<p>The extent of a community experiencing social vulnerability depends on the community&rsquo / s ability to access resources that may contribute to coping mechanisms (either within the household or provided externally by a responsible authority) that decrease the impacts and effects of a disaster. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to identify the existence of social and institutional mechanisms that aim to reduce experiences of water inaccessibility and the causes of social vulnerability, and increase coping mechanisms within Kayamandi. Kayamandi is a low income residential community on the north-westerly periphery of the greater Stellenbosch town in the Western Cape. The research attained&nbsp / responses through questionnaires and surveys from residents, community organisations and responsible personnel. These surveys allowed the researcher to produce raw attribute data for each household that assisted in spatially representing vulnerable households and informing the five priority areas of the Hyogo Framework for Action. Contributing to this method of attaining information, secondary geographic data collection was obtained through the Stellenbosch Local Municipality, the National Geospatial Information Directorate and the National Demarcation Board. The findings of this thesis established that household and public water infrastructure contribute to the risk of experiencing social vulnerability that affects economic standings and quality of health within the community. Contributing to this and due to Kayamandi&rsquo / s politically sensitive and historically fractioned community, social cohesion has also been noted as an area of vulnerability. Although these vulnerabilities are experienced, residents are able to implement technical, social and municipal reliant coping mechanisms. However, although efforts from Stellenbosch Local Municipality do respond to most of the key indicators within the Hyogo Framework for Action, the study found no concrete efforts within the Stellenbosch Local Municipality that illustrate integrated mechanisms to reduce the impacts of disasters and compound effects.</p>

<p>The extent of a community experiencing social vulnerability depends on the community&rsquo / s ability to access resources that may contribute to coping mechanisms (either within the household or provided externally by a responsible authority) that decrease the impacts and effects of a disaster. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to identify the existence of social and institutional mechanisms that aim to reduce experiences of water inaccessibility and the causes of social vulnerability, and increase coping mechanisms within Kayamandi. Kayamandi is a low income residential community on the north-westerly periphery of the greater Stellenbosch town in the Western Cape. The research attained&nbsp / responses through questionnaires and surveys from residents, community organisations and responsible personnel. These surveys allowed the researcher to produce raw attribute data for each household that assisted in spatially representing vulnerable households and informing the five priority areas of the Hyogo Framework for Action. Contributing to this method of attaining information, secondary geographic data collection was obtained through the Stellenbosch Local Municipality, the National Geospatial Information Directorate and the National Demarcation Board. The findings of this thesis established that household and public water infrastructure contribute to the risk of experiencing social vulnerability that affects economic standings and quality of health within the community. Contributing to this and due to Kayamandi&rsquo / s politically sensitive and historically fractioned community, social cohesion has also been noted as an area of vulnerability. Although these vulnerabilities are experienced, residents are able to implement technical, social and municipal reliant coping mechanisms. However, although efforts from Stellenbosch Local Municipality do respond to most of the key indicators within the Hyogo Framework for Action, the study found no concrete efforts within the Stellenbosch Local Municipality that illustrate integrated mechanisms to reduce the impacts of disasters and compound effects.</p>

