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Background: Loneliness among elderly is a public health concern in today’s society world-wide. Loneliness affects the body both mentally and physically and is often associated with mental disorder and depression, even though that may not be the real problem. Loneliness affects the elderly with severe suffering that leads to a decreased joy of life. Suicidal thoughts are common. It is important to identify loneliness in an early stage. The knowledge about loneliness is low among nurses. Increased knowledge about loneliness contributes to improved care and prevention of loneliness among the elderly. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the experience of loneliness among elderly. Method: A literature-based study based on qualitative research. Eleven articles were included through systematically research in CINAHL and PsycInfo. Inclusion criteria for selected articles were elderly over 65 years, based on English language and published 2014 – 2023. Friberg´s five step model was used to analyze the articles. Results: The study found that elderly people experienced loneliness in feelings through lack of purpose and meaningfulness in life. The aging body limited the elderly in their daily life and led to the feeling of loneliness. Closeness to spouse, friends or family were important for not experiencing loneliness. Establishing new routines, finding acceptance, being active and having the freedom to choose whether being alone or not, were all coping strategies against experienc-ing loneliness. Conclusion: Lack of context, aging body and lack of social network were all considered as contributing factors in feelings of loneliness among elderly people.

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While there is considerable international interest in the development of hospice and palliative care programs, as an alternative form of care for the terminally ill, there is minimal empirical research undertaken on the needs of recipients of these programs. Using a Q-sort, developed by the author, this research examined the relationship between individual patient's ranking of their needs, and the nurse's perception of the needs identified by individual patients in their care. A basic assumption of the study was that patients' needs could be categorised in four groups, namely spiritual, physical, emotional, and social. Consequently, the study also examined whether patients and nurses identified, as most important, needs from one group, more frequently than the other groups. The limited size of the sample placed severe restrictions on the analysis of results derived from this research. However, while no definite conclusions could be drawn from data obtained from the small sample, tentative analysis identified trends that may have proved significant had they continued in a larger sample.

Darbe atlikta teorinė ir empyrinė senyvo amžiaus asmenų, gyvenančių socialinės globos įstaigose, socialinių problemų analizė. Iškelta hipotezė, kad senyvo amžiaus asmenų, gyvenančių Šiaulių apskrities ilgalaikės socialinės globos įstaigose, socialinės problemos yra įtakojamos jų socialinių poreikių patenkinimo/nepatenkinimo. Anketinės apklausos metodu atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas –išaiškinti ir apibūdinti pagrindinius senyvo amžiaus žmonių, gyvenančių socialinės globos namuose, socialinių problemų bruožus. Atlikta statistinė ir kokybinė duomenų analizė. Tyrime dalyvavo 128 senyvo amžiaus asmenys, gyvenantys Šiaulių apskrities ilgalaikės socialinės globos įstaigose ir 4 įstaigų vadovai. Empirinėje dalyje nagrinėjamos Šiaulių apskrities ilgalaikės socialinės globos įstaigose gyvenančių senyvo amžiaus asmenų socialinės problemos ir jas įtakojantys veiksniai. Svarbiausios empirinio darbo išvados teigia, kad senų žmonių socialines problemas Šiaulių apskrities ilgalaikės socialinės globos įstaigose įtakoja netektys ir pokyčiai jų gyvenime, iššaukti persikėlimo gyventi į globos namus. Socialinės problemos daugiausiai sietinos su paties seno žmogaus ir jį supančios socialinės aplinkos sąveikos įtakotu nepakankamu socialinių poreikių tenkinimu. Didžiausią poveikį senyvo amžiaus asmenų socialinių problemų kilimui daro nepatenkinti saugumo, savarankiškumo ir savirealizacijos socialiniai poreikiai, pasireiškiantys menkesniu fiziniu, socialiniu ir psichologiniu saugumu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The social problems of the aged people in the social care houses of Siauliai County are analysed in this paper. The paper is based on the doctrin that the social problems of the aged people in the care house are influence under the social needs. The problematic questions are reflect the topicality of this research: 1) what social problems have the aged people in the social care house of Siauliai County? 2) what are the reasons of these social problems? The aim of the research is to explain the social problems of the aged people in the social care house of Siauliai County. The aim presupposed the next tasks of the research: 1) on the basis of the scientific literature analysis to distinguish the main social problems of the aged people in the care house; 2) to identify the social problems of the aged people in the care house on the operational research; 3) on the basis of the theoretic – hypothetic model to style the questionnaire; 4) to reveal the reasons of the social problems of the aged people in the care house by the empirical research. The methods of the research are: theoretical (analysis of the academic literature), empirical (the quantitative and the qualitative analysis), statistical. The theoretical analysis of the research problem show the reasons of the social problems of the aged people in the care house: the losses and the changes after start living in the care house. The social problems are influence under the unmet social needs of the aged people. The... [to full text]

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The French Civil Code on contract law was not renewed since 1804, so law enforcement was questioned due to it was not adapted to the requirements in a globalized world, and the constant economic and socia lchanges. In this article, the author analyzes the implications of the reform of contract law in France, which was influenced by two drafts. This reform has two characteristic features, which are the economic and social needs. About the first point –the economic needs–, these are evident in the contractual organization and flexibility. On the second point –the social needs–, these are evident in the protection of the weaker party, and the application of the theory of improvidence. In this way, contract law adapts to the demands of the twenty-first century. / El derecho de los contratos del Código Civil francés no fue renovado desde 1804, por lo que su aplicación fue cuestionada al no poder adaptarse a las exigencias características de un mundo globalizado y acediado por constantes cambios económicos y sociales.En el presente artículo, el autor analiza las implicancias de la reforma del derecho de los contratos en Francia, el cual fue influenciado por dos anteproyectos. Dicha reforma contiene dos rasgos característicos que se manifiestan en las necesidades económicas y sociales de los contratos. Respecto al primer rasgo, este se evidencia en la organización y flexibilidad contractual; mientras que el segundo, en la protección a la parte más debil y la aplicación de la teoría de la imprevisión. De esta forma, el derecho de los contratos se adapta a las exigencias del siglo XXI.

This dissertation profiles the needs of abandoned or orphaned, HIV affected or infected children living in a South African institution. The purpose of my research is to identify the needs of the children; then identify how the staff within the institution perceive that they provide for these needs; and lastly look at what Music Therapy as a discipline can offer the children in regards to the needs identified. Interviews with fulltime and part-time staff members suggest that the needs of the children relate mainly to a lack of individual attention. Inconsistent quality of care and limited opportunities for forming attachments to specific caregivers were identified foremost as resulting in difficulties with forming and maintaining relationships and social functioning with peer members and staff members, in the institutional social cultural context. The therapeutic relationship offered to the children in Music therapy sessions offers opportunities to address the individual and social needs identified. / Dissertation (MMus (Music Therapy))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Music / unrestricted