Bakgrunden är att det finns få referenser inom forskningen på den terapeutiska relationen som explicit handlar om psykoterapeutens känslor i relationen. Syftet med denna studie är att förstå mera om psykoterapeutens känslor, vad som utlöser dem i terapirelationen och vilka risker och möjligheter som psykoterapeuterna upplever med känslorna i terapin. Metoden som valdes är en kvalitativ metod med en explorativ ansats. Deltagarna i studien är sex psykoterapeuter; fyra kvinnor och två män i åldrarna 50-65 år. Resultatet visar att psykoterapeuterna inte kopplar egna starka känslor i relationen till positiva behandlingsresultat i terapin. De uttrycker att man som psykoterapeut bör vara observant på sina känslor och att de bör hållas i bakgrunden i relationen. I de terapier som psykoterapeuterna refererar till i intervjuerna har behandlingsresultaten dock varit goda, patienterna har upplevts som genuina och psykoterapeuterna har känt sig omtyckta av patienten. Psykoterapeuterna kopplar dock inte ihop det positiva behandlingsresultatet och genuiniteten hos patienten i terapirelationen. Genuinitet även hos psykoterapeuten, både i självkännedom och kunskap, är viktiga faktorer för att kunna utföra det terapeutiska arbetet. / There are few references in research on the therapeutic relationship that explicitly deals with the psychotherapist's emotions in the relationship. The purpose of this study is to understand more about the psychotherapist's emotions, what triggers them in the therapy relationship and the perceived risks and opportunities with their feelings.  A qualitative methodology with an explorative approach was used for this study. Participants in the study are six psychotherapists; four women and two men, aged 50-65 years. The result shows that psychotherapists do not connect strong feelings in relation to the positive outcome in therapy. They express that as a psychotherapist one should be observant of one´s feelings and that the feelings should be kept in the background of the relationship. In the therapies that participants refer to in the interviews, the results has been good, the patients have been perceived as genuine and the psychotherapists have felt genuinely liked by the patient. Participants do not connect positive treatment outcome and authenticity of the patient in the therapy relationship. Authenticity also among the psychotherapist, both self-knowledge and professional skills are important factors for the performance of the therapeutic work.

The specific purposes investigated were to ascertain the effect of training in interaction analysis upon the levels of 1. accurate empathy in teachers, 2. nonpossissive warmth in teachers, 3. genuineness in teachers, and 4. an analysis of the relationship between interaction analysis and the interpersonal behavior of the classroom teacher in view of its implications in teacher education.

« La simplicité » est un principe essentiel de l’esthétique de George Sand, ce goût permanent marque non seulement la vie réelle de l’écrivain, mais aussi ses œuvres, surtout la série de romans champêtres et socialistes (1840-1853), dont le décor principal est la campagne berrichonne. Nous allons étudier successivement, en trois grandes parties, la notion de simplicité chez George Sand et son sentiment de la nature, la simplicité en tant que constituant de la nature humaine et enfin la simplicité considérée comme le comble de l’art. Les personnages sandiens, paysans ou aristocrates, s’unissant dans une vie idyllique, sont souvent empreints de la même caractéristique se présentant sous diverses facettes : rejet de l’affectation, absence de duplicité et de prétention, refus des artifices, goût pour le naturel et la transparence, ou sublime, naïveté, ingénuité, sincérité, candeur, etc.. Sur le plan esthétique, la simplicité signifie le non composé, le non apprêté, l’originel, le primitif, l’élémentaire, le caractère d’un ensemble formant une entité harmonieuse pouvant être saisie par une intuition synthétique. Tout cela se voit dans la musique populaire et les objets d’art créés par des artistes naïfs. La simplicité sandienne se présente aussi dans d’autres domaines comme les mœurs rustiques, la société et la politique, mais cela restera notre travail post-thèse. / Simplicity is a fundamental principle of George Sand’s aesthetics.The taste for simplicity has also not only pervaded the writer’s life but her whole work, and notably the socialist and country novels (1840-1853) taking place in the Berry landscape.Our purpose is to analyse firstly, Sand’s concept of simplicity and the way she perceives nature, then simplicity as a component of humanity and finally simplicity revealing consummate artistry. Sand’s characters, either peasants or aristocrats sharing an idyllic life, often show this same psychological characteristic under different features: reject of affectedness, absence of duplicity, taste for naturalness and openness, longing for sublimity, innocence, ingenuousness, genuineness, naivety, etc.Aesthetically speaking, simplicity refers to all that is not composed, not prepared, and, positively, to that what is genuine, primitive, and elemental. Simplicity is also accomplished in any harmonious whole perceptible through synthetic intuition, like popular music pieces and naif works of art.Sand’s concept of simplicity also operates in other fields like rural customs and habits and society and politics, as we will show in our subsequent research.