The extent of a community experiencing social vulnerability depends on the community’s ability to access resources that may contribute to coping mechanisms (either within the household or provided externally by a responsible authority) that decrease the impacts and effects of a disaster. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to identify the existence of social and institutional mechanisms that aim to reduce experiences of water inaccessibility and the causes of social vulnerability, and increase coping mechanisms within Kayamandi. Kayamandi is a low income residential community on the north-westerly periphery of the greater Stellenbosch town in the Western Cape. The research attained responses through questionnaires and surveys from residents, community organisations and responsible personnel. These surveys allowed the researcher to produce raw attribute data for each household that assisted in spatially representing vulnerable households and informing the five priority areas of the Hyogo Framework for Action. Contributing to this method of attaining information, secondary geographic data collection was obtained through the Stellenbosch Local Municipality, the National Geospatial Information Directorate and the National Demarcation Board. The findings of this thesis established that household and public water infrastructure contribute to the risk of experiencing social vulnerability that affects economic standings and quality of health within the community. Contributing to this and due to Kayamandi’s politically sensitive and historically fractioned community, social cohesion has also been noted as an area of vulnerability. Although these vulnerabilities are experienced, residents are able to implement technical, social and municipal reliant coping mechanisms. However, although efforts from Stellenbosch Local Municipality do respond to most of the key indicators within the Hyogo Framework for Action, the study found no concrete efforts within the Stellenbosch Local Municipality that illustrate integrated mechanisms to reduce the impacts of disasters and compound effects. / Magister Artium - MA

Objective: The primary goal of this research is to identify social vulnerability and resilience to earthquake hazards within the Capital Regional District (CRD) and to generate recommendations for how the provincial health system and various local and regional government agencies can support the continued enhancement of disaster-resilient communities. Methods: Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were employed to evaluate social vulnerability and resilience. Quantitatively, the methodology developed by Cutter et al., was replicated to create a Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI). These data were supported by qualitative data obtained from focus group interviews in three communities in the CRD. Together, this mixed methods approach provided additional insights into the dimensions of social vulnerability, and resilience within the CRD. Results. From the SoVI, twenty-five census tracts (CTs) within the CRD exhibited ‘high social vulnerability’. These highly vulnerable CTs were most likely to be in more densely populated areas, whether they were in inner city neighbourhoods or suburbs of the City. The qualitative results suggest that a large scale seismic hazard will present substantial challenges for the CRD. The smaller, rural and remote communities of Sooke and Port Renfrew appeared to be more interested in emergency preparation than those in the City of Victoria, if judged by their participation rates. Conclusion. The information collected from research participants and the generation of the SoVI complements existing hazard maps and local knowledge well. Both have their place as tools for enhancing understanding of risk-assessment for the area. / Graduate

ABSTRACT Exploitation of older people can result in devastating emotional and financial consequences. Researchers and policy makers have widely recognised the deleterious effects of exploitation on older adults, particularly cognitively impaired older people. Studies to date have provided basic information about the demographic and health characteristics that contribute to exploitation in later life, namely extreme dependence, frailty, social isolation, severe physical illness, and cognitive impairment. However, an overarching explanatory framework of vulnerability, and clinical instruments to aid with identifying those individuals at elevated risk of exploitation a priori have been lacking. Furthermore, the specific cognitive and social factors at the level of the individual which promote vulnerability to exploitation remain largely unexplored. The present research was directed towards addressing these issues. For definitional purposes, the term social vulnerability is used throughout in reference to an individual’s degree of susceptibility to exploitation. Exploitation of older people can take many forms including social and sexual exploitation, mistreatment, and deprivation of rights. Financial exploitation in particular is a relatively widespread phenomenon among older people, and may be a salient marker of social vulnerability in later life. In Chapter 1 of this dissertation, literature relevant to financial exploitation and social vulnerability more generally among older people is reviewed, and a conceptual framework for describing and explaining heightened vulnerability is presented. Central to this framework are various