In Deutschland fehlen bislang belastbare epidemiologische Daten über sowohl die Häufigkeit nikotinabhängiger Raucher im primärärztlichen Versorgungsbereich als auch das Ausmaß der von Hausärzten angebotenen Raucherentwöhnungsmaßnahmen. Die Ziele in der "Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Awareness and Screening (SNICAS)"-Studie waren/sind: (1) die Ermittlung repräsentativer Daten zur Prävalenz des Rauchens und der Nikotinabhängigkeit in Deutschland, (2) die Beschreibung des Rauchverhaltens und der Aufhörmotivation von Rauchern in der primärärztlichen Versorgung sowie (3) die Feststellung von Einstellungen, Fertigkeiten und Erfahrungen von Hausärzten im Zusammenhang mit der Raucherentwöhnung. SNICAS basierte auf einem zweistufigen epidemiologischen Studiendesign, woran sich eine derzeit noch laufende, klinische Interventionskomponente anschloss. In Stufe I (Vorstudien-Fragebogen) wurde eine repräsentative Auswahl von 889 Ärzten (Allgemeinärzte, praktische Ärzte, Internisten) hinsichtlich Erfahrungen und Einstellungen zu Raucherentwöhnungsmethoden charakterisiert. In Stufe II wurde an einem Stichtag (7. Mai 2002) in diesen Praxen n = 28 707 unausgelesene, konsekutive Patienten zunächst mittels eines Patientenfragebogens untersucht (konservative Ausschöpfungsrate: 52,8%). Daran schloss sich für jeden einzelnen Patienten eine unabhängige, standardisierte Arztbeurteilung (Erhebung des Rauchstatus, des Gesundheitszustands, vergangener und aktueller Interventionen u.ä.) an. Der Beitrag enthält eine Darstellung von Design und Methode der SNICAS-Studie und berichtet über die Gewinnung, Ausschöpfung und Repräsentativität der Arzt- und Patientenstichprobe. Auf der Grundlage ausgewählter Daten des Vorstudien- Fragebogens, aus denen eine geringe Anzahl (17,6%) an sich intensiv mit der Raucherentwöhnung befassenden Ärzten hervorgeht, werden ärztliche Interventionsstrategien, aber auch Einstellungs- und Strukturbarrieren vorgestellt. / Aims, Design and Methods of the "Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Awareness and Screening" (SNICAS) Study Germany lacks robust epidemiological data on the prevalence of smoking and nicotine dependence in primary care patients as it does on smoking cessation interventions provided by primary care physicians. Objectives of the "Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Awareness and Screening" (SNICAS) study are (1) to provide nationally representative data on the frequency of smoking and nicotine dependence among primary care patients in Germany, (2) to describe their smoking behaviour and motivation to quit as well as (3) attitudes, skills and experiences of physicians regarding smoking cessation. SNICAS is based on a 2-stage epidemiological design, supplemented by a subsequently conducted clinical intervention trial still ongoing. Stage I consists of a prestudy characterization of a nationwide sample of 889 primary care doctors (general practitioners, family doctors and internists with primary care functions). Stage II consists of a target day assessment (May 7th 2002) of n=28,707 unselected consecutive patients by means of a patient questionnaire (conservative response rate: 52.8%). For each patient a structured clinical appraisal form (screening of the patients' smoking status, physical and mental health, current and past interventions etc. ) was accomplished by the doctor. This article presents design and methods of the SNICAS study and describes its sampling strategy, its response rates and the representativity of primary care doctors and patients. By means of selected pre-study data, showing that only a small proportion of physician is extensively involved in smoking cessation (17.6%), intervention strategies of the doctors are presented as well as obstacles for smoking cessation (e.g. structures, attitudes).

