- ABSTRACT – Title: Winners of the Web ( Webbens vinnare) Number of pages: 35 (including enclosures) Author: Lydia Kellam Tutor: Else Nygren Course: Media and Communication Studies C Period: Fall Semester 2006 University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science Purpose: The aim of the research paper was to see Internet and the digital techniques impact on marketing communication and consuming behavior on the Web. By understanding the relationship between marketing communication and consumer behavior my intentions were to comprehend how consumer behavior on the web could be understand. The purpose of this paper is to understand how different marketing activities on the Internet are followed by consumption. Material/Method: By using focus group interviews I wanted to study how individuals act on the Internet. How different activities such as communication and participation on the web could lead to consumption on the Internet. As a method, focus group interviews capture the social interactions and participants affect each other. The social effect, in particularly, gained the results and the analysis of this paper. Main Result: Consumer on the Internet experience that commercial messages on the Web are overloaded, and use consumer powered sites an alternative. Consumer driven websites increases and so is the influence of the consumer,since users on the web reject the commercial messages, a strategy where the interaction between companies and consumer is supportive for both parties is demanded. There fore a more individual aim on the marketing communication on the Internet is required. For example commercial messages that are directed to a specific consumer, and that relate to the interactive possibilities on the Web. Keywords: Internet, New Media, Web 2.0, Marketing Communication, Computer Mediated Communication, Consumer behavior, Social Interactions, Digital marketing, Digital consumption.

Il lavoro tratta gli effetti delle interazioni sociali tra compagni di scuola o di classe (c.d. peer effects) sugli apprendimenti degli studenti delle scuole medie. Il periodo di frequenza della scuola media rappresenta un momento critico nello sviluppo dell’adolescente che passa molto tempo con i compagni (a scuola e fuori da scuola) determinando forti legami di amicizia che ne influenzano lo sviluppo. Nel primo e nel secondo capitolo si tratta dell’effetto delle interazioni sociali tra studenti nativi e non nativi sull’apprendimento. Il terzo capitolo analizza il comportamento di cheating durante gli esami ufficiali come una forma di collaborazione che scaturisce da interazioni sociali. Il lavoro contribuisce alla letteratura esistente identificando gli effetti delle interazioni sociali con metodi innovativi e fornendo un’interpretazione stilizzata dei risultati mediante semplici modelli teorici. La tesi utilizza una banca dati innovativa che unisce i risultati dei test Invalsi in matematica e italiano (Esame Finale del I Ciclo, e Programma di Valutazione Nazionale, a.s. 2007-08, 2008-09, 2010-11), a dati amministrativi sulle scuole e dati censuari sulla popolazione (Censimento 2001). I risultati mostrano che le interazioni sociali influenzano in maniera significativa i risultati scolastici degli studenti. / I focus on social interactions among junior high school students attending the same class or the same school. Junior high school is generally considered by educational psychologists as the period in which friendships ties are usually formed and interactions with school mates take a relevant part of students’ time at school and outside school. In first and in the second chapter I focus on the effect on attainment of social interactions between native and non-native students. The third chapter deals with students’ cheating as a form of social interaction among classmates taking an official exam. The thesis contributes to the existing literature in proposing different empirical strategy to identify social interactions parameters and linking the results to stylized theoretical frameworks to shed light on the possible social mechanisms driving the estimated effects. The three chapters exploit rich and newly available datasets combining test score results in Math and Language from INVALSI (First Cycle Final Exam and National Evaluation Program, s.y. 2007-08, 2008-09, 2010-11), school administrative records, and the Italian Population Census Survey 2001. The results of the research demonstrate a strong role played by social interactions among school mates in affecting students’ attainment.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