Shan’ge 山歌 is a collection of popular songs in Wu dialect by the late Ming scholar Feng Menglong 冯梦龙 (1574-1646). Due to a lack of detailed literary analysis of the songs, and a lack of appreciation of these songs from the perspective of rhetorical aesthetics, I aim to provide a close reading of the siqing (私情) songs in Shan’ge. With the intention to offer a fresh perspective into the depiction of emotions and sentimental feelings, as well as the various ways of presenting the people’s perception of love and sexual desire in these songs, I endeavor to both enrich the understanding of Shan’ge and call critical attention to the subject mater of siqing. In my thesis, I argue that these Siqing songs are strong spokesmen and representatives of genuineness promoted by Feng Menglong in the preface of Shan’ge. I will examine how genuineness was promoted by the late Ming scholars and particularly, how Feng Menglong views genuineness and how he utilizes genuineness in the songs as a means to promote vernacular literature. The representative siqing songs will be categorized and explored in three sections, with the purpose of answering the following questions: How could Feng’s promotion of these popular songs be situated in the late Ming discourse of genuineness? How does Shan’ge vividly create a world that not only celebrates true and romantic love but also allows the display of the vent of irresistible desire, and the rustic expression of sex? How are carriers of genuine qing explicitly portrayed in these songs through their ingenious conversations and tricks in love affairs? And lastly, how do the songs in different ways showcase a vivid and dynamic picture of a sexually liberate and joy-oriented late Ming Suzhou?

Previous research has proven that perceived Brand Authenticity functions as a differentiator, which brands can use to stand out in today’s marketplace. However, few studies have investigated whether it is possible for brands to become more profitable by utilizing their authenticity. This thesis therefore investigates the relationship between the two branding concepts Brand Authenticity and Customer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE). An explanatory survey study is made on the Swedish retail clothing industry, which measures the effect of the Brand Authenticity associations Continuity, Originality, Trustworthiness, Genuineness, Heritage, and Symbolism on the CBBE outcomes (1) consumers’ willingness to pay a price premium, (2) recommend a brand, and (3) buy a brand before other brands. The results show that while some Brand Authenticity associations increase the CBBE outcomes, others seem to give no effect and some even to undermine them. If brand managers of authentic brands wish to increase their value sales through price premiums and increase volume sales through increased purchases, they should focus on communicating Symbolism, Originality and Genuineness. If decreased marketing costs through word of mouth is the goal, brand recommendations can be achieved through communicating Trustworthiness as well. However, Continuity and Heritage should be avoided in all brand communication if increased profits is the primarily goal.

La capacité à exprimer autre chose sur le visage que l’expression faciale associée à l’émotion qui est ressentie n’est apparue que relativement tard dans la grande histoire de l’être humain. Alors que cette concordance était directe à l’aube de l’évolution humaine, elle aurait par la suite évolué en raison des bénéfices sociaux qu’elle procure à celui qui émet l’expression faciale. Encore aujourd’hui, la littérature nous donne un portrait nuancé sur le lien qui existe entre l’émotion ressentie et son expression faciale. D’un côté, plusieurs études nous indiquent qu’il existe une concordance entre ces deux processus (Gosselin, Kirouac, & Dore, 1995; Rosenberg & Ekman, 1994; Ruch, 1995) alors que de l’autre nous savons aussi que l’expression faciale peut très bien être contrôlée et trompeuse (O’Sullivan et al., 1988, Ekman, 1993; 2003). Il existe différents indices qui nous permettent de distinguer entre une expression faciale authentique et une expression faciale fausse. Parmi ceux-ci figurent les unités d’action faciale qui sont activées sur le visage lors de l’expression faciale, leur symétrie et leur dynamique temporelle, toutes mesurées à l'aide du Facial Action Coding System (Ekman & Friesen, 1978; Ekman, Friesen & Hager, 2002). L’objectif principal de cette thèse sera d’évaluer la sensibilité de l’être humain à la dynamique temporelle du sourire, ainsi que son effet sur le jugement d’authenticité. Les résultats des études 1 à 3 indiquent que les participants sont bien sensibles