Durch eine stärkere Einbeziehung deutscher Hausärzte in die Raucherentwöhnung soll die Versorgung von Rauchern flächendeckend verbessert werden. Inwiefern dieser Anspruch realisierbar ist, wird im Rahmen der "Smoking and Nicotine Dependent Awareness and Screening" (SNICAS) Studie überprüft. SNICAS ist eine zweistufige epidemiologische Punktprävalenzstudie [Stufe I (Vorstudie): Charakterisierung einer repräsentativen, bundesweiten Stichprobe von n = 889 Hausärzten; Stufe II: Stichtagserhebung an n = 28 707 unselektierten konsekutiven Patienten], an die sich eine regionale klinische Interventionskomponente anschließt. In diesem Beitrag werden Prävalenzraten des Rauchens, Aufhörmotivation und bisherige Aufhörversuche von Primärarztpatienten berichtet. Dargestellt werden Erkennens- und Interventionsraten von Rauchern durch Hausärzte, das ärztliche Interventionsverhalten sowie deren Einschätzung der Chancen und Barrieren von Raucherentwöhnung im Praxisalltag. Die Ergebnisse der Studie belegen ein großes Interesse der Hausärzte am Thema Raucherentwöhnung. Dennoch weisen niedrige hausärztliche Interventionsraten bei gleichzeitig hohen Prävalenzraten von Rauchen und Nikotinabhängigkeit auf ein beträchtliches Versorgungsdefizit. Als Ursachen hierfür werden neben ambivalenter Aufhörmotivation der Patienten strukturelle Barrieren diskutiert. Die Autoren fordern neue klinische Versorgungsmodelle, die ein abgestimmtes Zusammenspiel von Hausärzten mit anderen, auf Raucherentwöhnung spezialisierte Berufsgruppen fokussieren. / Through smoking cessation interventions, primary care physicians could play an important part in the treatment of smokers in Germany. In the "Smoking and Nicotine Dependent Awareness and Screening" (SNICAS) study, we examined whether this increased involvement of primary care physicians might be implemented. SNICAS is a two-stage epidemiological point prevalence study. In stage I (pre-study), a nationwide sample of 889 primary care doctors was characterized; in stage II, 28 707 unselected consecutive patients were assessed on the target day. The investigation was followed by regional clinical interventions. The present article contains our findings on the prevalence of smoking, the motivation to quit, and the history of quit attempts among primary care patients. Information will be provided on how frequently physicians recognize and treat smokers; what kind of interventions they offer; as well as how they judge the opportunities and obstacles for smoking cessation in routine care. Despite the high prevalence of smoking and nicotine dependence and the primary care doctors’ interest in treating smokers, insufficient interventions are provided. Reasons for this situation include, but are not limited to the patients’ ambivalent motivation to quit and structural barriers. Hence, new clinical models of health care with an improved cooperation between primary care physicians and other specialists in the field of smoking cessation seem necessary.

Tabakkonsum bei Jugendlichen und erwachsenen Risikopopulationen. Einflussfaktoren und Ansätze zu Prävention und Intervention Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Einflussfaktoren des Tabakkonsums bei verschiedenen Zielgruppen sowie möglichen Ansätzen zur nachhaltigen Beeinflussung des Rauchverhaltens. Die Arbeit besteht aus insgesamt sechs Manuskripten, die in nationalen und internationalen Fachzeitschriften publiziert oder zur Publikation angenommen sind. Diese sechs Beiträge lassen sich zwei Schwerpunkten zuordnen, die inhaltlich die zwei wichtigsten Möglichkeiten zur Reduktion des Tabakkonsums in der Bevölkerung widerspiegeln: die Verhinderung des Neueinstiegs in das Rauchen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (Prävention) sowie die Förderung des Ausstiegs aus dem Rauchen (Intervention). Im ersten Teil wird im Rahmen eines Reviews sowie zweier Studien untersucht, ob sich verhältnispräventive Maßnahmen an Schulen auf das Rauchverhalten der Schüler auswirken. Im zweiten Teil untersuchen drei Studien die Motivation zur Verhaltensänderung, die Inanspruchnahme von Hilfsangeboten bzw. die Effektivität von Tabakentwöhnung bei Rauchern mit einer Alkoholabhängigkeit, Müttern in der Mutter-Kind-Rehabilitation sowie Patienten mit tabakassoziierten körperlichen Erkrankungen. / „Smoking in adolescents and adult risk populations. Factors of influence and approaches concerning prevention and intervention” This dissertation is concerned with factors influencing the smoking behaviour of different target groups and potential approaches for lasting changes of these behaviours. The dissertation consists of six manuscripts that are published or accepted for publication in national and international peer-reviewed journals. These six papers refer to two main emphases that reflect the two most important possibilities to reduce tobacco consumption in the population: Prevention of smoking initiation in children and adolescents (prevention), and support for smoking cessation (intervention). In the first part of the dissertation, a literature review and two empirical studies assess the influence of school tobacco policies on the smoking behaviour of students. In the second part, three empirical papers examine motivation to change, utilisation and effectiveness of smoking cessation in smokers with an alcohol dependence, mothers in mother-child rehabilitation and patients with smoking-related physical diseases.