This thesis consists of four papers summarized as follows. Do Payroll Tax Cuts Raise Youth Employment? We study whether payroll tax reductions are an effective means to raise youth employment. In 2007, the Swedish employer-paid payroll tax was cut on a large scale for young workers, substantially reducing labor costs for this group. Using the variation in payroll taxes across cohorts, we estimate a significant, but small, impact both on employment and on wages. Effects of Taxes on Youth Self-Employment and Income. I examine the link between taxes and youth self-employment. I make use of a Swedish reform that made the payroll tax and the self-employment tax vary by age. The results suggest that youth self-employment is insensitive to tax reductions, both in the short run and in the somewhat longer run. For those defined as self-employed, I find positive effects on income from self-employment, and negative effects on income from wage employment. Can Indifference Make the World Greener? We conducted a natural field experiment at a large university in Sweden to evaluate the effects of two resource conservation programs. The first intervention consisted of a campaign that actively tried to convince people to cut back on printing in general, and to use double-sided printing whenever possible. The second intervention exploited people's tendency to stick with pre-set alternatives. At random points in time we changed the printers’ default settings, from single-sided to double-sided printing. Whereas the moral appeal had no impact, the default change cut paper use by 15 percent. The Origins of Behavioral Contagion: Evidence from a Field Experiment on Facebook. We explore the micro-level foundations of behavioral contagion by running a natural field experiment on the networking site Facebook. Members of Facebook express positive support to content on the website by clicking a Like button. We show that users are more prone to support content if someone else has done so before.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective, of this study, was evaluated, different individual spaces for steers feedlot finished in group pens and yours effects on patterns behavioral and performance. Forty eight steers, with average initial of twenty months and 243.4 kg, were used. Animals were feedlot, four for pen, allocated in treatments accorded the individual space, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 m2, with four pens for treatment. The animals were feedlot until reaching estimated cold carcass weight of 220 kg. The diet, with 115 g of crude protein and 705 g of total digestible nutrient by kg of diet in dry matter (DM), contained roughage: concentrate relation of 39:61 (DM basis). The complete randomized block experimental design was used. The dry matter intake, with intakes of 8.21; 8.29 and 8.41 kg, for steers with individual spaces of 2.5; 5.0 and 10 m2, respectively, as well the average daily gain was simulated between the different spaces, with means of 1.32; 1.41 and 1.47 kg, in the same order. The steers feed efficiency was not influenced by space allowance. The individual space not influenced the time spent to feeding, idle and rumination, which showed mean of 244.1; 790.3 and 405.6 minutes/day, respectively. Likewise, the number of times that animals showed each of the behaviours, as well the changes in posture during idle and rumination were similar between the different spaces evaluated. The total time that the animals remained standing or lying was not influenced by individual space, with average duration of 610.0 and 830.0 minutes/day, respectively, and the realization of activities in synchronism, not difference between the different spaces, the average time that the animals fed, standing or lay down in synchrony was 85.8, 308.0 and 468.4 minutes/ day, in the same order. The total number of disputes, with 21.9, 21.5 and 19.7 events between animals kept in