O Conselho Municipal de Saúde é um importante instrumento de interlocução regulada e institucionalizada na formulação de diretrizes e na fiscalização e avaliação da política de saúde no Brasil. Este estudo analisa a atuação do Conselho Municipal de Saúde de Franca - SP. Nosso objetivo foi conhecer a dinâmica do CMS no processo de gestão, financiamento e controle da política de saúde do município e como a administração municipal reconhece o Conselho como seu interlocutor na gestão do setor saúde. A pesquisa foi realizada entre fevereiro de 2004 a julho de 2005 e utilizada a abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa em saúde. A partir da análise documental das Atas do CMS, de matérias de jornais veiculadas na cidade no mesmo período e das entrevistas com os conselheiros municipais identificamos assuntos temáticos que nortearam a discussão de nosso estudo. Assim, constatamos um grande esforço dos conselheiros em assumir seu papel no desempenho de suas funções, porém encontramos alguns limites que dificultam a efetividade do controle social. Podemos citar assim, a questão político-partidária dos membros do conselho e a manipulação por parte da administração municipal. Encontramos também potencialidades para efetivação do direito à participação nas decisões que vão desde a capacitação dos conselheiros até a criação de mecanismos para dar maior visibilidade ao Conselho e assim propiciar que este possa dar voz as demandas da população. / Municipal Council of Health is an important instrument of regulated dialogue and institutionalized in the formulation of guidelines and in the surveillance and evaluation of the politics of health in Brazil. This study analyzes the performance of Municipal Council of Health of Franca-SP. Our objective was to know the dynamics of the CMS in the management process, financing and control of the politics of health of the municipal district and as the municipal administration recognizes Council as its interlocutor in the administration of the section health. The research was accomplished among February from 2004 to July of 2005 and the qualitative approach of research in health was used. Starting from the documental analysis of the Minutes of the CMS, of matters of newspapers transmitted in the city in the same period and of the interviews with the municipal counselors we identified thematic issues that orientated the discussion of our study. Like this, we verified a great effort of the counselors in assuming their role in the acting of their functions; however we found some limits that hinder the effectiveness of the social control. We can mention like this, the issue political-adherent of the members of the council and the manipulation by the municipal administration. We also found potentialities for the effectiveness of the right to the participation in the decisions that are going from the counselors' training to the creation of mechanisms to give larger visibility to Council and like this to propitiate that this can give voice the demands of the population.

My creative practice addresses two research questions: how does ubiquitous computation affect the visual operations of the contemporary control society and what does this mean for the use of visual media in contesting such control? Through photographic and video work in digital formats, I explore the movements and arrests of informatic flows that constitute the operation of control, and the potential for resistance that may be felt in the turbulence of the interface, as a dynamic threshold where such flows meet. In this turn to the interface, I theorise the impacts of computationality on the loss of the image as a stable site of representational resistance, with the unsettling of perspectival representation in the topology of informational space and the ambiguity of a digital visuality whose software hides as it shows. When brought together with recent work on the de-materialisation wrought by informational Capital, the digital image comes to be seen as an instantiation of anxiety about the abstracted nature of power that increasingly operates as control. It is less to the digital image itself, but rather to the circulations and patternings of data expressed as light on the screen, that we must attend if we are to confront the digital visuality of control. The ‘image-machine of control' is the infrastructure that modulates these data circulations and patternings through inciting the making, sharing and watching of images. Drawing on affect theory, I emphasise the role that affects of insecurity, at the level of the dividuated subject and the abstracted socius, play in inciting an interactivity with the screen on which the State and Corporation alike rely for their accumulation and circulation of data. The digital-visual interface, being the encounter with the screen, becomes a sitemoment to explore its dynamic boundary condition, whose turbulence of data flows may open up ‘lines of flight' from the striated grid of control. These lines of flight help us see beyond the workings of the faciality system, and the subject-object relations of the gaze. Specificity of positioning in scopic regimes of control still matters, but posthumanist theorising suggests that such positioning be understood as vector and not point, whose movements we need to stay in touch with. Using digital photography to open up the everyday practice of image-making to its potential to disrupt the informatic flows of control, my first photographic work, medium specific, makes use of photomontage to look at the topology of informational space through its ‘folds', as a first experiment in disrupting the tempo of the image-machine's visual incitements through a ‘pleating' of its data. I use haptic photography in the pieces figure ground, surface gaze and touch light to stay in touch with the smooth space of the interface as a time-space of contingency, potentially resistant to the gridded striations of control. My exploration of the contingency of the interface continues with two video works, look screen and moving still, which address its vibrational ontology. I put the concept of the vibrational interface to use in confronting the rhythms of control deployed by the image-machine. Being a rhythm of not only circulation but also capture, not merely movement but also arrest, I suggest that understanding the ontology of the interface in terms of its vibrational forces is useful for disrupting, through its moving stillness, the rhythm of flow and stasis on which control depends. Both videos use visual and sonic vibrations to set up counter-rhythms and oscillations, whose trembling may release energies for change.