published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Research on smoking has to a great deal been conducted within a public health or a medical context, or focused on policy making. Fewer studies have taken their point of departure in a social sciences context, and still fewer have analysed why individuals start and cease to smoke, and how and why smoking patterns on an aggregate level change over time and vary between different population groups. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse changes in the Swedish tobacco consumption with special emphasis at elucidating the decrease in smoking during the past half-century from different angels. Thus, the first paper explore if and how changes in smoking patterns can be understood and explained with reference to Sweden’s development as a welfare state, and in relation to socio-demographic and socio-economic circumstances. The second paper focuses on the long-term pathways to smoking cessation, by discerning several distinct trajectories from smoker to non-smoker. The third paper analyses gender differences with regard to reasons to smoke, experiences of smoking, and central elements in the cessation process. Finally, in the fourth paper, the issue of to what extent smoking cessation can be described as a process of identity change is explored.   Smoking initiation and cessation vary by socio-demographic and socio-economic factors, and the rapid decrease in smoking has resulted in a rather vulnerable group of smokers in these aspects. The results also indicate that the cessation process is complex, with personal and structural factors interacting in the long-term process, leading to multiple pathways to a smoke-free life. Moreover, they point to gender differences in reasons to smoke and to quit, and in strategies to quit smoking. In addition, identity change seems to be important in remaining smoke-free. The stated inequality in gender and class points in the direction that structural changes and social policies might be of need to decrease smoking even further. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 3: Accepted. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p> / Women, Health and Substance use

No description available.

PURPOSE: To describe 1) smoking cessation (SC) interventions by Family Practice Nurses (FPN) during prenatal visits, and 2) the predictors and barriers of FPN-provided SC counselling for pregnant women. DESIGN: Non-experimental, descriptive, correlational design. Onetime, cross-sectional questionnaire using a previously validated questionnaire, modified and converted to electronic format. METHODS: Descriptive and multivariable analysis. Predictors investigated included nurses’ age, beliefs about their role in SC, self-efficacy to provide effective counselling, SC training, and interest in updating SC knowledge. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-nine members of the Ontario Family Practice Nurses’ interest group (18% response rate) working in primary care settings across Ontario. RESULTS: Nearly one quarter (21.5%) of respondents never offer SC counselling to pregnant women. Nurses with higher levels of self-efficacy were more likely to provide SC counselling. Nurses are less likely to provide concrete assistance in the quitting process or arrange follow-up. The most commonly cited barriers included lack of time and cost of medication. CONCLUSIONS: FPNs are not consistently providing evidence-based SC interventions for pregnant women. Training to enhance self-efficacy may increase the frequency, efficiency and quality of FPN-provided SC interventions.