spaces, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 m2, in the same order, and the number of non-agonistic interaction was not influenced by individual space available. Confined steers with 5.0 and 10 m2, extended their members 8.8 and 9.7 times per day, respectively, superior to animals maintained on individual spaces of 2.5 m2, this behavior made 4.3 times per day. The cleanliness differed between the spaces, with values of 3.2, 2.4 and 1.1 for steers with individual spaces of 2.5, 5.0 and 10 m2 respectively, as well as respiratory rate, with 27.1, 24.8 and 22.7 breaths / minute, in the same order. The hot and cold carcass weight, 226.0 and 222.0, respectively, and hot and cold carcass dressing, 58.5 and 57.0 kg/ 100 kg by live weight, in the same order, were not influenced by individual space. For all spaces evaluated, the carcass required minimum fat thickness, 3 mm. The weights and percentage of commercial cuts, also the weight and participation tissues in carcass were similar between different spaces. Color, texture, marbling, sensorial characteristics and shear force, were not influenced by individual space. / Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar a disponibilidade de diferentes espaços individuais para novilhos confinados coletivamente em fase de terminação e seus reflexos sobre parâmetros comportamentais e produtivos. Foram utilizados 48 novilhos, com idade e pesos médios iniciais de 20 meses e 243,4 kg, respectivamente. Os animais foram mantidos em baias coletivas, com quatro animais cada, distribuídos nos tratamentos conforme o espaço individual disponível, 2,5; 5,0 ou 10 m2, sendo utilizadas quatro baias por tratamento. Os novilhos permaneceram confinados até atingir, por estimativa, peso de carcaça fria de 220 kg. A dieta, com 115 g de proteína bruta e 705 g de nutrientes digestíveis totais por kg de matéria seca (MS) da dieta, a qual continha relação volumoso concentrado de 39: 61 (base na MS). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso. O consumo diário de matéria seca, com ingestões de 8,21; 8,29 e 8,41 kg, para novilhos mantidos com espaços individuais de 2,5; 5,0 e 10 m2, foi similar entre os diferentes espaçamentos, assim como o ganho médio diário de peso, com valores de 1,32; 1,41 e 1,47 kg, citados na mesma ordem. As eficiências alimentares dos novilhos não foram influenciadas pelo espaçamento. O espaço individual não influenciou os tempos de alimentação, ócio e ruminação, os quais apresentaram valores médios de 244,1; 790,3 e 405,6 minutos/dia, respectivamente, e as mudanças de postura durante ócios e ruminações. O tempo total que os animais permaneceram em pé ou deitados ao longo do dia, médias de 610,0 e 830,0 minutos, respectivamente, e o tempo médio que os animais se alimentaram, permaneceram em pé ou deitaram-se sincronizadamente foi de 85,8; 308,0 e 468,4 minutos/dia, citados na mesma ordem, não foram influenciados pelo espaço disponível. O número total de disputas, com 21,9; 21,5 e 19,7 ocorrências diárias nos novilhos em espaços de 2,5; 5,0 e 10 m2, respectivamente, e o número de interação não-agonísticas foram similares entre os diferentes espaçamentos avaliados. Novilhos confinados com 5,0 e 10 m2 estenderam seus membros 8,8 e 9,7 vezes por dia, respectivamente, superiores aos animais mantidos com disponibilidade individual de 2,5 m2, que realizaram esse comportamento 4,3 vezes ao dia. O escore de limpeza diferiu entre os espaçamentos, com valores de 3,2; 2,4 e 1,1 para novilhos com espaços individuais de 2,5; 5,0 e 10 m2, respectivamente, assim como a frequência respiratória, com 27,1; 24,8 e 22,7 movimentos/ minuto, citados na mesma ordem. Os pesos de carcaça quente e fria, médias de 226,0 e 220,0 kg, respectivamente, bem como seus rendimentos, 58,5 e 57,0 kg/ por 100 kg de peso vivo, citados na mesma ordem, não foram influenciados pelo espaçamento, tendo as carcaças apresentado espessura de gordura mínima exigida, 3 mm. O peso e o rendimento dos cortes comerciais da carcaça, como também o peso absoluto e a participação dos tecidos que compõem a carcaça foram similares entre os diferentes espaçamentos. Cor, textura, marmoreio, características organolépticas e força de cisalhamento da carne não foram influenciadas pelos espaçamentos utilizados.

