Esta dissertação, que se baseia em um questionamento teórico, não se pauta na análise de dados numéricos e quantitativos, tão comuns na consideração do investimento público. A escolha vem a desafiar os padrões de análise atualmente adotados para avaliar o investimento público no Brasil. Nesse sentido, busca uma rediscussão da significação do investimento público na ordem social brasileira, a partir de uma análise da semântica do investimento e do público, para verificar sua natureza e seu regime no sistema jurídico brasileiro. A análise do significado leva a concluir que investimento é efeito do agir, mas também da renúncia de agir, renúncia fiscal para incentivar a ação de outro sujeito de direito. Sua natureza de efeito decorrente de um ato jurídico ou uma atividade faz com que seja avaliado em relação à legitimidade, ao objeto e ao próprio processo de tomada de decisão, assim como quanto aos princípios administrativos aplicáveis ao ato que o produz enquanto efeito. Sua natureza de efeito decorrente da renúncia fiscal faz com que seja enquadrado em uma análise de finança pública, de abdicação de receita tributária. A apreciação da função, enquanto exercício do poder a guardar o fim e o resultado, para produção do efeito investimento público, leva à verificação da causa e da sua compatibilidade no que concerne ao objetivo de desenvolvimento. Por fim, seu enquadramento no plano dos efeitos leva à análise final da significação do investimento público quanto à eficácia, efetividade e eficiência para se questionar se o investimento público, considerado segundo padrões econômico-quantitativos, é instrumento efetivo para observância dos preceitos constitucionais. / This dissertation, based on a theoretical enquiry, is not on a numerical data analysis or a quantitative analysis, commonly considered in relation to the public investment. The choice challenges the standards of analysis currently used to evaluate the public investment, in Brazil. It tries to discuss the meaning of the public investment in the Brazilian social order. It begins through the analysis of the meaning of the concept of investment and public in order to check their nature and their framework in the Brazilian legal system. The analysis of its meaning leads to the conclusion that investment is an effect of the action and an effect of the non action, the fiscal waiver to encourage another agents investment. The nature of the public investment as an effect produced by an act or an activity takes into account its legitimacy, its purpose and its decision making as well as the administrative principles applicable to the act that produces the effect. The nature of the public investment as an effect produced by a non action, a fiscal waiver, takes into account the investment in the public finance. The function of the public investment as the conduction of the power in consideration to the purposes and the results compels to the analysis of the cause and its adequacy to the development. At the end, as an effect the investment has to be verified as capability, effectiveness and efficiency to challenge if the investment, according to quantitative and economics criteria, is an effective instrument to accomplish the Brazilian constitutional provisions.

Individuals interacting in an environment that exacerbates fear of crime and general distrust may face erosion of democratic values and perceive authoritarian policies as a solution to restore order. In Latin America historical widespread distrust in the government apparatus as well as fear of crime, have always been a topic of interest, not only for sociologists but also for political scientists and lawmakers. This study uses the LAPOP wave 2012 (Latin American Public Opinion) survey to assess Ecuadorians’ perceptions about trust in the government and fear of crime as predictors of support for authoritarian policies (mano dura). Logistic regressions show evidence that fear of crime acts as a better predictor than level of trust in the government for predicting the likelihood of supporting authoritarian policies. Overall, this study provides a hint of how Ecuadorians support for democratic principles may have weakened by fear of crime and lack of trust in the government apparatus.

