre resurser tillgängliga, och har då inte möjlighet att implementera optimala säkerhetsmekanismer. Även om dessa smarta enheter kan berika tillvaron och skapa trygghet med sin övervakning, så möjliggör också den smarta kameran nya sätt för angripare att göra intrång, då enheten är uppkopplade mot Internet.Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka vilken öppen data som finns tillgänglig på Internet om uppkopplade kameror. Detta genom att skapa ett program för att extrahera publik tillgänglig information om smarta kameror som är synliga för alla som har tillgång till Internet, och då också tillgång till Shodans sökmotor. Den öppna datan påvisar sårbarheter som kan utnyttjas för att göra intrång. Sårbarheterna som fanns hos de uppkopplade kamerorna på grund av tillgängligheten på Shodan var osäker konfigurations hantering och otillräcklig autentisering. Genom att belysa befintliga sårbarheter i smarta kameror som finns idag, kunna bidra till hur man med publik tillgänglig information kan få kunskap om sårbarheter hos smarta produkter. Med bakgrund till att sårbarheter finns och den smarta kameran är uppkopplad mot Internet, kan det vara så att det är fler än ägaren till den smarta kameran som övervakar hemmet. / Humans have always developed products to simplify their everyday lives in the home environment. A fast growing area is the Internet of Things where smart connect devices belong. The intention with smart cameras is surveillance where one can monitor their smart camera wireless from e.g a smartphone. Challenges with the intelligent connected cameras includes, how to get knowledge about espionage, attacks and damages. Many of these smart cameras have a reduced-size, low-power hardware with smaller resources available, and therefore unable to implement optimal security mechanisms. Although these connected cameras can enrich the safety and create security with their surveillance, the smart camera also allows new ways for attackers to intrude due to the devices are connected to the Internet.The purpose of this thesis is to investigate what kind of open data is available on the Internet from, connected cameras. This is done by creating a program to extract publicly available smart camera information that is visible to anyone who has access to the Internet, and thus access to Shodan’s search engine. The open data shows vulnerabilities that can potentially be exploited to intrude on devices. The vulnerabilities found in the connected cameras due to availability of Shodan, were insecure configuration management and insufficient authentication. By highlighting significant vulnerabilities in smart cameras found today, the thesis can contribute to how one with publicly available information can gain knowledge about vulnerabilities in smart devices. Given that vulnerabilities exist and the smart camera is connected to the Internet, it may be more than the owner of the smart camera that monitors the residence.