Nous avons peu d’informations sur les interactions sociales des personnes démentes en institution et sur les effets des interventions psychosociales sur leurs interactions sociales, qui sont favorables à une bonne qualité de vie et à un bon fonctionnement cognitif. 56 résidents d’une maison de retraite vivant avec une démence ont été observés par vidéo, afin d’analyser leurs comportements sociaux et de valider une grille d’observation des interactions sociales : le Social Observation Residents Index (SOBRI). 36 résidents ont bénéficié d’une séance de stimulation psychosociale. Leurs scores au SOBRI ont été comparés à ceux d’un groupe contrôle. La validation du SOBRI met en évidence deux profils de comportements : interactions sociales avec les résidents et avec les soignants. Une séance de stimulation psychosociale favorise significativement les interactions sociales avec les soignants. Des tendances positives sont observées dans les deux groupes sur les interactions sociales entre les résidents. Les résidents vivant avec une démence interagissent spontanément entre eux et avec les soignants. La stimulation psychosociale favorise les interactions avec les soignants. Une stimulation, quelle que soit son intensité, stimule les interactions entre les résidents. Ces résultats doivent être confirmés dans l'objectif de développer des programmes favorisant l’inclusion sociale en institution. / We have little information about the nature of social interactions of people with dementia living in nursing homes and about effectiveness of psychosocial intervention on social interactions. We know that social interactions promote a good quality of life and a good cognitive functioning. 56 residents with dementia living in a nursing home were observed by video to analyse their social behaviours and to validate an observation grid of social interactions, the Social Observation Residents Index (SOBRI). 36 residents received a session of psychosocial stimulation. Their scores on the SOBRI were compared to those of a control group. The validation of the SOBRI highlighted two profiles of behaviours: social interactions with other residents and with care staff. One session of psychosocial stimulation promotes significantly social interactions with care staff. Positives trends are observed in both groups in terms of increase of social interactions with other residents. Residents with dementia interact spontaneously with other residents and with care staff. Psychosocial stimulation promotes social interactions with care staff. A stimulation, regardless its intensity, seems to stimulate social interactions between residents. Future studies are needed to confirm these trends and to develop programs promoting social inclusion in nursing homes.

La production de bois intègre notamment des enjeux économiques, climatiques et énergétiques. En France, selon les données de l'Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière, l'accroissement biologique de la forêt est largement supérieur aux prélèvements de bois. C'est pourquoi l'État français a fixé l'objectif de prélever 21 millions de m3 supplémentaires de bois d'ici 2020 (Grenelle de l'environnement, 2007). Cependant, la forêt française appartient majoritairement à des propriétaires forestiers privés qui ont des préférences à la fois pour le revenu issu de la vente de bois et pour les aménités non-bois. Les politiques visant à accroître la production de bois doivent donc intégrer ces aspects. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de comprendre les déterminants de la production jointe de bois et d'aménités non-bois en France. Pour ce faire, nous nous sommes d'abord intéressés aux déterminants individuels et régionaux de l'offre de bois. Nous montrons que le comportement d'offre de bois d'un propriétaire peut varier en fonction du comportement de production de bois constaté chez ses pairs (effets sociaux). Ensuite, nous mettons en évidence un comportement de mimétisme dans les décisions de production jointe de bois et d'aménités des propriétaires forestiers privés. Enfin, nous analysons les arbitrages inter-temporels réalisés par les propriétaires entre aménités non-bois et revenu de la vente de bois en prenant en compte explicitement les anticipations de prix et de croissance. Nous évaluons à 23e par an la valeur que les propriétaires de notre échantillon accordent à 1m3/ha de bois supplémentaire laissé sur pied par rapport au niveau de stock des propriétaires industriels afin d'avoir des aménités plus importantes.Un des enjeux de ce travail est d?offrir des pistes pour mobiliser la ressource forestière ne faisant pas l'objet d'une offre, faute d'implication des propriétaires privés, soit par manque de connaissance ou d'intérêt pour leur forêt, soit parce que d'autres aspects sont privilégiés (services d'aménités non-bois par exemple). Dans cette thèse, nous montrons que les effets de mimétisme et d'entrainement social (effets sociaux) peuvent être utilisés pour amener les propriétaires forestiers à produire plus de bois. Nous montrons également, qu'une hausse du prix du bois ou la mise en place d'une taxepeut favoriser la prise de la décision de coupe de bois et augmenter l'intensité de la récolte. / Timber production is related to economic, climate and energy issues. In France,according to data from the