factors of personal competence at the level of the individual (i.e., intelligence, cognitive functioning, social intelligence, social skill, personality traits) which, in theoretical terms, contribute to, or protect against, exploitation. Chapter 2 details the development and psychometric evaluation of a standardised scale for assessing social vulnerability among older adults (termed the SVS15). Given that financial exploitation may be a pertinent marker of social vulnerability in older people, item content for the scale includes items of a financial nature. The results of two studies provided support for the reliability (internal consistency) and validity (known-groups) of the SVS15. Results of a factor analysis revealed a two-factor solution, with the emerging factors labelled gullibility and credulity. Stability in factor structure of the SVS15 was established in an independent sample using structural equation modelling. Chapters 3 and 4 of the dissertation detail the methodology employed in, and results of, a series of three studies systematically investigating the relationships between personal competence factors and social vulnerability in older people. Using multiple regression analyses, non-significant associations between basic demographic characteristics and social vulnerability were found in a nonclinical older sample, indicating that heightened vulnerability to exploitation is not readily explained by age, gender, or education. Rather, general cognitive functioning emerged as the most significant correlate of SVS15 scores in a combined clinical and nonclinical sample of older adults such that poorer cognitive functioning was associated with greater vulnerability to exploitation. Executive functioning in particular showed significant overlap with SVS15 scores after controlling for differences in memory and age. These results support the inclusion of standardised neuropsychological tests of memory and executive functioning (tests which are routinely used) when issues of social vulnerability arise. After general cognitive functioning, social measures of self-awareness and social skill were also important correlates of social vulnerability scores, indicating that social measures could also contribute useful information when assessing social vulnerability in older people. From an applied perspective, Chapter 5 of the thesis presents normative data for the SVS15, and an examination of the Tclinical utility of the scale using individual case studies of older adults diagnosed with a dementia syndrome. In Chapter 6, an amalgamation of the results from the project is presented, and the theoretical and clinical contributions of the findings are highlighted. TThe findings contribute to the extant literature in two ways: (1) through the development of aT potentially useful and psychometrically sound instrument which targets symptoms of social Tvulnerability more directly than existing neuropsychological measures and (2) by enhancing the current understanding of the cognitive and social personal competence factors associated with heightened vulnerability in later life.

ABSTRACT Exploitation of older people can result in devastating emotional and financial consequences. Researchers and policy makers have widely recognised the deleterious effects of exploitation on older adults, particularly cognitively impaired older people. Studies to date have provided basic information about the demographic and health characteristics that contribute to exploitation in later life, namely extreme dependence, frailty, social isolation, severe physical illness, and cognitive impairment. However, an overarching explanatory framework of vulnerability, and clinical instruments to aid with identifying those individuals at elevated risk of exploitation a priori have been lacking. Furthermore, the specific cognitive and social factors at the level of the individual which promote vulnerability to exploitation remain largely unexplored. The present research was directed towards addressing these issues. For definitional purposes, the term social vulnerability is used throughout in reference to an individual’s degree of susceptibility to exploitation. Exploitation of older people can take many forms including social and sexual exploitation, mistreatment, and deprivation of rights. Financial exploitation in particular is a relatively widespread phenomenon among older people, and may be a salient marker of social vulnerability in later life. In Chapter 1 of this dissertation, literature relevant to financial exploitation and social vulnerability more generally among older people is reviewed, and a conceptual framework for describing and explaining heightened vulnerability is presented. Central to this framework are various factors of personal competence at the level of the individual (i.e., intelligence, cognitive functioning, social intelligence, social