Orientador: Kester Carrara / Banca: Sandra Gimeniz-Paschoal / Banca: Maria de Lourdes Morales Horiguela / Banca: Olga Maria Piazentim Rolim Rodrigues / Banca: Tânia Maria Santana De Rose / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa é analisar a utilização do escopo educativo, utilizado nas modernas propostas de parcerias da FEBEM com as ONGS, utilizando-se do conceito de reeducação como forma de legitimar práticas de vigilância e controle social. Parte da hipótese de que o verniz educativo, com ideal civilizador e emancipador, pode, de forma sutil, conferir maior poder de domínio e maximizar as estratégias de vigilância social. Dessa forma, pretendeu-se verificar as formas de utilização dos conceitos de educação e cidadania como estratégia de diluição da repressão e do domínio sobre os adolescentes infratores. Portanto, quando a vigilância social é diluída no nobre ideal da educação, aproveitando-se da sua propalada capacidade de promover a cidadania, a autonomia e a liberdade, sua eficácia é maximizada, pela invisibilidade das estratégias do poder. Para isso efetuou-se a pesquisa em uma ONG que efetua atendimentos a adolescentes infratores através de contrato de parceria com a FEBEM. O estudo foi dividido em três etapas para possibilitar maior profundidade na analise e maior compreensão da estratégia. Como primeiro estudo etapa da pesquisa procedeu-se o exame dos processos de aplicação das medidas sócio educativas de Liberdade Assistida; no segundo estudo fez-se uma entrevista com os pedagogos, psicólogos e educadores do projeto através da aplicação de um roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturado, remetido a todos os técnicos do projeto; no terceiro estudo buscou-se analisar as conseqüências da parceria ONG/FEBEM aos adolescentes por meio da verificação da quantidade de adolescentes que são penalizados com a medida sócio educativa de Liberdade Assistida antes e após a celebração da parceria FEBEM/ONG. Com base no referencial teórico e nas analises processadas conclui-se que o propósito educacional dilui e oculta uma estratégia de vigilância, controle e normalização. / Abstract: Analyzing the utilization of educational scope is the goal of this work of research, that was used in the modern proposals of partnership of the FEBEM along with the ONGS, by the renowned and seductive term education as a way to legitimize violence practices and social control. It starts on the hypothesis that the role of education with its noble civilizing and emancipating ideal can smoothly ascribe a larger dominant power and make stronger the strategies of social vigilance. At this point, one intended to verify how the education and citizenship concepts have been applied to strategies for repression extinction and for dominance upon the misadjusted adolescents. However, once the social vigilance is extinct into the noble ideal of education, by taking advantage of its divulged capacity of promoting the citizenship, autonomy, and the freedom, its effectiveness is maximized through invisibility of the strategies of power. For so much, a research was carried out in the ONG of Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo city, which provides occupations to misadjusted adolescents by the partnership deal with the FEBEM. The study has been divided into three steps in order to permit a deeper analysis and wider understanding of the strategy. As the first step study of the research, we have got the exam of the processes of application of the social educative measures of Watched Freedom; in the second study an interview with the educators, psychologists, and teachers of the project through the application of a list of semi-structured questions, concerned to all technicians of the project; in the third study, we sought to analyze the consequences of the partnership ONG/FEBEM to the adolescents through the verification of the quantity of adolescents who have been punished within the social educative measures of Watched Freedom before and after the celebration of the partnership ONG/FEBEM. Based on the theoretical reference and on the analyses carried out, we could conclude. / Doutor