National Institute of Geoinformation and Forestry, thebiological growth rate of the forest is greater than the timber harvest rate. Thus, theFrench government has set a target of harvesting an additional quantity of 21 millioncubic meter of timber by 2020 ("Grenelle de l'environnement, 2007"). However, theFrench forest is majority owned by private forest owners who have preferences forboth income from timber trade and from non-timber amenities. The policies toincrease timber production must include these aspects. The objective of this thesisis to understand the determinants of joint production of timber and non-timberamenities in France.Therefore, we first analyze private forest owners' timber supply, taking into accountindividual and regional determinants. Afterwards, we investigate whether thedrivers of forest owners behavior differ within and between these different levels.We show that similar timber supply behavior can be observed when regional characteristicsor those of peers are similar. Then, we highlight a mimicry behavior injoint production decisions of timber and amenities made by private forest owners.Finally, we analyze inter-temporal trade-offs made by the owners from non-timberamenities and income from the sale of wood. We explicitly take into account theprice expectations and growth. Our estimations show that the willingness to pay fornon-timber amenities is e23 for our case study. This value is the difference betweenthe value they could have earned if they tried to maximize timber revenue and therevenue of their actual logging.Mainly beacause of a lack of involvement of private owners, either through a lackof knowledge or interest in their forest, or because other aspects are privileged (nontimberamenities, e.g.), a part of forest ressource is not subject to a commercial offer.Providing ways to mobilize this ressource is one of the challenges of this work. Weshow that the mimetic effects and the contextual effects can be used to encourageforest owners to produce more timber. An effective policy could be a combinationof these two effects. We also show that an increase in the price of timber or theadoption of a tax may be an incentive for timber harvesting.

The thesis deals with the theme of modern board games and the interactions of a small social group. The thesis is divided into two parts, theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part provides an introduction to the theory of play as such with a more detailed understanding of two play concepts. I also deal with the definition of board games and the differences between classical and modern board games. I devote more space to the modern board games with emphasis on three aspects, namely the social dimension of the play, the existence of the board as a meaningful game space and specific game material. The theory also includes the introduction of a method Interaction Process Analysis of F. Bales and a selected typology of group roles that are both used in the empirical part of the thesis. In the practical part is presented a research of qualitative methodology consisting of observation of three game groups during the part of a concrete modern board game (Dead of Winter). An audio record was taken from each observed game. The collected data was then encoded and processed according to the method of the Interaction Process Analysis and subjected to further analysis. The output of the work is mainly the characteristics of player interactions, the description of their group roles as well as the so-called...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:38:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Flavia Almeida Turini.pdf: 398585 bytes, checksum: ad9782d1192f947d359265b6db5d81ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os comportamentos pró-sociais (CPS) são comportamentos voluntários com intenção de beneficiar outra pessoa. Este estudo identificou os CPS em 12 crianças com deficiência mental, 6 meninos e 6 meninas, idade média de 11 anos e 3 meses (10-12 anos), que freqüentavam da 1ª à 4ª série de duas escolas públicas de Vitória-ES. Os participantes foram observados por 5 minutos durante 6 recreios, contabilizando 30 minutos para cada participante. As categorias de análise foram: Atividades relacionadas a objeto, lugar ou privilégio; Ajuda; Empatia e Cooperação. Foram avaliados todos os CPS dos participantes, envolvendo CPS com adultos, colegas com deficiência e colegas com desenvolvimento típico (DT), e os CPS somente com colegas com DT. Em ambas, houve correlação entre emitir CPS e ser beneficiário desses comportamentos. Os CPS totalizaram 216, 144 comportamentos apresentados por meninas e 72 por meninos. Nos CPS com DT, ocorreram 149 CPS, as meninas apresentaram 95 e os meninos 54. Todavia, não houve diferença estatística entre meninas e meninos nos CPS e nas categorias de análise. Tanto os meninos quanto as meninas apresentaram mais comportamentos na categoria Empatia. A maioria dos CPS não envolveu solicitação e todos os eventos conseqüentes foram de natureza positiva. As meninas direcionaram os CPS para outras meninas, e os meninos para outros meninos. Os CPS foram bons indicadores da inclusão social desses alunos no ensino regular, porque a maioria dessas crianças dessa amostra possuía uma rede de interação com colegas com DT. / The pro