skill, personality traits) which, in theoretical terms, contribute to, or protect against, exploitation. Chapter 2 details the development and psychometric evaluation of a standardised scale for assessing social vulnerability among older adults (termed the SVS15). Given that financial exploitation may be a pertinent marker of social vulnerability in older people, item content for the scale includes items of a financial nature. The results of two studies provided support for the reliability (internal consistency) and validity (known-groups) of the SVS15. Results of a factor analysis revealed a two-factor solution, with the emerging factors labelled gullibility and credulity. Stability in factor structure of the SVS15 was established in an independent sample using structural equation modelling. Chapters 3 and 4 of the dissertation detail the methodology employed in, and results of, a series of three studies systematically investigating the relationships between personal competence factors and social vulnerability in older people. Using multiple regression analyses, non-significant associations between basic demographic characteristics and social vulnerability were found in a nonclinical older sample, indicating that heightened vulnerability to exploitation is not readily explained by age, gender, or education. Rather, general cognitive functioning emerged as the most significant correlate of SVS15 scores in a combined clinical and nonclinical sample of older adults such that poorer cognitive functioning was associated with greater vulnerability to exploitation. Executive functioning in particular showed significant overlap with SVS15 scores after controlling for differences in memory and age. These results support the inclusion of standardised neuropsychological tests of memory and executive functioning (tests which are routinely used) when issues of social vulnerability arise. After general cognitive functioning, social measures of self-awareness and social skill were also important correlates of social vulnerability scores, indicating that social measures could also contribute useful information when assessing social vulnerability in older people. From an applied perspective, Chapter 5 of the thesis presents normative data for the SVS15, and an examination of the Tclinical utility of the scale using individual case studies of older adults diagnosed with a dementia syndrome. In Chapter 6, an amalgamation of the results from the project is presented, and the theoretical and clinical contributions of the findings are highlighted. TThe findings contribute to the extant literature in two ways: (1) through the development of aT potentially useful and psychometrically sound instrument which targets symptoms of social Tvulnerability more directly than existing neuropsychological measures and (2) by enhancing the current understanding of the cognitive and social personal competence factors associated with heightened vulnerability in later life.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-08-03T19:00:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissALCM.pdf: 1925747 bytes, checksum: a2061ae118cc5edbf3ec5d6b5c0711ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T14:22:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissALCM.pdf: 1925747 bytes, checksum: a2061ae118cc5edbf3ec5d6b5c0711ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T14:22:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissALCM.pdf: 1925747 bytes, checksum: a2061ae118cc5edbf3ec5d6b5c0711ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T14:22:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissALCM.pdf: 1925747 bytes, checksum: a2061ae118cc5edbf3ec5d6b5c0711ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Introduction: Frailty, defined as a multifactorial syndrome that can cause functional disability and an increased risk of comorbidities. Older people in a context of high social vulnerability may present greater risk of frailty. The identification of frailty’s levels and associated factors in the elderly in situations of social vulnerability is fundamental for a social care and health care therapy. Objective: To identify the factors associated with frailty in the elderly living in the context of high social vulnerability. Methodology: This is a correlational, cross-sectional research. The data collection was carried out at the participants' home with application of the instruments: Socio-demographic Questionnaire; Fried Frailty Phenotype Assessment; Mini Mental State Examination; Geriatric Depression Scale; Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living; Lawton And Brody Instrumental Activities Of Daily Living; Advanced Daily Life Activity Questionnaire - FIBRA network; International Physical Activity Questionnaire; Timed Up and Go Test; and Social Support Scale of the Medical Outcome