Ontological Security Studies have been grounded on the ideas of Giddens (1991a,b). It describes how humans can face challenges of the modern world without being overwhelmed by anxieties. Since then many scholars such as Steele (2008) and Mitzen (2006) have developed his ideas furthermore. However, ontological security still lacks in terms of gender aspects (Kinnvall and Mitzen, 2016), individual security seeking (Croft and Vaughan-Williams, 2016) or the role of community rather than the state to secure ontological security (Berenskoetter, 2012). This thesis focusses on all three themes when analysing how women use mechanisms to strengthen their ontological security within the online community. Feminism is a strategy for women to build a common identity. Women used the #metoo to share their experience of sexual harassment and anxieties in a gender-hierarchical power system. Human development and security is not only physical security but includes living in freedom of fear, want and in dignity. Threats which challenge systems of believe, such as living in an equal world or living without fear, lead to ontological insecurity. Therefore, women look out for new routines which provide security. Drawing on existing scholarship, this thesis aims to undercover if digital feminist activism can be a source for women to gain ontological security when the state fails to provide it. A social constructivist approach is followed within the research. The aim is to acknowledge the experience and practices of the different perspectives: by female activists and women opposed to feminist movements. Therefore, the empirical basis of this study contains 198 Twitter posts which are sampled out of 6679 posts. A content analysis helped to understand the dynamics of online behaviour and furthermore, puts it into the context of their everyday experience.

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Submitted by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-05T18:45:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ppgcom - gabriela agostinho pereira.pdf: 18869184 bytes, checksum: 82c6bfb0ce2e876f0893fc603365bbe2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-05T18:46:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ppgcom - gabriela agostinho pereira.pdf: 18869184 bytes, checksum: 82c6bfb0ce2e876f0893fc603365bbe2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Cristina Bonfim Aquarone (deborabonfim@espm.br) on 2018-10-08T11:53:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ppgcom - gabriela agostinho pereira.pdf: 18869184 bytes, checksum: 82c6bfb0ce2e876f0893fc603365bbe2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-08T11:54:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ppgcom - gabriela agostinho pereira.pdf: 18869184 bytes, checksum: 82c6bfb0ce2e876f0893fc603365bbe2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27 / Discussions regarding gender have gained space in the media and in the public agenda in recent years, especially in social media sites. Besides being ubiquitous in society, multiple groups have starting using these sites as tools for mobilization and activism around gender issues, questioning hegemonic societal patterns. The individuals who frequent these spaces have the possibility of not only consuming, but also producing, reproducing, sharing, and divulging content related to virtually all themes in a way that is very quick and often has immeasurable reach. Therefore, depending of content produced and consumed, these sites can act both as a space for transformation, giving voice and visibility to topics and people who wouldn’t be heard or seen outside this environment, and as a space that reinforces hegemonic, conservative, and discriminatory ideas. In this light, some issues are fundamental to the construction of our work, such as: 1) to understand what is hate speech and what are its social consequences for ethics, communication, and consumption; 2) it is also necessary to understand how the production, circulation, and consumption of this type of discourse happens in social media sites; and, 3) to discuss the limits between freedom of expression and defense of democratic values such as ethics and human rights. To conduct the empirical research proposed in this article we opted to focus on four social media sites: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and YouTube. From a methodological standpoint, we used the depth hermeneutics proposed by Thompson. / As discussões acerca das questões de gênero ganharam espaço na mídia e na agenda pública nos últimos anos, principalmente em sites de redes sociais. Ademais de uma ampla penetração na sociedade, diversos grupos e coletivos passaram a utilizar essas ferramentas como um meio de mobilização e ativismo acerca das questões de gênero, questionando os padrões hegemônicos presentes na sociedade. Os indivíduos que frequentam esses espaços têm a possibilidade não só de consumir, mas de produzir, reproduzir, compartilhar e divulgar conteúdos relacionados a praticamente todos os temas, de maneira muito rápida e com um alcance muitas vezes imensurável. Assim, de acordo com o tipo de conteúdo produzido e consumido, esses sites podem tanto ser um espaço de transformação, que dá voz e visibilidade para pautas e pessoas que não o teriam fora daquele ambiente, quanto um espaço que reforça ideias hegemônicas, conservadoras e discriminatórias. Dessa maneira, algumas discussões são basilares para a construção do nosso trabalho, tais como: 1) compreender o que é o discurso de ódio e quais suas consequências sociais do ponto de vista ético, comunicacional e do consumo; 2) também é necessário entender como se dá a produção, circulação e o consumo desse tipo de discurso nos sites de redes sociais; e 3) discutir os limites entre a liberdade de expressão e a defesa dos valores democráticos como a ética e os direitos humanos. Para a elaboração da pesquisa empírica proposta neste trabalho optamos por focar em quatro sites de redes sociais Facebook, Instagram, Twitter e YouTube. Do ponto de vista metodológico, apoiamo-nos na hermenêutica de profundidade proposta por Thompson.