social behaviors (PSB) are voluntary actions with the aim of benefiting another individual. This study identified the PBS in 12 children with mental retardation, 6 boys and 6 girls with a mean age of 11 years and 3 months (10-12 years) who attend from first to forth grade at two public schools in Vitória, ES. The participants were observed 5 minutes during 6 school breaks (30 minutes each). The analysis categories were: activities related to the object, place or privilege: Helping; Empathy and Cooperation. All the participants PSB were assessed involving PSB with adults, schoolmate with mental disability and schoolmate with typical development (TD) and the PSB only with schoolmate with TD. In both, there was a correlation between producing PSB and being benefited from these behaviors. The PSB added up 216; 144 were displayed by girls and 72 by boys. In the PSB with schoolmate with TD, 149 PSB occurred. The girls displayed 95 and the boys 54. However, there weren t statistic difference between boys and girls in the PSB and the analysis categories. Both boys and girls showed more behaviors in the Empathy category. Most of PSB did not involve requesting and all the consequent events came from a positive source. The girls addressed the PSB to other girls and the boys to other boys as well. The PSB were good indicators of these students social inclusion in school since most of children from this sample had a net of integration with peers with typical development.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T21:55:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACO-MARCIO SANTOS.pdf: 785558 bytes, checksum: f4761244aa6a7a172460839f28c34aaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-12 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Investigating the social interactions on a school context is the basis for reflecting on the kinds of learning structures used on education and their implications to the knowledge construction. This research approaches specifically the teacher-student, student-student interactions, but focusing mainly the cooperative learning structure as the one that provides changes firstly in the social plan and secondly in the psychological one. These changes give not only pieces of autonomy but also better student participation, improving the social relations and the student s school productivity. It is a qualitative research and considers the constructivist sociocultural perspective as basis theory in the data interpretation process gathered from four teachers classes and the structuralized situation, based in cooperative activities, in a public high school of city of Manaus. For gathering the data, it was used the field diary to register some observations and the videography for the microgenetic analysis. The choice for this method was due to providing a better perception of details in the change processes. As results, it was perceived that the lack of planning of the activities offered by the teachers in pairs or in groups did not potentialize the cooperative learning structure, observing educative process failing. In the other hand, in the structuralized situation, the integration and participation of students helped them to construct knowledge more appropriated showing the use of non-spontaneous concepts besides more motivation to learn. It is important to mention that this only was possible because of the organization of steps of the activities with solid orientations to achieve the goals demanded by the learning process. / Investigar as interações sociais no contexto escolar é a base para uma reflexão sobre os tipos de estruturas de aprendizagem utilizadas na educação e suas implicações para a construção do conhecimento. Esta pesquisa aborda especificamente as interações professor-aluno(s), aluno-aluno, mas centrando-se principalmente na estrutura cooperativa de aprendizagem como aquela que prevê mudanças em primeiro lugar, no plano social e em segundo lugar no psicológico. Estas mudanças não fomentam apenas nuances de autonomia, mas também uma melhor participação dos alunos, melhorando as relações sociais e o desempenho do aluno na escola. É uma pesquisa qualitativa e considera a perspectiva sociocultural construtivista como teoria base no processo de interpretação dos dados coletados a partir de quatro aulas de professores e uma situação estruturada, baseada em atividades cooperativas, em uma escola pública da cidade de Manaus. Para coleta dos dados, foi utilizado o diário de campo para registrar algumas observações e a videografia para a análise microgenética. Esse método foi escolhido por proporcionar uma melhor percepção dos detalhes dos processos de mudança. Como resultados, percebeu-se que a falta de planejamento das atividades oferecidas, em pares ou em grupos, pelos professores, não potencializava a estrutura de aprendizagem cooperativa, observando-se falha no processo educativo. Por outro lado, na situação estruturada, percebeu-se que a integração e a participação dos estudantes os ajudaram a construir conhecimentos mais adequados, mostrando o domínio de conceitos não-espontâneos, além de mais motivação para aprender. É importante ressaltar que isso só foi possível devido à organização das etapas das atividades com orientações sólidas para alcançar as metas exigidas no processo de aprendizagem.