Study. The Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of São Carlos approved the project (Opinion No. 1,207,390). Logistic regression was performed to analyze the data. Results: Of the 304 elderly evaluated, 56,9% were female, 53,5% were aged between 60 and 69 years, 12.2% were classified as non-fragile, 60.5% as pre-fragile and 27.3% classified as fragile. The main factors associated with fragility in the studied sample were presence of depressive symptoms (OR: 1.9 95% CI: 1,1 – 3,7), mobility deficit (OR: 3.0 95% CI: 1,5 – 5,8), occurrence of two or more falls within 12 months (OR: 3,1 95% CI: 1,4 – 7,1) and low level of physical activity (OR: 5.2 95% CI: 2,5 – 11,0). Conclusion: The associated factors confirm the relationship between deficits in the physical and psychological aspects resulting from the aging process and socioeconomic conditions with the presence of frailty, in order to meet the national and international publications on the subject. The present study presented contributions so that new public policies can be created and new actions can be planned and implemented by health institutions and professionals, aiming at the promotion of health, prevention of associated factors, reversion and impediment of the progress of frailty, considering the negative impact it generates on the life of the elderly individual. / Introdução: A fragilidade, definida como uma síndrome multifatorial que pode ocasionar incapacidade funcional e maior risco de comorbidades. Idosos em contexto de alta vulnerabilidade social podem apresentar maior risco de fragilidade. A identificação de níveis de fragilidade e fatores associados em idosos em situação de vulnerabilidade social é fundamental para uma adequada assistência social e em saúde. Objetivo: Identificar os fatores associados à fragilidade em idosos que residem em contexto de alta vulnerabilidade social. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa correlacional, de corte transversal. A coleta de dados foi realizada no domicílio dos participantes com aplicação dos instrumentos: Caracterização Sociodemográfica; Avaliação do Fenótipo de Fragilidade de Fried; Mini Exame do Estado Mental; Escala de Depressão Geriátrica; Escala de Independência em Atividades de Vida Viária de Katz; Escala de Independência de Atividades Instrumentais de Vida Diária de Lawton e Brody; Questionário de Atividades Avançadas de Vida Diária – Rede FIBRA; Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física; Teste Timed Up and Go; e Escala de Apoio Social do Medical Outcome Study. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (Parecer nº 1.207.390). Para análise dos dados foi realizado regressão logística. Resultados: dos 304 idosos avaliados, 56,9% eram do sexo feminino, 53,5% possuía idade entre 60 a 69 anos, 12,2% foram classificados como não-frágeis, 60,5% pré-frágeis e 27,3% foram classificados como frágeis. Os principais fatores associados a fragilidade na amostra estudada foram presença de sintomas depressivos (OR: 1,9 95% IC: 1,1 - 3,7), déficit de mobilidade (OR: 3,0 IC 95%: 1,5 - 5,8), ocorrência de duas ou mais quedas dentro de 12 meses (OR: 3,1 IC 95%: 1,4-7,1) e baixo nível de atividade física (OR: 5,2 IC 95%: 2,5 - 11,0). Conclusão: Os fatores associados encontrados confirmam a relação entre déficits nos aspectos físicos e psicológicos decorrentes do processo de envelhecimento e condições socioeconômicas com a presença da fragilidade, indo ao encontro das publicações nacionais e internacionais sobre o tema. O presente estudo apresentou contribuições para que novas políticas públicas possam ser criadas e novas ações possam ser planejadas e implantadas por instituições e profissionais de saúde, visando a promoção de saúde, prevenção de fatores associados, reversão e impedimento do progresso da fragilidade, considerando-se o impacto negativo que essa gera na vida do indivíduo idoso.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-08-25T19:31:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissITMJ.pdf: 4301340 bytes, checksum: 0eb363ffab5f72f347b8ff9df19f5a1a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2017-11-21T18:43:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissITMJ.pdf: 4301340 bytes, checksum: 0eb363ffab5f72f347b8ff9df19f5a1a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2017-11-21T18:44:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissITMJ.pdf: 4301340 bytes, checksum: 0eb363ffab5f72f347b8ff9df19f5a1a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-21T18:53:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissITMJ.pdf: 4301340 bytes, checksum: 0eb363ffab5f72f347b8ff9df19f5a1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Introduction: Aging accompanied by frailty can burden services in basic protection and primary care that assist the elderly population. Assessing the frailty in the elderly in a context of social vulnerability can