Les interventions visant l'arrêt du tabac ont réalisé des progrès importants. Pourtant, des facteurs minorent le maintien de l'arrêt du tabac à long terme, en particulier l'existence d'un trouble dépressif. Cette thèse étudie la contribution de la pratique d'activité physique en tant que facteur protecteur de la rechute dans le cadre du sevrage tabagique. Les études longitudinales 1 et 2 explorent l'impact de l'activité physique sur la rechute tabagique à long terme, chez des fumeurs avec ou sans trouble dépressif. L'étude 1 retrouve un effet protecteur de l'interaction antidépresseur - activité physique sur la rechute chez des fumeurs tout venant (n= 227). L'étude 2 met en exergue le rôle protecteur de l'activité physique chez des fumeurs touchés par un trouble dépressif (n= 133) ainsi que le niveau d'éducation, la prise d'anxiolytiques et d'antidépresseurs, ainsi que les tentatives d'arrêt précédentes. L'étude 3 évalue l'efficacité d'un programme d'activité physique adapté couplé à du conseil comme traitement adjuvant de l'arrêt du tabac chez des fumeurs touchés par un trouble dépressif. Cet essai clinique randomisé contrôlé (n = 70) a été réalisé au sein du CHRU de Montpellier. Le critère de jugement principal est l'abstinence continue trois mois après le début de l'intervention. L'analyse en intention de traiter souligne une différence en fin de programme (OR = 0.14 ; 95% CI .02 - .72 ; p = .018) et une différence non significative à trois mois (OR = 0.87 ; 95% CI .62 – 1.21 ; p = .08).Pour conclure, nous faisons l'état des mécanismes testés empiriquement expliquant l'effet de l'activité physique sur la consommation de tabac et la dépression. Nous proposons des pistes méthodologiques pour construire des modélisations et des interventions dans le domaine de la santé à partir d'une approche transdisciplinaire. / Current depressive disorders are associated with a lower likelihood of quitting smoking and with greater likelihood of smoking relapse.The aim of this thesis project was to study the protective role of physical activity on relapse rate after a smoking-cessation program. Studies 1 and 2 have explored the role of physical activity on relapse at long term in smokers with and without depressive disorders. First study has shown a significant interaction between antidepressant and physical activity as protecteur factor on relapse (n= 227) among smokers recruited at the smoking-cessation unit of Montpellier University Hospital. Second study has confirmed that physical activity was a protector factor on relapse in smokers with depressive disorders. Furthermore, antidepressants, anxiolytics, level of education, and number of attempts to quit were associated with relapse. The efficacy of exercise intervention and counseling as an adjuvant therapy in smoking cessation for smokers with current depressive disorders (n= 70) has been investigated in third study. Compared with control subjects, exercise subjects achieved significantly higher levels of continuous abstinence at the end of treatment (OR = 0.14 ; 95% CI .02 - .72 ; p = .018) while results were not significant at 3 months following treatment (OR = 0.87 ; 95% CI .62 – 1.21 ; p = .08). We have also reviewed the current literature investigating the mechanisms between exercise-depression and exercise-smoking. Methodological and transdisciplinary approaches are proposed to developp future studies.

Fundamento: O cigarro eletrônico é um sistema de liberação de nicotina semelhante ao cigarro convencional que vem sendo utilizado como alternativa de cessação do tabagismo. Dados sobre segurança e eficácia são escassos. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar sistematicamente os efeitos do cigarro eletrônico comparado com grupo controle (placebo) sobre a cessação tabágica e seus eventos adversos. Métodos: Foi realizada busca nas bases Cochrane Central, Medline (via PubMed), Lilacs, Scielo, Google Schoolar e Embase até novembro de 2015. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs) que compararam o cigarro eletrônico com placebo na cessação do tabagismo. Resultados: Foram identificados 6812 estudos, sendo dois ECRs, totalizando 562 pacientes (389 pacientes no grupo intervenção e 173 no grupo controle) incluídos na análise. Em 12 semanas, a análise dos estudos evidenciou um RR para cessação tabágica de 2,21 [IC 95% 1,10 – 4,44; p=0,03]. Em 24 semanas, um RR de 2,11 [IC 95% 0,98 – 4,54; p=0,06] foi observado. Eventos adversos não foram descritos especificamente nos dois estudos, mas não houve diferença nos grupos. Conclusões: Os dados deste estudo sugerem que, embora um efeito significativo tenha sido observado em 12 semanas, o cigarro eletrônico com liberação