This dissertation focuses on social interaction patterns between young people in an online chat room, analyzing how social order is displayed and constituted. An overall issue concerns when and how the participants manage to co-create social communities within this setting. The data draw on an ethnographic study, where chat room observations and online recordings were carried out during three years. Methodological guidelines from discursive psychology and conversation analysis have been used in making detailed sequential analyses of chat room interactions. The thesis builds on social practice theories, including sociocultural theorizing and studies of language socialization, and work on positionings. The findings show that familiarity with chat language, including the use of emoticons and leet speak, as well as familiarity with netiquette and conversational routines such as greeting- and parting routines, are vital for the participants in order to become parts of local groups and alignments. Playful improvisation is an important feature in the chat room intercourse. Moreover, full participation requires involvement in the lives of co-participants and extended dialogues over time. In the process of moving from peripheral to more central participation, the participants formed alignments with other participants and positioned themselves and their co-participants in the chat room. Such alignments were often founded on a shared taste in, for example musical genres and everyday consumption patterns. Shared views on school, sex and relationships, as well as age or gender alignments also played a role in the creation of local communities. Conversely, issues of exclusion were recurrent features of chat room interplay. All considered this created participation patterns that formed local hierarchies which were not fixed or static, but rather fleeting and dynamic. And yet, the participants generally did not transcend or challenge contemporary age and gender boundaries.

Within the context of a modern globalizing world, this thesis investigates governance in fragile areas where unconsolidated territorial-sovereign statehood offers niches for 'illicit' forms of social order to develop. Through recursive theoretical and empirical research rooted in the 'abductive' method of Pragmatism, the analysis has three overarching objectives: First, it offers a different conceptual approach by moving away from negative categorization of the phenomena, e.g. failed states, ungoverned spaces, limited statehood etc., towards a positive conceptualization, i.e. illicit orders. By casting off the legal-rational, sovereign-territorial lens, the pursuant conceptual reconfiguration of territory, authority, and institutions recognizes and more directly conveys the existence of local social organization apart from the modern state via the agency of social groups acting in violation of domestic and/or international legal norms, rules, and institutions. Second, it seeks to explain the constitution of 'illicit orders' by offering a sociologically-cognizant analytical framework capable of elucidating the 'micro' processes inherent to governance in territories where state institutions remain nominal and ineffective. Based on insights from theoretically-informed empirical fieldwork in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil's favelas, I maintain that inter-subjective relations of authority can be produced when a given actor asserts predominance in three co-constitutive domains; namely, organized violence, socioeconomic security, and social legitimacy. Resultant authority then gives rise to the 'structuration' of norms, rules, and institutions, which also recursively reinforces the institutionalization of authority - a process inherent to the constitution of social order in these circumscribed territories. Third, it provides an understanding of how inherently local 'illicit orders' at once form part of a diffuse mosaic of social, political, and economic structures that collectively constitute 'global society', while simultaneously existing in dramatic juxtaposition to the Western-led 'international order' of states within it. Such an understanding purports to further challenge 'neoutilitarian' and 'macro-structural' theoretical approaches predominant in contemporary International Relations discourses.