contribute to the improvement of the quality of social facilities that care for the elderly. Objective: To analyze the frailty of elderly people living in neighborhoods with social vulnerability and enrolled in Social Care Referral Centers (CRAS) in relation to quality of life, cognition, family and external relations in a city in the interior of the State of São Paulo. Methods: Exploratory, comparative and transversal study, using the quantitative research method. This study used and expanded the database of the research entitled "The frailty of the elderly and the Basic Attention System of Social Assistance". In the study were: semi-structured evaluation; Edmonton Frailty Scale to check for frailty; Whoqol-bref and Whoqol-old to check the quality of life; The Montreal Cognitive Assessment for screening for cognitive impairment; Genogram to check the family relations and Ecomapa to check the external relations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation test and comparison test of Mann-Whitney and Kruskal- Wallis groups. Results: Participated of the study 247 elderly people, with a mean age of 68.52 (dp = 7,28) years, 154 were white (57,49%), 109 married (44,13%), 109 catholic (61,13%), 137 retired (55,47%) and 133 with education of one to four years (53,85%). Regarding the level of frailty, 41,70% did not present frailty, 21,45% were vulnerable and 36,84% presented frailty at some level. Of the 247 participants, 58,29% lived in regions with high vulnerability. There was a negative correlation between the frailty and vulnerability (r:-0,4936;p:0,4936), quality of life (Whoqol-bref r:-0,50307;p<0,0001; Wholqol-old r:-0,43951;p<0,001) and cognition (r:-0,21690;p:0,0006). There was a statistically significant difference between the frailty and external relationship quantity (p<0,001). Conclusion: It was found that the frailty elderly lived in more vulnerable regions. Knowing the frailty of the elderly in a context of social vulnerability may help in the management and implementation of actions of public welfare services directed to this population segment. Frailty screening should be integrated into both services and research because the evaluation consists of alert for initial risk identification. / Introdução: O envelhecimento acompanhado de fragilidade pode sobrecarregar os serviços na proteção básica e atenção primária que assistem a população idosa. Avaliar a fragilidade em idosos em contexto de vulnerabilidade social pode contribuir com a melhoria de qualidade dos equipamentos sociais que atendam as pessoas idosas. Objetivo: Analisar a situação de fragilidade de idosos residentes em bairros com vulnerabilidade social e cadastrados em Centros de Referência de Assistência Social (CRAS) em relação à qualidade de vida, cognição, relações familiares e externas em um município do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Métodos: Estudo exploratório, comparativo e transversal, com a utilização do método quantitativo de investigação. Este estudo utilizou e ampliou o Banco de Dados da pesquisa intitulada: “A fragilidade do idoso e o Sistema de Atenção Básica de Assistência Social”. No estudo foram empregados: entrevista semi-estruturada; Escala de Fragilidade de Edmonton para verificar a fragilidade; Whoqol-bref e Whoqol-old para verificar a qualidade de vida; The Montreal Cognitive Assessment para rastreio de comprometimento cognitivo; Genograma para verificar as relações familiares e Ecomapa para verificar as relações externas. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, teste de correlação de Spearman e teste de comparação de grupos Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 247 idosos, com média de idade de 68,52 (dp=7,28) anos, 154 brancos (57,49%), 109 casados (44,13%), 109 católicos (61,13%), 137 aposentados (55,47%) e 133 com escolaridade de um a quatro anos (53,85%). Quanto ao nível de fragilidade, 103 (41,70%) não apresentaram fragilidade, 53 (21,45%) se apresentaram vulneráveis e 91 (36,84%) apresentaram fragilidade em algum nível. Dos 247 participantes, 144 (58,29%) residiam em regiões com alta vulnerabilidade. Houve correlação negativa entre a fragilidade com a vulnerabilidade (r:-0,4936;p:0,4936), qualidade de vida (Whoqol-bref r:-0,50307;p<0,0001; Wholqol-old r:-0,43951;p<0,001) e cognição (r:-0,21690;p:0,0006). Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre a fragilidade e a quantidade de relações externas (p<0,001). Conclusão: Verificou-se que os idosos com fragilidade residiam em regiões mais vulneráveis. Conhecer a fragilidade de idosos em contexto de vulnerabilidade social poderá auxiliar na gestão e implementação de ações dos serviços públicos assistenciais direcionados para este segmento populacional. O rastreio de fragilidade deve ser integrado tanto em serviços quanto em pesquisas pois a avaliação consiste em alerta para identificação de risco inicial.

