Thesis advisor: Kevin Lotery / Thesis advisor: Oliver Wunsch / Before the 18th century, dentistry as a profession and an art was practically non-existent. Oral health was largely disregarded by the general populace, who accepted tooth decay, loss, and pain as ordinary aspects of life. The social conventions of the time, driven by aristocratic norms, were to keep a tight-lipped manner in formal portraits. Consequently, artists used open-mouths as a signifier for their unsavory characters. However, the publication of Pierre Fauchard's groundbreaking book, Le Chirurgien-dentiste, marked the beginning of modern dentistry. The emergence of dentistry influenced a shift in societal attitudes towards oral health. This thesis explores how this shift transformed the open smile from a symbol of the unsavory to an emblems of respectability, reflecting the broader acceptance and desire for healthy, visible teeth among the enlightened public. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2024. / Submitted to: Boston College. Morrissey School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Art, Art History, and Film. / Discipline: Departmental Honors.

Further investigations intending illucidate the mechanism of a newly discovered redox-alkylation reaction of azo dyes are presented. Preliminary results indicate that this reaction most probably proceeds via initial N-alkylation of the anion derived from an alpha-ketohydrazone. An investigation is continued to study the synthesis of macrocycle-carbohydrate-dye hybrids. The development of a modular approach to macrocycle assembly has enabled the synthesis of a library of pyridine-based macrocycles possessing multiple donor sites. A central dye scaffold, prepared from the SNAr reaction between halo-substituted azo dye and a disubstituted phenol, was decorated with a representative carbohydrate or macrocycle using Sharpless click chemistry. Also an "S3N-ligand azo-dye" conjugate has been synthesised with a view to the development of a sensor for heavy metal ions. Complexation of this system with Ag(I), Hg(II) and Cu(II) salts has been investigated. Complexation of the dye to metals results in a bathochromic shift in the absorption maximum of the azo dye, an effect which is most pronounced for Cu(II).The Kobayashi fragmentation has transformed the area of benzyne chemistry as it enables its generation from readily available precursors under mild reaction conditions. The controlled generation of benzyne in this manner has been utilised by many groups, allowing readily access to a variety of functionalised aromatic and heteroaromatic from simple precursors. During the course of a synthetic project, which was to utilise the Kobayashi fragmentation in a key intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction, we noticed that alternate modes of fragmentation/rearrangement accompanied the desired elimination reaction leading to benzyne generation. In particular, competing Fries or Smiles rearrangements became the major routes of fragmentation in appropriately functionalised substrates. The results of an investigation into the factors affecting the course of the Kobayashi fragmentation, together with the development of a novel bi-aryl synthesis are presented in this thesis.

