My diploma thesis "Catholic Charity in the Czech Republic after 1989" succinctly reflects the origin and evolution of charity care within the Catholic Church. It discusses the establishment and activities of a number of religious orders and the organization Česká katolická charita. It also presents important documents of Vatican Council II., especially Gaudium et spes, and some other social encyclicals. The core part focuses on how charitable activities of the Catholic Church in the Czech Republic have developed after 1989. It subsequently describes the development and activities of the organization Caritas Czech republic and selected orders and congregations working in the area of charity in the Czech Republic.

Um novo modelo de acumulação de capital surgiu a partir da década de 1970, a “acumulação flexível”, utilizado por Harvey (1996) para definir o regime econômico da década referida, em que se assenta a perpetuação do capitalismo. Se propõe a discutir que não houve mudanças na personificação do capitalismo, já que seu fulcro permaneceu. Surgiram novas formas de capturar os sujeitos para a obtenção dos lucros, o chamado “novo espírito do capitalismo”, assim como relata Boltanski e Chiapello (2009). A partir de novas práticas e novos discursos o “novo espírito” seduz os trabalhadores contemporâneos, imbricadas em novas formas de controles. Boltanski e Chiapello (2009) propõem a identificação destas novas práticas a partir de um modelo de “Ordem Social”, provenientes da Sociologia Pragmática. A partir dessa teoria, este estudo teve como objeto empírico a concessionária de energia elétrica do estado do Tocantins, Energisa TO. Este trabalho teve como seu norteador a pergunta de pesquisa: Qual é a ordem social utilizada pelos agentes mobilizadores da empresa Energisa TO para justificar o engajamento dos empregados no trabalho durante o período de implantação no Tocantins de 2014 a 2016. Como método de pesquisa, utilizou-se a investigação social. Foram realizadas 12 entrevistas nesta pesquisa, sendo que 1 foi realizada com o membro do Sindicato dos Trabalhadores Eletricitários do Estado do Tocantins (STEET) e as demais com os empregados do nível intermediário da Energisa TO. Além das entrevistas de profundidade, foram coletados materiais internos que corroboraram na análise desta pesquisa. A análise dos dados foi realizada a partir da teoria do conceito de Mundos Sociais de Boltanski e Chiapello (2009). Para análise dos momentos críticos foram também utilizadas técnicas de visibilidade como árvore de associação de ideias. Como resultado chegou-se a identificação das normas norteadoras utilizadas pelos agentes mobilizadores da Energisa TO e a identificação dos momentos de crises surgidas a partir de tais ordens. / A new model of capital accumulation emerged from the 1970s, defined as "flexible accumulation". This term is used by Harvey (1996) to define the economic regime of the Seventies, which is based on the perpetuation of capitalism. This study proposes to discuss this new model and argues that that there was no change in the personification of capitalism, per say, since its fulcrum has remained. Boltanski and Chiapello's (2009) report states that new forms are created to attract the subjects to obtain profits, in what the authors defined as the "new spirit of capitalism". From these new practices and new discourses, the "new spirit" seduces the present-day workers, intertwined in new forms of controls. Boltanski and Chiapello (2009) propose the identification of these new practices from a model of "Social Order" from Pragmatic Sociology. Based on this theory, this thesis investigated, as it empirical object, the electric power concessionaire of the state of Tocantins, Energisa TO, in Brazil. The argument of this study was: what is the social order used by the mobilizing agents of the company Energisa TO to justify the engagement of employees in the work during the implementation period in Tocantins during the period of 2014-2016? A social Social research was the method used.Twelve interviews were conducted in this research: one with the agent of the Union – Sindicato dos Eletricitários do Estado do Tocantins (STEET) and the others with the employees of the intermediate level of Energisa TO. In addition to the in-depth interviews, internal materials were collected that corroborated the analysis of this research. The analysis of the data was based on Boltanski and Chiapello’s (2009) concept of Social Worlds. To analyze the critical moments, visibility techniques were used as a tree of association of ideas. As a result the identification of the direction standards used of the mobilizing agents of Energisa TO and the moments of crises from such orders.