O Conselho Municipal de Saúde é um importante instrumento de interlocução regulada e institucionalizada na formulação de diretrizes e na fiscalização e avaliação da política de saúde no Brasil. Este estudo analisa a atuação do Conselho Municipal de Saúde de Franca - SP. Nosso objetivo foi conhecer a dinâmica do CMS no processo de gestão, financiamento e controle da política de saúde do município e como a administração municipal reconhece o Conselho como seu interlocutor na gestão do setor saúde. A pesquisa foi realizada entre fevereiro de 2004 a julho de 2005 e utilizada a abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa em saúde. A partir da análise documental das Atas do CMS, de matérias de jornais veiculadas na cidade no mesmo período e das entrevistas com os conselheiros municipais identificamos assuntos temáticos que nortearam a discussão de nosso estudo. Assim, constatamos um grande esforço dos conselheiros em assumir seu papel no desempenho de suas funções, porém encontramos alguns limites que dificultam a efetividade do controle social. Podemos citar assim, a questão político-partidária dos membros do conselho e a manipulação por parte da administração municipal. Encontramos também potencialidades para efetivação do direito à participação nas decisões que vão desde a capacitação dos conselheiros até a criação de mecanismos para dar maior visibilidade ao Conselho e assim propiciar que este possa dar voz as demandas da população. / Municipal Council of Health is an important instrument of regulated dialogue and institutionalized in the formulation of guidelines and in the surveillance and evaluation of the politics of health in Brazil. This study analyzes the performance of Municipal Council of Health of Franca-SP. Our objective was to know the dynamics of the CMS in the management process, financing and control of the politics of health of the municipal district and as the municipal administration recognizes Council as its interlocutor in the administration of the section health. The research was accomplished among February from 2004 to July of 2005 and the qualitative approach of research in health was used. Starting from the documental analysis of the Minutes of the CMS, of matters of newspapers transmitted in the city in the same period and of the interviews with the municipal counselors we identified thematic issues that orientated the discussion of our study. Like this, we verified a great effort of the counselors in assuming their role in the acting of their functions; however we found some limits that hinder the effectiveness of the social control. We can mention like this, the issue political-adherent of the members of the council and the manipulation by the municipal administration. We also found potentialities for the effectiveness of the right to the participation in the decisions that are going from the counselors' training to the creation of mechanisms to give larger visibility to Council and like this to propitiate that this can give voice the demands of the population.

The purpose of this study it to research the role and public perception of security surveillance on a university campus. The research measured variables such as age, gender, class standing political affiliation, and one's residence whether on campus or off campus. This study is focused on how students view security surveillance, and whether they see security surveillance as an important tool for the safety of the public or a threat to privacy. A student survey was administered to undergraduate students asking how they felt about crime on campus and whether crime was a problem that could be solved by security cameras. The research indicates that the majority of students do not view security surveillance as a threat to their privacy, and that security cameras are an important tool in combating crime.

This work provides cultural and political explanations on how and why cigarette smoking has increasingly become an object of intolerance and control in Hong Kong. Since the 1980s, the smoking population has been falling. Smoking behavior, sales and promotion of cigarette products have been under close surveillance by the government, medical experts and society at large. Cigarette smoking, as well as smokers, has increasingly been rejected and demonized in the public discourse. What are the conditions that make the growing intolerant discourses and practices against cigarette smoking possible and dominant? Why and how has the tobacco control campaign become prevalent as a governmentalist project, which is strong enough to tear down the alliance of tobacco industry giants? Why is tobacco singled out from other legal but harmful substances, such as alcohol, as an imperative object of intolerance and control? This work tackles these questions by adopting a Foucauldian discursive approach and the theory of articulation developed in cultural studies. By considering tobacco control as a historical and contextual practice, it traces the specific trajectory of tobacco control in Hong Kong, maps the cultural and political contexts that make it possible, and considers its consequence regarding the complex relationship among control, construction of risk, identity and freedom in society.

The thesis analyses the fear of the lower classes which manifests itself in various ways in Swedish society and it examines if it is justified. It gives four different views of the "dangerous lower classes" and illustrates the greatly differing view­points that exist. At the national level the debate on The social question in literature, the press and the Riksdag is particularly intensive during the 1830's and 1840's. It concerns the great proletarianising and pauperising of the countryside and its' suggested consequences: criminality, vagrancy, begging, drunkenness, immorality, and ignorance. Then the lower classes "dangerous crimes" are investigated. They consist of the offences of disorderliness and drunkenness. Crimes of violence are infrequent and committed by people from all societys' levels. Property crimes are certainly mainly practised by those in the lower strata, but they are also infrequent and give a clear impression of "crimes of necessity". Neither crimes which are a danger to society nor a revolutionary threat can be perceived. The three parishes studied in Skåne try to close their borders against unmarried pregnant maids, unmarried mothers, "married farmhands" and those with crimi­nal records. A ban on marriages is also used against poor people. Behind this lies a fear of increased poor law expenditure. Those with power seek to carefully control lifestyles, clothing and the sale and consumption of alcoholic drinks. Despite entry controls a concentrated poor population, the Slättafolk, arises in one of the parishes. They live at the margin and some of them, at times, resort to illegal methods in order to stay alive. Thus there is no great threat to property. Neither is drunkenness nor immorality prominent. The analysis gives two different pictures. One occurs in the national debate and partly in the parish records and is a view from above. The lower classes consist of a lower and bad sort of person who must be controlled and discip­lined. Another picture is glimpsed at the micro level. It shows people who live in extreme poverty, sometimes genuine want, but all try, by all possible means, to improve their situation. The lower class people have a desire for justice and equality and resist oppres­sion. There is potential violence which explodes at times. Knowledge of this causes the upper classes to be afraid of the lower, a fear strengthened by events out in Europe where, in Hobsbawms' phrase "The age of revolution" is current. / digitalisering@umu