à la dynamique temporelle, et qu’ils l’utilisent pour juger correctement l’authenticité du sourire, du moins lorsque la durée des phases de relâchement, ou les phases d’amorce et de relâchement simultanément varie. Nos participants ne semblent pas utiliser la dynamique temporelle pour juger de l’authenticité du sourire même s’ils sont en mesure de bien juger les différences temporelles dans la phase d’amorce. L’étude 4 a été réalisée afin de valider la méthode de fabrication des stimuli utilisée dans les études précédente, et confirme que celle-ci n’a pas eu d’effet sur les résultats. Enfin, l’étude 5 a été réalisée dans le but d’examiner davantage le lien unissant la dynamique temporelle au jugement d’authenticité grâce à deux tâches de jugement; La première voulant examiner le jugement de la durée de sourires, alors que la seconde examine le jugement de l’authenticité. Plutôt que d’utiliser une échelle de type Likert telle que dans les études 1 et 4, nous avons opté pour une méthode d’estimation de la magnitude, dans le but d’examiner les habiletés de manière intra individuelles de nos participants. Celle-ci montre qu’au niveau individuel, les participants qui arrivent à mieux juger les changements dans la durée des phases du sourire n’arrivent pas nécessairement à mieux juger l’authenticité du sourire. Dans leur ensemble, nos résultats contribuent à la compréhension que nous avons du lien unissant la dynamique temporelle et le jugement de l’authenticité du sourire, et permettent de solidifier la fondation empirique sur lequel pourront construire les études futures du domaine.

Submitted by Verena Bastos (verena@uefs.br) on 2015-10-05T13:06:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o P?s-defesa cd.pdf: 2539613 bytes, checksum: 1ceec6c5da8c0219ecbc3727e60ea542 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-05T13:06:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o P?s-defesa cd.pdf: 2539613 bytes, checksum: 1ceec6c5da8c0219ecbc3727e60ea542 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-15 / The proposed work aims to reflect on the reliability of literary texts as they occur in certain Portuguese Language Textbook. Thus, our corpus is constituted of twelve literary texts transcribed in Portuguese language textbooks, adopted in schools of elementary and middle. We analyze specifically the authenticity of such texts, following the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Textual Criticism, science whose essential character is the preservation of written culture. Our investigation was based on the corpus is eminently comparative analysis of texts in comparison with the published texts by writers. We focus on observing the structural and / or lexicogrammatical and therefore semantic speech transcription of these texts. Allied to these issues, we will discuss about the inclusion of literature in the school curriculum, discussing the process of didactization the literary text and the consequences resulting from this act. Data analysis revealed the existence of many differences between literary texts published in its sphere of origin and the texts inserted in textbooks. We note that the texts were violated in order to fulfill the purposes of didactization, disregarding not only the author of the literary text but also the reader in training. / O trabalho proposto busca refletir sobre a confiabilidade de textos liter?rios tal como se apresentam em determinados Livros Did?ticos de L?ngua Portuguesa. Desta forma, o nosso corpus se constitui de doze textos liter?rios transcritos em livros did?ticos de l?ngua portuguesa, adotados em escolas de n?vel fundamental e m?dio. Analisamos, especificamente, a autenticidade de tais textos, seguindo os pressupostos te?rico-metodol?gicos da Cr?tica Textual, ci?ncia cujo car?ter essencial ? a preserva??o da cultura escrita. Nossa investiga??o do corpus se pautou em uma an?lise eminentemente comparativa dos textos em cotejo com os textos publicados pelos escritores. Concentramo-nos em observar os aspectos estruturais e/ou l?xico-gramaticais e, por conseguinte, sem?nticos do discurso na transcri??o dos referidos textos. Aliada a essas quest?es, debateremos sobre a inser??o da literatura ao curr?culo escolar, discutindo sobre o processo da didatiza??o do texto liter?rio e as consequ?ncias advindas deste ato. A an?lise dos dados revelou a exist?ncia de muitas diverg?ncias entre os textos liter?rios publicados em sua esfera de origem e os textos inseridos nos livros did?ticos. Observamos que os textos foram transgredidos de forma a atender aos prop?sitos da didatiza??o, desconsiderando n?o somente o autor do texto liter?rio como tamb?m o leitor em forma??o.