在社交媒體(social media)網站如雨後春筍般出現的時代，作者以觀察「大型社交媒體的高滲透率，以及媒體由服務、迎合大多數人的喜好的型態，演進為提供更加貼近各專業領域的服務型態的現象」出發，選定籃球為本研究之專業領域，藉由開發專注於籃球領域的社交媒體網站---Basketball Addiction來了解使用者是否能如作者觀察媒體的演進般，社交媒體網站也會有更加貼近各專業領域的服務型態出現，而使用者在使用這樣的網站時能得到滿足，持續使用，甚至推薦給朋友。 在經過本研究問卷調查後，利用統計分析軟體PLS(Partial Least Squares)進行模型的分析，Bootstrapping進行假說的顯著性檢定。結果顯示，專注於特定領域的社交媒體網站在未來是有存在的可能的，Fulfillment構面的調查結果也顯示Basketball Addiction的確能滿足使用者「社交」及「專業」的期待。 / In the era of social media sites have sprung up, the author observed, "large-scale high penetration of social media and the phenomenon of the media have made services to cater to most people's favorite patterns evolved to provide more services closer to the various professional fields patterns. Select basketball as this research professional fields. Through the development of social media sites which focus on basketball professional fields --- Basketball Addiction to understand whether the social media sites can follow the evolution of media, such as like, there will be more social media sites provide professional services. In addition, author also wonder that whether users in the use of such sites can be satisfied, continuous use, and even recommend it to friends. After the survey, author uses PLS (Partial Least Squares) to analyze and verify the model’s reliability and validity, Bootstrapping to make significant analysis. The results show, social media sites which focus on specific fields can exist is possible. Also, the results of the latent variable --- Fulfillment show that Basketball Addiction indeed allows users to have to meet the expectations, "social" and "professional" in.

Cyber aggression came about as a result of advances in information communication technology and the aggressive usage of the technology in real life. Cyber aggression can take on many forms and facets. However, the main focus of this study is cyberbullying and cyberstalking through information sharing practices that might constitute digital aggressive acts. Human aggression has been extensively investigated. Studies focusing on understanding the causes and effects that can lead to physical and digital aggression have shown the prevalence of cyber aggression in different settings. Moreover, these studies have shown strong relationship between cyber aggression and the physiological and physical trauma on both perpetrators and their victims. Nevertheless, the literature shows a lack of studies that could measure the level of acceptance and tolerance of these dangerous digital acts. This study is divided into two main stages; Stage one is a qualitative pilot study carried out to explore the concept of cyber aggression and its existence in Saudi Arabia. In-depth interviews were conducted with 14 Saudi social media users to collect understanding and meanings of cyber aggression. The researcher followed the Colaizzi’s methods to analyze the descriptive data. A proposed model was generated to describe cyber aggression in social media applications. The results showed that there is a level of acceptance to some cyber aggression acts due to a number of factors. The second stage of the study is focused on developing scales with reliable items that could determine acceptability and tolerability of cyber aggression. In this second stage, the researcher used the factors discovered during the first stage as source to create the scales’ items. The proposed methods and scales were analyzed and tested to increase reliability as indicated by the Cronbach’s Alpha value. The scales were designed to measure how acceptable and tolerable is cyber-bullying, cyber-stalking in Saudi Arabia and the sharing of some information in social media applications. The results show a strong tolerance level of those activities. This study is a valuable resource for advanced-level students, educators, and researchers who focus on cyber security, cyber psychology, and cyber aggression in social network sites.