Ce travail de thèse se présente comme une enquête sur les modalités de l’agir-ensemble interspécifique. L’idée qui a présidé à sa mise en œuvre repose sur la volonté d’élargir les questionnements classiques en sociologie de l’action (comment décrire le vivre-ensemble, quelle forme prend l’ordre social) et en linguistique (comment communique-t-on intelligiblement) à un objet sortant de leurs préoccupations traditionnelles : les interactions sociales entre hommes et chiens. Pour cela, nous analysons des données recueillies lors d’interactions ordinaires et quotidiennes entre chiots en éducation et éducateurs canins, ou entre chiens-guides d’aveugles et personnes non-voyantes.Il s’agit d’un travail empirique de recherche sur les ressources utilisées par hommes et chiens pour agir ensemble et communiquer. Pour cela, nous montrons que les actions communes dans lesquelles ils s’engagent sont réalisées de manière ordonnée, et sont séquentiellement organisées – de sorte qu’elles sont descriptibles avec une certaine systématicité. Cette systématicité, qui exhibe le caractère ordonné des interactions, est traitée comme l’indice d’une forme de socialité qui s’incarne dans l’ajustement mutuel. De ce point de vue, cette thèse se présente également comme un travail théorique sur les formes de la socialité interspécifique. De manière incidente, elle se veut en outre le lieu d’une réflexion épistémologique sur la prise en charge par les sciences humaines et la linguistique d’un objet par tradition réservé aux sciences dites naturelles. / « Non human » is an analytical category that has now entered the realm of sociology. The fact that domestic animals might be agents, and relevant interactants has been evoked and investigated in the most recent literature. The originality of our study does not lie in these arguments. It takes them for granted, and analyzes with systematicity some of the resources used by dogs and their human co-interactants (be they educators or visually impaired persons) to communicate with intelligibility, and make each other’s actions mutually accountable. The study is structured by a leading question: what kind of sociality is at stake between dogs and humans ?The dissertation is divided into two introductory theoretical chapters, and three analytical parts. The first chapter establishes the state of the art, as far as human/animal interaction is concerned. After briefly commenting on the Animal Studies and its opposition to the so-called cartesian position, it ends by introducing the ethnomethodological program as a relevant approach to shed a new light on my object. The second chapter offers an epistemological reflection on the analytical ‘naturalist’ framework worth adopting in order to investigate dog-human sociality. It gives an occasion to discuss the transcription format usually used in CA as an adequate frame to shed light on the sequentiality of actions, as well as on conditional relevance. The three next chapters are grounded on these reflections and are more strictly empirical and analytical. Chapter 3 describes the resources used by dogs and humans to interact with intelligibility and to share perceptive knowledge. It analyzes procedures of shared attention, and mutual orientation (for instance, by mutually orienting toward a relevant object for the ongoing action). Chapter 4 goes further into the analysis of participants’ procedural competencies, and observes the systematicity of sequential formats. Chapter 5 is grounded on these analyses and addresses a “topos” as far as human-animal interaction is concerned: issues of cognition. Drawing on the EM program, it proposes a praxeological approach to cognition that does not focus on dog’s capacities or skills but on the way ordinary practices of practical reasoning are accomplished.The PhD dissertation offers an empirical work on human-animal modalities of living and acting together. It aims at showing that mutual actions participants engage in are orderly accomplished and sequentially organized – and therefore descriptible with systematicity.This systematicity, by exhibiting the orderly character of interactions, is treated as a cue of a form of sociality, embodied in mutual adjustment. In this regard, this thesis offers also some theoretical thoughts on forms of interspecific sociality.At the same time, and more incidentally, it develops epistemological considerations about the reflexive relationships between social sciences, linguistics, and natural sciences in the treatment of this “hybrid” objet.

Esta dissertação, que se baseia em um questionamento teórico, não se pauta na análise de dados numéricos e quantitativos, tão comuns na consideração do investimento público. A escolha vem a desafiar os padrões de análise atualmente adotados para avaliar o investimento público no Brasil. Nesse sentido, busca uma rediscussão da significação do investimento público na ordem social brasileira, a partir de uma análise da semântica do investimento e do público, para verificar sua natureza e seu regime no sistema jurídico brasileiro. A análise do significado leva a concluir que investimento é efeito do agir, mas também da renúncia de agir, renúncia fiscal para incentivar a ação de outro sujeito de direito. Sua natureza de efeito decorrente de um ato jurídico ou uma atividade faz com que seja avaliado em relação à legitimidade, ao objeto e ao próprio processo de tomada de decisão, assim como quanto aos princípios administrativos aplicáveis ao ato que o produz enquanto efeito. Sua natureza de efeito decorrente da renúncia fiscal faz com que seja enquadrado em uma análise de finança pública, de abdicação de receita tributária. A apreciação da função, enquanto exercício do poder a guardar o fim e o resultado, para produção do efeito investimento público, leva à verificação da causa e da sua compatibilidade no que concerne ao objetivo de desenvolvimento. Por fim, seu enquadramento no plano dos efeitos leva à análise final da significação do investimento público quanto à eficácia, efetividade e eficiência para se questionar se o investimento público, considerado segundo padrões econômico-quantitativos, é instrumento efetivo para observância dos preceitos constitucionais. / This dissertation, based on a theoretical enquiry, is not on a numerical data analysis or a quantitative analysis, commonly considered in relation to the public investment. The choice challenges the standards of analysis currently used to evaluate the public investment, in Brazil. It tries to discuss the meaning of the public investment in the Brazilian social order. It begins through the analysis of the meaning of the concept of investment and public in order to check their nature and their framework in the Brazilian legal system. The analysis of its meaning leads to the conclusion that investment is an effect of the action and an effect of the non action, the fiscal waiver to encourage another agents investment. The nature of the public investment as an effect produced by an act or an activity takes into account its legitimacy, its purpose and its decision making as well as the administrative principles applicable to the act that produces the effect. The nature of the public investment as an effect produced by a non action, a fiscal waiver, takes into account the investment in the public finance. The function of the public investment as the conduction of the power in consideration to the purposes and the results compels to the analysis of the cause and its adequacy to the development. At the end, as an effect the investment has to be verified as capability, effectiveness and efficiency to challenge if the investment, according to quantitative and economics criteria, is an effective instrument to accomplish the Brazilian constitutional provisions.