The interview is considered to be a critical technique in the therapeutic process. The effective (and by implication, the ineffective) use thereof determines to a great extent the outcome of the therapeutic process. Training in therapeutic interviewing forms an integral part of the training of counsellors and therapists. This study was prompted by BEd (Specialisation in Guidance and Counselling) students' need for a structured and systematic approach to training in therapeutic interviewing skills. A literature study of the phenomenon therapeutic interviewing revealed firstly that the skills needed for effective therapeutic interviewing can be identified and operationally defined and secondly that these skills can be systematically trained. Having a repertoire of interviewing skills is however not a guarantee that therapy or counselling will have a positive outcome. The therapist must be able to create a therapeutic relationship with the client and in this regard the therapist's personality and attitudes, including empathy, warmth, respect, genuineness and unconditional positive regard for the client, are of major importance in helping to create an atmosphere wherein the client can feel free to discuss his problems and innermost feelings and thoughts. In the design of a model to train therapeutic interviewing, consideration must be given to both content and procedure. Not only were interviewing skills addressed in this model, but also skills to communicate empathy, warmth, respect, genuineness and unconditional positive regard. For the purposes of this study, the therapeutic interview was divided into six stages. Skills used in each stage were identified, defined and discussed. A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the training model. Subjects were trained in accordance with the proposed training procedure. In order to evaluate the subjects' progress and thus also the effectiveness of the training procedure, each subject's pre- and post-training interviews were compared. An evaluation scale was designed for this purpose. The results of the pilot study indicated an improvement in the subjects' interviewing skills. It is hoped that this study will pave the way for innovation in the training of counsellors and therapists in therapeutic interviewing. / Die onderhoud word as 'n kritieke tegniek in die terapeutiese proses beskou. Die effektiewe (en by implikasie, die oneffektiewe) gebruik daarvan bepaal tot 'n groot mate die uitkoms van die terapeutiese proses. Opleiding in terapeutiese onderhoudvoering vorm 'n integrale deel van die opleiding van terapeute en voorligters. BEd (Spesialisering in Skoolvoorligting)studente het 'n bepaalde behoefte aan 'n gestruktureerde en sistematiese benadering tot die opleiding van terapeutiese onderhoudvoeringsvaardighede uitgespreek. 'n Literatuurstudie oor die fenomeen terapeutiese ondemoud het eerstens aan die lig gebring dat vaardighede onderliggend aan die terapeutiese onderhoud geidentifiseer en operasioneel gedefinieer kan word en tweedens dat hierdie vaardighede sistematies aangeleer kan word. 'n Repertoire van onderhoudvoeringsvaardighede is egter nie 'n waarborg dat terapie 'n positiewe uitkoms sal he nie. Die terapeut moet 'n terapeutiese verhouding met die klient kan stig en in hierdie opsig is die terapeut se persoonlikheid en sy houding van empatie, warmte, respek, egtheid en onvoorwaardelike agting van kritieke belang in die skep van 'n atmosfeer, waarbinne die klient vry kan voel om sy probleme, diepste gevoelens en gedagtes te kan bespreek. In die ontwerp van 'n model vir opleiding in terapeutiese onderhoudvoeringsvaardighede moet aandag aan beide inhoud en opleidingsprosedure geskenk word. In hierdie model word nie net die vaardighede vir terapeutiese onderhoudvoering aangespreek nie, maar ook vaardighede om empatie, warmte, respek, egtheid en onvoorwaardelike positiewe agting aan die klient te kommunikeer. Vir die doeleindes van hierdie studie is die terapeutiese onderhoud in ses fases verdeel. Vaardighede wat in elke fase gebruik word, is gerdentifiseer, gedefinieer en bespreek. 'n Loodsondersoek is ondemeem om die effektiwiteit van die opleidingsmodel te evalueer. Proefpersone is aan die hand van die voorgestelde opleidingsprosedure opgelei. Ten einde die proefpersone se vordering en so ook die effektiwitieit van die model te evalueer, is elke proefpersoon se voor- en naopleiding onderhoude vergelyk. 'n Evalueringsskaal is vir hierdie doel ontwerp. Die resultate van die loodsondersoek het getoon dat die proefpersone se onderhoudvoeringsvaardighede verbeter het. Die hoop word uitgespreek dat hierdie studie die weg sal baan vir vernuwing in die opleiding van voorligters en terapeute in terapeutiese onderhoudvoering. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