nÃo hà / Em uma construÃÃo processual que durou seis anos, desde a elaboraÃÃo do projeto de investigaÃÃo atà a conclusÃo da tese, consolidando-se nos percursos do doutorado, foram-se delineando os contornos do objeto de estudo, circunscrito nos sorrisos das juventudes pobres que habitam as periferias da vida. O foco investigativo, aqui consubstanciado na estruturaÃÃo deste texto expositivo, incide no desvendamento compreensivo dos sentidos e significados dos sorrisos dessas juventudes que vivenciam processos de exclusÃo e inclusÃo precaria, nesta civilizaÃÃo do capital, no tempo presente, na melhor tradiÃÃo da sociologia das ausÃncias e da sociologia das emergÃncias. à uma empreitada analÃtica, a partir de trilhas e vias configuradas por pensadores contemporÃneos, destacando-se como referÃncias fundantes: Zygmunt Bauman, Michel Maffesoli, Boaventura de Sousa Santos e analistas no campo dos estudos sobre juventudes nos percursos da atualidade. O trabalho està estruturado em seis segmentos, seguindo a dinÃmica expositiva considerada como mais fecunda para apresentar reflexÃes, anÃlises e questÃes construÃdas nos circuitos da investigaÃÃo, quais sejam: a abordagem de abertura que os intitulei âApresentando o trabalho: à guisa de IntroduÃÃoâ; capÃtulo I, que versa sobre âCaminhos e percursos: a metodologia em sua construÃÃo processualâ; capÃtulo II, que aborda âSorrisos das juventudes como fenÃmeno investigativo: balizamentos conceituais e perspectivas investigativasâ; capÃtulo III, que consubstancia as bases da estruturaÃÃo do trabalho, com o tÃtulo âJuventudes em tempos contemporÃneos: delineando vias de anÃliseâ; capÃtulo IV, que encarna as descobertas e questÃes urdidas no campo nas tessituras teoria/empiria, denominado âSorrisos de juventudes nas periferias da vida: um exercÃcio da sociologia das ausÃncias e da sociologia das emergÃnciasâ; por fim, apresento conclusÃes que incorporam vias de estudo intituladas: âLugares de chegada a vislumbrar novas viagens: a tÃtulo de conclusÃoâ. / On an ongoing construction, during six years, since the elaboration of the project of the investigation till the conclusion of the thesis, established by the requirements of the doctorate course, I had been delineating the outlines of the object of study, circumscribed by the smiles of the poor young peoples that inhabit the suburban areas. The investigative focus, consubstantiated here in the structural process of this expositive text, falls upon the comprehensive disclosure of the senses and meanings of the smiles of poor young people that face processes of social exclusion and precarious social inclusions, within the present capitalist civilization, by the best tradition of the Sociology of the Absences and the Sociology of the Emergencies. This is an analytical work, done by the trails and routes configured by the contemporary thinkers, such as the basic references: Zygmunt Bauman, Michel Maffesoli, Boaventura de Sousa Santos and the analysts from the area of studies of young people by the ways of contemporary times, in XXI Century. This work is structured in five parts, following the expositive dynamics that I defined as the most fruitful in order to present thought, analysis, questions constructed by the circuits of the investigation, which are shown here: the approach of the introduction which I entitled: âPresenting the scientific work: as if it were an introductionâ; Chapter I named âWays and routes:the methodology and its processual constructionâ; Chapter II that deals with âThe smile of young peoples like an investigative phenomenon: conceptual marks and analytic perspectiveâ; Chapter III that consubstantiates the basis of the structure of the work with the title: âYoung peoples in contemporary times: delineating ways of analysisâ; Chapter IV that incorporates the discoveries and questions weaved by the texture of the theory/empiric aspects, named âSmiles of the young peoples in the suburban areas: the practice of the Sociology of the Absences and the Sociology of the Emergenciesâ; at last, I present conclusions to incorporate ways of the study that I entitled: âPlaces of arrival to glimpse new trips: as title of conclusionâ

La capacité à exprimer autre chose sur le visage que l’expression faciale associée à l’émotion qui est ressentie n’est apparue que relativement tard dans la grande histoire de l’être humain. Alors que cette concordance était directe à l’aube de l’évolution humaine, elle aurait par la suite évolué en raison des bénéfices sociaux qu’elle procure à celui qui émet l’expression faciale. Encore aujourd’hui, la littérature nous donne un portrait nuancé sur le lien qui existe entre l’émotion ressentie et son expression faciale. D’un côté, plusieurs études nous indiquent qu’il existe une concordance entre ces deux processus (Gosselin, Kirouac, & Dore, 1995; Rosenberg & Ekman, 1994; Ruch, 1995) alors que de l’autre nous savons aussi que l’expression faciale peut très bien être contrôlée et trompeuse (O’Sullivan et al., 1988, Ekman, 1993; 2003). Il existe différents indices qui nous permettent de distinguer entre une expression faciale authentique et une expression faciale fausse. Parmi ceux-ci figurent les unités d’action faciale qui sont activées sur le visage lors de l’expression faciale, leur symétrie et leur dynamique temporelle, toutes mesurées à l'aide du Facial Action Coding System (Ekman & Friesen, 1978; Ekman, Friesen & Hager, 2002). L’objectif principal de cette thèse sera d’évaluer la sensibilité de l’être humain à la dynamique temporelle du sourire, ainsi que son effet sur le jugement d’authenticité. Les résultats des études 1 à 3 indiquent que les participants sont bien sensibles à la dynamique temporelle, et qu’ils l’utilisent pour juger correctement l’authenticité du sourire, du moins lorsque la durée des phases de relâchement, ou les phases d’amorce et de relâchement simultanément varie. Nos participants ne semblent pas utiliser la dynamique temporelle pour juger de l’authenticité du sourire même s’ils sont en mesure de bien juger les différences temporelles dans la phase d’amorce. L’étude 4 a été réalisée afin de valider la méthode de fabrication des stimuli utilisée dans les études précédente, et confirme que celle-ci n’a pas eu d’effet sur les résultats. Enfin, l’étude 5 a été réalisée dans le but d’examiner davantage le lien unissant la dynamique temporelle au jugement d’authenticité grâce à deux tâches de jugement; La première voulant examiner le jugement de la durée de sourires, alors que la seconde examine le jugement de l’authenticité. Plutôt que d’utiliser une échelle de type Likert telle que dans les études 1 et 4, nous avons opté pour une méthode d’estimation de la magnitude, dans le but d’examiner les habiletés de manière intra individuelles de nos participants. Celle-ci montre qu’au niveau individuel, les participants qui arrivent à mieux juger les changements dans la durée des phases du sourire n’arrivent pas nécessairement à mieux juger l’authenticité du sourire. Dans leur ensemble, nos résultats contribuent à la compréhension que nous avons du lien unissant la dynamique temporelle et le jugement de l’authenticité du sourire, et permettent de solidifier la fondation empirique sur lequel pourront construire les études futures du domaine.