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo a análise da proposta de divisão do sistema jurídico-penal, com a criação de um direito penal secundário de características próprias, marcado pela não recorrência à pena privativa de liberdade e pelo estabelecimento de critérios materiais de seleção de condutas ilícitas. Para atingir mencionado desiderato foi feita uma análise das principais teorias que levaram ao direito penal secundário, a saber, direito penal de polícia, direito penal administrativo e direito penal de ordem. Também foi feito um estudo da evolução do tratamento do tema nos ordenamentos jurídicos alemão, português, espanhol e brasileiro, com enfoque nos critérios de alocação dos ilícitos entre os âmbitos de intervenção punitiva. Por fim, foram analisadas construções semelhantes às do direito penal secundário, procurando apontar suas semelhanças e diferenças. Após as conclusões sobre a construção teórica do direito penal secundário, pudemos nos direcionar para a proposição de uma remodelagem sistêmica dos mecanismos de intervenção punitiva do Estado, propondo, ao final, a partir da premissa central da necessidade de adoção de um direito punitivo geral, critérios materiais de alocação dos ilícitos entre os sistemas de intervenção punitiva do Estado, com base na estrutura da categoria da dignidade penal. / The purpose of this paper is to analyze the proposal to divide criminal legal system, with the creation of a secondary criminal law system with particular traits, characterized by the absence of recourse to imprisonment and the establishment of material criteria for the selection of misconducts. In order to reach its main purpose, analysis of the main theories leading to secondary criminal law, namely the police criminal law, the administrative criminal law and the order criminal law, was conducted. In addition, a study on the evolution of the treatment of the subject at the German, Portuguese, Spanish, and Brazilian legal systems was performed, focusing on the criteria for the allocation of the misconducts among the spheres of punitive intervention. Lastly, similar constructions to the secondary criminal law were analyzed, in order to highlight their similarities and differences. Following the conclusions on the theoretical structuring of secondary criminal law, a systemic reshaping of punitive intervention mechanism was proposed, in a manner that, at last, considering the central premise of the need to adopt a general punitive law, the establishment of material criteria for sorting the misconducts among the punitive intervention systems, relying on the criminal legitimacy category.

電影《購物狂的異想世界》中麗貝卡的消費情境揭示當代消費者追求時尚以表達自我認同的普遍現象。不同於社會學傳統將時尚現象貶抑為脫序行為的輕視，本研究欲探討消費社會中的時尚實作，再思「社會秩序如何可能」的古典問題。本研究基於Benjamin對時尚的現代性考察，假設新社會秩序的理論模型為「消費社會=時尚+拜物教性質」。據此假說，本研究主張兩大論點：首先，消費社會中的時尚實作是一種社會模控機制，具有穩定社會秩序的功能。其次，有別於拜物教的常識與科學認識，物神實際上扮演著社會秩序的中介角色。 本研究的具體分析目標有三：第一，釐清Simmel、Bourdieu、Bauman時尚社會學的理論意涵以便確立分析框架，並進而指出三者錯失的社會場景。第二，將時尚社會學常用的「階級性」和「個體性」這兩個分析概念操作化，並從社會歷史到個人心理的經驗現象層面漸次闡明消費社會中「拚行頭」和「風格穿搭」的時尚實作。第三，重新梳理「原始社會拜物教」、「商品拜物教」與「精神分析戀物癖」的概念歷史，並將此概念組應用到時尚現象中進行拜物教性質的詮釋。承上述，研究結果發現，消費社會的秩序已脫離社會契約論與社會互動論等觀點，改以物神誘惑時尚主體的新形式進行社會整合。換句話說，消費者在時尚遊戲中同時扮演主人與奴隸的矛盾角色；不過，本研究最終又提問拜物教作為政治策略的可能性，以便為將來的研究提供方向。 / In the film Confessions of a Shopaholic, Rebecca is addicted to the overconsumption of fashionable clothes and shoes. Her singular case reveals an universal phenomenon of the consumer society in which consumers pursue fashion as an expression of self-identity. In counter to the conventional sociological dismissal of fashion to individual anomic behaviors, this thesis seeks to explore the logic of practice of fashion in the consumer society with an aim to rethink the classical question of social order. After being initiated into Benjamin's enchanting world of fashion, the thesis hypothesizes a theoretical model of the new social order which may be formulated as "Consumer society = Fashion + Property of Fetishism". Based on this hypothesis, the thesis puts forward two lines of arguments. Above all, practices of fashion in the consumer society are an integral part of cybernetic control in the maintenance of social order. Subsequently, the notion of fetish should be severed from conceptions of substance or subject prevalent in commonsense as well as scientific understanding, and reconceived as playing a medating role in the structuring and restructuring of society. The thesis is organized around three objects of analysis. First,we clarify dominant sociological accounts of fashion in the works of Simmel, Bourdieu and Bauman to outline an analytical framework whilst questioning the social-historical scenes those theoretical perspectives have possibly missed. Second, we operationalize the analytical notions of "social class" and "individuality" within social settings of fashion known as "dress to compete" and "dress in style", and then expound these widespread empirical phenomena of fashion by means of social history as well as individual psychology. Third, we review the conceptual development of "primitive fetishism ", "commodity fetishism" and "sexual fetishism" in relevant intellectual histories, and then apply the conceptual triad to the reinterpretation of fashion as a social phenomenon imbued with the practical property of fetishism. As a result, the thesis finds that the question of order in the consumer society is radically different from what the proponents of social contract and symbolic interaction have usually conceived. Instead, contemporary society mobilizes various mechanisms of fetishism to seduce consumer subjects so that they can actively contribute to social integration. In other words, a consumer is both master and slave in the game of fashion; nevertheless, this thesis ponders on the final possibility of fetishism as a political strategy, a heuristic question which might lead to future research.