The interview is considered to be a critical technique in the therapeutic process. The effective (and by implication, the ineffective) use thereof determines to a great extent the outcome of the therapeutic process. Training in therapeutic interviewing forms an integral part of the training of counsellors and therapists. This study was prompted by BEd (Specialisation in Guidance and Counselling) students' need for a structured and systematic approach to training in therapeutic interviewing skills. A literature study of the phenomenon therapeutic interviewing revealed firstly that the skills needed for effective therapeutic interviewing can be identified and operationally defined and secondly that these skills can be systematically trained. Having a repertoire of interviewing skills is however not a guarantee that therapy or counselling will have a positive outcome. The therapist must be able to create a therapeutic relationship with the client and in this regard the therapist's personality and attitudes, including empathy, warmth, respect, genuineness and unconditional positive regard for the client, are of major importance in helping to create an atmosphere wherein the client can feel free to discuss his problems and innermost feelings and thoughts. In the design of a model to train therapeutic interviewing, consideration must be given to both content and procedure. Not only were interviewing skills addressed in this model, but also skills to communicate empathy, warmth, respect, genuineness and unconditional positive regard. For the purposes of this study, the therapeutic interview was divided into six stages. Skills used in each stage were identified, defined and discussed. A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the training model. Subjects were trained in accordance with the proposed training procedure. In order to evaluate the subjects' progress and thus also the effectiveness of the training procedure, each subject's pre- and post-training interviews were compared. An evaluation scale was designed for this purpose. The results of the pilot study indicated an improvement in the subjects' interviewing skills. It is hoped that this study will pave the way for innovation in the training of counsellors and therapists in therapeutic interviewing. / Die onderhoud word as 'n kritieke tegniek in die terapeutiese proses beskou. Die effektiewe (en by implikasie, die oneffektiewe) gebruik daarvan bepaal tot 'n groot mate die uitkoms van die terapeutiese proses. Opleiding in terapeutiese onderhoudvoering vorm 'n integrale deel van die opleiding van terapeute en voorligters. BEd (Spesialisering in Skoolvoorligting)studente het 'n bepaalde behoefte aan 'n gestruktureerde en sistematiese benadering tot die opleiding van terapeutiese onderhoudvoeringsvaardighede uitgespreek. 'n Literatuurstudie oor die fenomeen terapeutiese ondemoud het eerstens aan die lig gebring dat vaardighede onderliggend aan die terapeutiese onderhoud geidentifiseer en operasioneel gedefinieer kan word en tweedens dat hierdie vaardighede sistematies aangeleer kan word. 'n Repertoire van onderhoudvoeringsvaardighede is egter nie 'n waarborg dat terapie 'n positiewe uitkoms sal he nie. Die terapeut moet 'n terapeutiese verhouding met die klient kan stig en in hierdie opsig is die terapeut se persoonlikheid en sy houding van empatie, warmte, respek, egtheid en onvoorwaardelike agting van kritieke belang in die skep van 'n atmosfeer, waarbinne die klient vry kan voel om sy probleme, diepste gevoelens en gedagtes te kan bespreek. In die ontwerp van 'n model vir opleiding in terapeutiese onderhoudvoeringsvaardighede moet aandag aan beide inhoud en opleidingsprosedure geskenk word. In hierdie model word nie net die vaardighede vir terapeutiese onderhoudvoering aangespreek nie, maar ook vaardighede om empatie, warmte, respek, egtheid en onvoorwaardelike positiewe agting aan die klient te kommunikeer. Vir die doeleindes van hierdie studie is die terapeutiese onderhoud in ses fases verdeel. Vaardighede wat in elke fase gebruik word, is gerdentifiseer, gedefinieer en bespreek. 'n Loodsondersoek is ondemeem om die effektiwiteit van die opleidingsmodel te evalueer. Proefpersone is aan die hand van die voorgestelde opleidingsprosedure opgelei. Ten einde die proefpersone se vordering en so ook die effektiwitieit van die model te evalueer, is elke proefpersoon se voor- en naopleiding onderhoude vergelyk. 'n Evalueringsskaal is vir hierdie doel ontwerp. Die resultate van die loodsondersoek het getoon dat die proefpersone se onderhoudvoeringsvaardighede verbeter het. Die hoop word uitgespreek dat hierdie studie die weg sal baan vir vernuwing in die opleiding van voorligters en terapeute in terapeutiese onderhoudvoering. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)