de nicotina não é melhor que o placebo para cessação do tabagismo em 24 semanas. Ainda, é preciso considerar os potenciais riscos à saúde como intoxicações ou lesão inalatória decorrentes do uso do cigarro eletrônico. / Backgroud: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) is a nicotine delivery system similar to conventional cigarette and has been used as a smoking cessation alternative. Data on safety and efficacy are scarce. The aim of this study was to systematically review the effects of electronic cigarettes compared with control group (placebo) on smoking cessation and its adverse events. Methods: A search was performed in the Cochrane Central Medline (via PubMed) Lilacs Scielo Google Scholar and Embase until November 2015. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the electronic cigarette with placebo in smoking cessation. Results: 6812 studies were identified and two RCTs totaling 562 patients (389 patients in the intervention group and 173 in the control group) were included in the analysis. In 12 weeks, the analysis of studies showed an RR for smoking cessation of 2.21 [CI 95% 1.10 – 4.44; p=0.03]. At 24 weeks an RR of 2.11 [CI 95% 0.98 – 4.54; p=0,06] was observed. Adverse events were not specifically describe in the two studies, but there was no difference between groups. Conclusions: The data from this study suggest that, although a significant treatment effect has been observed at 12 weeks, the electronic cigarette with nicotine release is no better than placebo for smoking cessation in 24 weeks. Still, the potential risks to health as poisoning or inhalation injury resulting from the use of the electronic cigarette should be considered.

Fundamento: O cigarro eletrônico é um sistema de liberação de nicotina semelhante ao cigarro convencional que vem sendo utilizado como alternativa de cessação do tabagismo. Dados sobre segurança e eficácia são escassos. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar sistematicamente os efeitos do cigarro eletrônico comparado com grupo controle (placebo) sobre a cessação tabágica e seus eventos adversos. Métodos: Foi realizada busca nas bases Cochrane Central, Medline (via PubMed), Lilacs, Scielo, Google Schoolar e Embase até novembro de 2015. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs) que compararam o cigarro eletrônico com placebo na cessação do tabagismo. Resultados: Foram identificados 6812 estudos, sendo dois ECRs, totalizando 562 pacientes (389 pacientes no grupo intervenção e 173 no grupo controle) incluídos na análise. Em 12 semanas, a análise dos estudos evidenciou um RR para cessação tabágica de 2,21 [IC 95% 1,10 – 4,44; p=0,03]. Em 24 semanas, um RR de 2,11 [IC 95% 0,98 – 4,54; p=0,06] foi observado. Eventos adversos não foram descritos especificamente nos dois estudos, mas não houve diferença nos grupos. Conclusões: Os dados deste estudo sugerem que, embora um efeito significativo tenha sido observado em 12 semanas, o cigarro eletrônico com liberação de nicotina não é melhor que o placebo para cessação do tabagismo em 24 semanas. Ainda, é preciso considerar os potenciais riscos à saúde como intoxicações ou lesão inalatória decorrentes do uso do cigarro eletrônico. / Backgroud: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) is a nicotine delivery system similar to conventional cigarette and has been used as a smoking cessation alternative. Data on safety and efficacy are scarce. The aim of this study was to systematically review the effects of electronic cigarettes compared with control group (placebo) on smoking cessation and its adverse events. Methods: A search was performed in the Cochrane Central Medline (via PubMed) Lilacs Scielo Google Scholar and Embase until November 2015. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the electronic cigarette with placebo in smoking cessation. Results: 6812 studies were identified and two RCTs totaling 562 patients (389 patients in the intervention group and 173 in the control group) were included in the analysis. In 12 weeks, the analysis of studies showed an RR for smoking cessation of 2.21 [CI 95% 1.10 – 4.44; p=0.03]. At 24 weeks an RR of 2.11 [CI 95% 0.98 – 4.54; p=0,06] was observed. Adverse events were not specifically describe in the two studies, but there was no difference between groups. Conclusions: The data from this study suggest that, although a significant treatment effect has been observed at 12 weeks, the electronic cigarette with nicotine release is no better than placebo for smoking cessation in 24 weeks. Still, the potential risks to health as poisoning or inhalation injury resulting from the use of the electronic cigarette should be considered.