This research aims to make evident the importance of films serving as a relevant arena for political struggles within a society, struggles that concern highly important concepts such as the nation and the state. This goal is accomplished by building upon the theory of cinematic nationhood and using the method of relational constructivism combined with insight from Lacanian psychoanalytic theory. The research regards films as forms of communication as well as forms of fantasy. The case this research focuses on is Romania. The case was selected because for a certain period of time the myths of nation and state had been strongly embedded-or nested-- within the social contexts-or commonplaces--specific to Marxism, namely work, equality, and the bourgeois enemy, followed by a swift and radical social discourse change that triggered changes within the topography of commonplaces. The films analyzed represent these changes in order to understand the specific ways in which the myth of nation and state are reflected within films produced during radical economic, social, and political transformations. This research reveals that, despite the social, economic, and political upheavals from the pre- to post-transition eras, the underlying national structure of fantasy remained remarkably unchanged, while the nation and the state changed their social relevance with changes in their position occupied within the structure of fantasy.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

This thesis is an ethnographic exploration of institutions for small children, i.e. the pre-school institution.The overall aim of the study is to investigate what is characteristic for some Swedish preschoois,and how childhood is formulated and realized within those institutions. Of centralimportance are questions. which concern how pre-schools are constructed, negotiated andmaintained by the actors within the pre-school settings. Another aim is to explore contemporarymeanings of pre-school and pre-school children as they appear in interviews and everyday talk. Thedata were collected by participant observations for almost one year in two pre-schools. Data consistof audio- recordings of everyday life and parental talks, interviews with children, pre-schoolteachers and parents. Points of departure are ideas from interactionism and social constructionism.The analyses draw upon concepts from integrative theories; agency-structure, social practice, socialorder and normality in relation to the institution. The results show that pre-school is takcn for granted and is almost considercd as compulsory andpart of normal childhood. Pre-school is legitimated as an interest of and a question for society,families and parents, but also in the best interest of children here and now and for the future. Inaddition, pre-school is also understood as a social and a social pedagogical question for individualsand for society. Moreover, the study shows howeveryday life in pre-school is zoned andpedagogized in time and space. The institution is characterized by schedules, routines and predefinedrooms and artifacts, as weil as by planned activities and unplanned, occasional and situatedactivities, respectively. Children and adults have to deal with the social order of the institution, andthis study shows that the actors constantly break and negotiate the social order - they are doing preschool.The institutions and the interactions are characterized by complexitics and hybridities andthere are different activitics and discourses in action at the same time. This also concerns theintermediate domain between private and public and the relations between parents and pedagogues.None of them are in controi of children's everyday life, and they have to share information. viewsand sometimes also decisions. Parents have to contribute to the construction of a pre-school chiid,by delivering a child ready for prc-school, a chiId with certain competences. In everyday activitiesand in parental talks, the adults articulate and negotiate the picture of a "normal" pre-school chiId,i.c. demands related to a situated institutionaI normality . The study shows how children act indifferent ways in relation to social context and social order in different situations. They act as "normal pre-schoolchildren" but they also construct their own social order in relation to theinstitution, alone or together with other children and adults.