This thesis considers atom`s attributes, which affects shape of molecules. It describes rules that are basic for molecule creation. This text features basic attributes and rules, which affects the final shape of molecule. Next part of this text explains several ways to display molecule. Following parts of this thesis describes several ways how to store and represent atom and molecules in computer technology along with solution of these problems that are used for this thesis.

This thesis analyzes market risk factors in commodity and currency markets. It focuses on the impact of extreme events on the prices of financial products traded in these markets, and on the overall market risk faced by the investors. The first chapter develops a simple two-factor jump-diffusion model for valuation of contingent claims on commodities in order to investigate the pricing implications of shocks that are exogenous to this market. The second chapter analyzes the nature and pricing implications of the abrupt changes in exchange rates, as well as the ability of these changes to explain the shapes of option-implied volatility "smiles". Finally, the third chapter employs the notion that key results of the univariate extreme value theory can be applied separately to the principal components of ARMA-GARCH residuals of a multivariate return series. The proposed approach yields more precise Value at Risk forecasts than conventional multivariate methods, while maintaining the same efficiency. / El objetivo de esta tesis es analizar los factores del riesgo del mercado de las materias primas y las divisas. Está centrada en el impacto de los eventos extremos tanto en los precios de los productos financieros como en el riesgo total de mercado al cual se enfrentan los inversores. En el primer capítulo se introduce un modelo simple de difusión y saltos (jump-diffusion) con dos factores para la valuación de activos contingentes sobre las materias primas, con el objetivo de investigar las implicaciones de shocks en los precios que son exógenos a este mercado. En el segundo capítulo se analiza la naturaleza e implicaciones para la valuación de los saltos en los tipos de cambio, así como la capacidad de éstos para explicar las formas de sonrisa en la volatilidad implicada. Por último, en el tercer capítulo se utiliza la idea de que los resultados principales de la Teoria de Valores Extremos univariada se pueden aplicar por separado a los componentes principales de los residuos de un modelo ARMA-GARCH de series multivariadas de retorno. El enfoque propuesto produce pronósticos de Value at Risk más precisos que los convencionales métodos multivariados, manteniendo la misma eficiencia.

Eva Dahlbeck was one of Sweden’s most respected and popular actresses from the 1940s to the 1960s and is now remembered for her work with Ingmar Bergman, who allegedly nicknamed her “Pansarskeppet kvinnligheten” (“H.M.S. Femininity”). However, Dahlbeck had already established herself as a star long before her collaborations with Bergman. The popularity of Bergman’s three comedies (Waiting Women (Kvinnors väntan, 1952), A Lesson in Love (En lektion i kärlek, 1954), and Smiles of a Summer Night (Sommarnattens leende, 1955)) suggests that they catered to the Swedish audience’s desire to see the star Dahlbeck. To explore the interrelation between Swedish post-war popular film culture and the auteur Bergman, this thesis examines the stardom of Dahlbeck, who can, as inter-texts between various films, bridge the gap between popular film and auteur film. Focusing on the decade from 1946 to 1956, the process whereby her star image was created, the aspects that constructed it, and its relation to her characters in three Bergman titles will be analysed. In doing so, this thesis will illustrate how the concept “Pansarskeppet kvinnligheten” was interactively constructed by Bergman’s films, the post-war Swedish film industry, and the media discourses which cultivated the star cult as a part of popular culture.