abstract: The San Andreas Fault (SAF) is the primary structure within a system of faults accommodating motion between the North American and Pacific plates. Physical models of faulting and characterizations of seismic hazard are informed by investigations of paleoseismology, slip distribution, and slip rate. The impact of earthquakes on people is due in large part to social vulnerability. This dissertation contributes an analysis about the relationships between earthquake hazard and social vulnerability in Los Angeles, CA and investigations of paleoseismology and fault scarp array complexity on the central SAF. Analysis of fault scarp array geometry and morphology using 0.5 m digital elevation models along 122 km of the central SAF reveals significant variation in the complexity of SAF structure. Scarp trace complexity is measured by scarp separation, changes in strike, fault trace gaps, and scarp length per SAF kilometer. Geometrical complexity in fault scarp arrays indicates that the central SAF can be grouped into seven segments. Segment boundaries are controlled by interactions with subsidiary faults. Investigation of an offset channel at Parkfield, CA yields a late Holocene slip rate of 26.2 +6.4/- 4.3 mm/yr. This rate is lower than geologic measurements on the Carrizo section of the SAF and rates implied by far-field geodesy. However, it is consistent with historical observations of slip at Parkfield. Paleoseismology at Parkfield indicates that large earthquakes are absent from the stratigraphic record for at least a millennia. Together these observations imply that the amount of plate boundary slip accommodated by the main SAF varies along strike. Contrary to most environmental justice analyses showing that vulnerable populations are spatially-tied to environmental hazards, geospatial analyses relating social vulnerability and earthquake hazard in southern California show that these groups are not disproportionately exposed to the areas of greatest hazard. Instead, park and green space is linked to earthquake hazard through fault zone regulation. In Los Angeles, a parks poor city, the distribution of social vulnerability is strongly tied to a lack of park space. Thus, people with access to financial and political resources strive to live in neighborhoods with parks, even in the face of forewarned risk. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Geological Sciences 2011

O objetivo geral desta tese é analisar fatores que influenciam o desenvolvimento do aprendizado empreendedor em mulheres em situação de vulnerabilidade social. O trabalho realizou 5 etapas principais: (i) entrevistas qualitativas; (ii) revisão sistemática da literatura; (iii) análise do diagnóstico Sebrae; (iv) análise do conjunto de informações obtidas em pesquisa qualitativa (revisão sistemática da literatura, entrevistas) e quantitativa (survey), empregando como ferramenta o software NVIVO e; (v) elaboração de mapas conceituais para proposição de diretrizes para formação empreendedora demulheres em situação de vulnerabilidade. Os resultados atingidos foram: (i) confirmação dos fatores que facilitam e barreiras que dificultam o aprendizado empreendedor (ii) verificação frente à literatura dos fatores que facilitam e barreiras que dificultam o aprendizado empreendedor; (iii) identificação de perfil de gestão de mulheres microempreendedoras e empreendedoras individuais e oportunidades de conteúdos para capacitação em gestão; (iv)associações entre as fontes de informação e elaboração de cenários, e (v) mapa conceitual das associações existentes entre fatores facilitadores barrerias e características das mulheres em situação de vulnerabilidade social. A principal preposição desta tese é a sistematização da informação existente na literatura junto a evidências provenientes do cotidiano de especialistas e gestores, para proposição de diretrizes norteadoras para um projeto pedagógico desta natureza. / The general objective of this thesis is to analyze factors that influence the development of entrepreneurial learning in women in situation of social vulnerability. The work carried out 5 main steps: (i) qualitative interviews; (ii) systematic review of the literature; (iii) analysis of the Sebrae diagnosis; (iv) analysis of the set of information obtained in qualitative research (systematic literature review, interviews) and quantitative (survey), using the NVIVO software as a tool; (v) elaboration of conceptual maps for the proposal of guidelines for entrepreneurial training of women in situations of vulnerability. The results achieved were: (i) confirmation of facilitating factors and barriers that impede entrepreneurial learning; (ii) verification of the factors facilitating barriers and barriers to entrepreneurial learning; (iii) identification of the management profile of women entrepreneurs and individual entrepreneurs and opportunities for content for training in management; (iv) associations between the sources of information and the elaboration of scenarios, and (v) conceptual map of the existing associations between facilitating sweeping factors and characteristics of women in situations of social vulnerability. The main preposition of this thesis is the systematization of information existing in the literature along with evidence from the daily routine of specialists and managers, to propose guiding guidelines for a pedagogical project of this nature.