Young children’s peer interactions involve their use of interactional resources to organise, manage and participate in their social worlds. Investigation of children’s employment of interactional resources highlights how children participate in peer interaction and their social orders, providing insight into their active construction and management of their social worlds. Frequently, these interactions are described by adults as ‘play’. The term play is often used to describe children’s activities in early childhood education, and constructed in three main ways: as educative, as enjoyable, and as an activity of children. Play in educational settings is often constructed, and informed by, adult agendas such as learning and is often part of the educational routine. This study shows how children work with a different set of agendas to those routinely ascribed by adults, as they actively engage with local education orders, and use play for their own purposes as they construct their own social orders. By examining children’s peer interactions, and not describing these activities as play, the focus becomes the construction and organisation of their social worlds. In so doing, this study investigates some interactional resources that children draw upon to manage their social orders and organise their peer interactions. This study was conducted within an Australian, non-government elementary school. The participants were children in a preparatory year classroom (children aged 4 – 6 years). Over a one month period, children’s naturally occurring peer interactions within ‘free play’ were video-recorded. Selected video-recorded episodes were transcribed and analysed, using the approaches of ethnomethodology, conversation analysis and membership categorization analysis. These methodologies focus on everyday, naturalistic data, examining how participants orient to and produce social action. The focus is on the members’ perspectives, that of the children themselves, as they interact. Ethnomethodology, conversation analysis and membership categorization analysis allow for in-depth examination of talk and action, and are used in this study to provide a detailed account of the children’s interactional strategies. Analysis focused on features of children’s situated peer interaction, identifying three interactional resources upon which the children drew as they constructed, maintained, and transformed their social orders. The interactional resources included: justification; category work, in particular the category of mother; and the pretend formulation of place. The children used these interactional resources as a means of managing peer participation within interactions. First, the children used justification to provide reasons for their actions and to support their positions. Justifications built and reinforced individual children’s status, contributing to the social organisation of their peer group. Second, the children negotiated and oriented to categories within the pretend frame of ‘families’. The children’s talk and actions jointly-constructed the mother category as authoritative, enabling the child, within the category of mother, to effectively organise the interaction. Third, pretense was used by the children to negotiate and describe places, thus enabling them to effectively manage peer activity within these places. For a successful formulation of a place as something other than it actually was, the children had to work to produce shared understandings of the place. Examining instances of pretense demonstrated the highly collaborative nature of the children’s peer interactions. The study contributes to sociological understandings of childhood. By analysing situated episodes of children’s peer interaction, this study contributes empirical work to the sociology of childhood and insight into the interactional work of children organising their social worlds. It does this by closely analysing social interactions, as they unfold, among children. This study also makes a methodological contribution, using ethnomethodology, conversation analysis, and membership categorization analysis in conjunction to analyse children’s peer interactions in an early childhood setting. In so doing, the study provides alternative ways for educators to understand children’s interactions. For example, adult educational agendas, such as the educative value of play, can be applied to examine children’s family play, highlighting the learning opportunities provided through pretend role play, or indicating children’s understanding of adult roles. Alternatively, the children’s interaction could be subjected to fine-grained analysis to explicate how children construct shared understandings of the category of mother and use it to organise their interaction. Rather than examining the interaction to discern what children are learning, the interaction is examined with a focus on how children are accomplishing everyday social practices. Close analysis of children’s everyday peer interaction enables the complex interactional work of managing, and participating in, social order within an early childhood setting to be explicated. This offers educators insight into children’s social worlds, described not as play, but as the construction and negotiation of social order.