Writing at a moment of ideological crisis between individualism and hierarchical society, Jane Austen asserts a definition of moral behavior and female identity that mediates the two value systems. I argue that Austen most effectively articulates her belief in women's moral autonomy and social responsibility in her novels through her portrayal of sisterhood. Austen reshapes the stereotype of sisters and female friendships as dangerous found in her domestic novel predecessors. While recognizing women's social vulnerability, which endangers female friendship and turns it into a site of competition, Austen urges the morality of selflessly embracing sisterhood anyway. An Austen heroine must overcome sisterly rivalry if she is to achieve the moral strength Austen demands of her. As Mansfield Park (1814) and Pride and Prejudice (1813) demonstrate, such rivalry reveals the flawed morality of both individualism and patrilineal society. I further argue that in these novels sisterhood articulates the internally motivated selflessness Austen makes her moral standard. Sisterhood not only indicates female morality for Austen, it also enables this character. Rejecting Rousseau's proposal of men shaping malleable female minds, Austen pronounces sisters to be the best moral guides. In Northanger Abbey (1818), Austen shows the failure of the man to educate our heroine and the success of his sister. In Sense and Sensibility (1811), Austen pinpoints the source of sisterly education's success in its feminine context of nurture, affection, intimacy, and subtlety. With this portrait of sisterhood, Austen adheres to the moral authority inherent in Burkean philosophy while advocating individual responsibility, not external regulation, to choose selfless behavior. Austen further promotes gender equality by expressing women's moral autonomy, while supporting gender distinctions that privilege femininity. By offering such powerful, complex sister relationships, Austen transforms eighteenth-century literary thought about women, sisters, and morality.

This research presents an in depth discussion and analysis on U.S. Japanese foreign trade. It is divided into two parts. The first hypothesis states that the appreciation of the dollar in the early eighties is positively correlated with the U.S. trade deficit, especially with Japan. The second hypothesis states that Friedrich Von Hayek's Theory of Social Order applies to the development of capitalism in that country. This can also be divided into two parts, a) this generation of Japanese consumes, saves, and invests differently than previous generations, and b) Japanese consumption and investment patterns follow U.S. consumption and investment patterns with a lag.

It is the purpose of this thesis to define wherein the social order of the South was disrupted, --- the conditions that brought about such a sweeping transformation of social structures --- and to show the growth of new social attitudes and practices evolving from the chaotic dismemberment of the old. Although primary significance is placed upon changes in the social order, it is necessary to consider certain political and economic trends that were interwoven into the fabric of social life during Reconstruction --- factors influencing, determining, or evolving from, social changes. In the first chapter is sketched briefly the ante-bellum society of the South, and in following chapters is shown the evolution of social culture during the first twelve years following the Civil War.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.