As the population ages and income disparities increase, issues affecting older adults and marginalized individuals are examined more frequently. Despite this, little attention is paid to the community experiences of women over the age of fifty who face marginalization, criminalization and homelessness. This study is an institutional ethnography of older marginalized women in Ottawa, focusing on their identities, lives and their experiences of community life. Its findings are based on ethnographic fieldwork as well as interviews with 27 older marginalized women and 16 professionals working with this group. The women described their identities, social networks, daily activities and navigations of their communities as well as the policy and discursive framework in which their lives are situated. Regardless of whether the women had housing or were staying in shelters, upheaval, uncertainty and change characterized their experiences in the community, reflecting their current circumstances, but also their life courses. Their accounts also revealed how, through social support, community services, and personal resilience, older marginalized women negotiate daily life and find places and spaces for themselves in their communities. As an institutional ethnography, this research foregrounds participants’ responses, framing these with theoretical lenses examining mobilities, identity, social capital, governmentality, and stigma. Specifically, it uses the lenses of mobilities and identities to understand the nature of their community experiences, before moving outward to examine their social networks and the world around them. Governmentality theory is also used to describe the neoliberal context framing their community experiences. The study concludes with a reflection on the research and a set of policy recommendations arising from the study.

This dissertation deals with temperance in rural economically backward communities in the county of Västerbotten in Northern Sweden. Most Swedish historians have related the rapid break-through of organized temperance to industrialization and industrial areas. The connection temperance - industrialization is indisputable. The question then arises: why did temperance establish its very strongholds in predominantly rural and backward areas of Northern Sweden? In the referendum over Prohibition in 1922, when the prohibitionists lost their case, the industralized part of Sweden took least interest in the question. In Norrland over 70% and in Vastebotten 81% of the population wanted and voted for Prohibition. The mechanisms of temperance in non-industral areas are dealt wich against this background. Was industrialization seen as a threat to the agrarian communities? How did the commercialization of liquor and wine after 1864 affect small peasant communities and pre-industrial towns, and in which ways and to what extent were these communities ready to defend themselves from the Demon Rum? In the town of Umeå and the southern part of the county of Västerbotten, temperance was able to dominate the left-wing factions of the regional populistic party variations of liberalism and social democracy. These populist parties were genuine prohibition parties and were often in opposition to their own central bureaucracy in Stockholm. They represented, like the American populist movement, a reaction against laissez-faire capitalism and commercialization. With the support of these political parties temperance succeeded in building up Sweden's most severe system of alcohol restrictions - the Umeå system - in 1923. / digitalisering@umu

Although physical activity has been identified as important for children and adolescents health, a majority are not active enough to receive health benefits. Given that physical activity lapses have been identified in adolescents, and social influences have been related to physical activity, the overall purpose of this dissertation was to explore the social influences that occur following a lapse by using a social control framework. Three studies were conducted to examine whether physical activity lapses would be associated with parental use of social control (Study 1 and 2) as well as whether this use of different social control types would be associated with changes in behaviour (Study 2 and 3) and affect (Study 3). Results from Study 1 revealed that parents reported the use of three types of social control (i.e., positive, collaborative, and negative) following a hypothetical physical activity lapse. Results from Study 2 revealed that adolescents who experienced a lapse reported greater increases in the use of positive and collaborative social control if they had an active family. Changes in social control also were associated adolescents recovery from a lapse, with collaborative social control emerging as the strongest social control type. Results from the third study revealed that each of the three types of social control were associated with behaviour change, but in a different way. Behaviour change was associated with the use of collaborative social control, the need for congruence between preferences and use for positive social control, and the perceptions of negative social control as supportive. Perceived supportiveness for all tactics was related to affect. These results provide preliminary support for the suggestion that social control may be one framework to help explain the use of parental social influences following a lapse. Future directions and complementary theories are discussed.