Cette thèse de doctorat étudie la place des femmes dans la société urbaine des derniers siècles du Moyen Âge. Son objectif réside en l’examen des multiples opportunités offertes alors aux femmes, tant dans le domaine juridique qu’économique et social. La recherche s’appuie sur l’observatoire privilégié de la ville d’Amiens, capitale régionale dynamique, qui présente l’intérêt d’appartenir à un système coutumier original, particulièrement favorable aux femmes. La caractéristique des coutumes picardes tient essentiellement à ce qu’elles donnent la priorité au ménage sur le lignage. L’institution de la communauté de biens entre époux permet ainsi de considérer les femmes comme de véritables actrices économiques. Leurs différentes occupations révèlent leur présence quotidienne et leur participation constante à la vie économique de la cité. Sur le plan social, elles en retirent une visibilité certaine et font partie intégrante de la communauté des habitants. De plus, l’étude des registres de délibérations et livres de justice démontre qu’elles n’hésitent pas à s’affirmer par la verdeur de leur propos sur la place publique, où tous sont en représentation. L’objectif de ce travail est également d’améliorer notre compréhension des rapports de genre dans le contexte du renforcement de l’ordre social à l’aube des Temps Modernes. Enfin, d’un point de vue méthodologique, ce sujet, centré sur un espace de syncrétisme aux confins des influences flamande et orléano-parisienne, entend réinterroger les périodisations académiques et conduire, par le dialogue entre sciences humaines, au décloisonnement des réflexions. / This dissertation examines the place of women in the medieval town of Amiens and demonstrates the continuing significance of women’s participation in diverse aspects of social and economic life during the historical shift from the medieval to the early modern era. This city adhered to a unique legal system called ‘picard-wallon’, which was particularly favourable to women, making them the owners of half of the family patrimony. Since family structures played a determining role in the ideological choices and economic behaviour of family members, the institution of community property between spouses allows us to consider women as legitimate economic agents. The study of women’s activity in the marketplace in particular, shows that we should first rethink the public/private dichotomies that have long been applied to gender studies. This work also highlights the nature of women’s contribution to the medieval society. Public space fostered orality and the production of specific speech acts. The study of women’s involvement in crime shows that they were not afraid of defending their honour if necessary. Therefore, this dissertation sheds light on the reinforcement of the public order at the end of the Middle Ages and its consequences on gender relations at the beginning of the early modern period. Finally, this dissertation makes use of new methodological perspectives. By focusing on a place of syncretism, at the intersection of three different regional areas, this study highlights the multi-cultural influences at work in the city in order to interrogate the relevance of classical periodization and establish the importance of a transdisciplinary approach to medieval studies.

VYŠNÝ, Peter: State, Law, and Everyday Life in Aztec Tenochtitlan. Dissertation. Charles University, Faculty of Arts, Centre for Ibero-American Studies. PhD Programme: Ibero- American Studies. Field of Study: History. Adviser: doc. Markéta Křížová, Ph.D. Prague, 2018. 384 pp. The present dissertation, under the title of State, Law, and Everyday Life in Aztec Tenochtitlan, is the result of the research of a society that existed in the Aztec city-state of Tenochtitlan from its founding (about AD 1325) to its conquest by the Spaniards (1519 - 1521). In the dissertation, based on historical sources and secondary literature, three essential, complementary aspects of this society are examined, namely: 1. its organization and functioning, whose character indicates that Tenochtitlan was a consolidated (urban) state; 2. its legal order, which was developed and systematically exercised by the state; and 3. typical forms of everyday life of its members (of different categories). By exploring the three aspects of the society existing in Tenochtitlan, the following aim of the dissertation was achieved: 1. to examine the state organization, the legal order and the everyday life forms of the inhabitants of pre-Hispanic Aztec Tenochtitlan, both in their interrelated contexts and in the diachronic perspective; and...