Esta tese propõe a investigação sobre as origens doutrinárias da função social dos contratos e, a partir delas, apresenta os instrumentos para a interpretação da cláusula geral do art. 421 do Código Civil. A tese encontra na doutrina italiana e no pensamento de Miguel Reale a base doutrinária da clláusula geral. A principal proposição dessa incursão é de que o juiz, ao aplicar a cláusula geral, deve usar os parâmetros doutrinários construídos pela tradição. A tradição e os dispositivos constitucionais que disciplinam a liberdade de contratar são os principais instrumentos para o controle das decisões judiciais, o que é indispensável que se preserve as regras do regime constritucional democrático e princípio da dignidade da pessoa. / The thesis proposes to survey the doctrinary origins of the social function of contracts and, from them, to present the instruments to interpret the general clause contained on the Civil Code’s article 421. The thesis sets the general clause doctrinary base on the Italian doctrine and also on Miguel Reale’s thought. The approach’s main proposition is that the judge, on applying the general clause, must use the doctrinary parameters built by tradition. Tradition and constitutional prescriptions that discipline the freedom to establish a contract are the main instruments to carry out the control of judicial decisions, what is fundamental to preserve the rules of the democratic constitutional regime and the person’s dignity principle.

Esta tese propõe a investigação sobre as origens doutrinárias da função social dos contratos e, a partir delas, apresenta os instrumentos para a interpretação da cláusula geral do art. 421 do Código Civil. A tese encontra na doutrina italiana e no pensamento de Miguel Reale a base doutrinária da clláusula geral. A principal proposição dessa incursão é de que o juiz, ao aplicar a cláusula geral, deve usar os parâmetros doutrinários construídos pela tradição. A tradição e os dispositivos constitucionais que disciplinam a liberdade de contratar são os principais instrumentos para o controle das decisões judiciais, o que é indispensável que se preserve as regras do regime constritucional democrático e princípio da dignidade da pessoa. / The thesis proposes to survey the doctrinary origins of the social function of contracts and, from them, to present the instruments to interpret the general clause contained on the Civil Code’s article 421. The thesis sets the general clause doctrinary base on the Italian doctrine and also on Miguel Reale’s thought. The approach’s main proposition is that the judge, on applying the general clause, must use the doctrinary parameters built by tradition. Tradition and constitutional prescriptions that discipline the freedom to establish a contract are the main instruments to carry out the control of judicial decisions, what is fundamental to preserve the rules of the democratic constitutional regime and the person’s dignity principle.

abstract: An important component of insect social structure is the number of queens that cohabitate in a colony. Queen number is highly variable between and within species. It can begin at colony initiation when often unrelated queens form cooperative social groups, a strategy known as primary polygyny. The non-kin cooperative groups formed by primary polygyny have profound effects on the social dynamics and inclusive fitness benefits within a colony. Despite this, the evolution of non-kin queen cooperation has been relatively overlooked in considerations of the evolution of cooperative sociality. To date, studies examining the costs and benefits of primary polygyny have focused primarily on the advantages of multiple queens during colony founding and early growth, but the impact of their presence extends to colony maturity and reproduction. In this dissertation, I evaluate the ecological drivers and fitness consequences of non-kin queen cooperation, by comparing the reproduction of mature single-queen versus polygynous harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex californicus) colonies in the field. I captured and quantified the total number and biomass of reproductives across multiple mating seasons, comparing between populations that vary in the proportion of single queen versus polygynous colonies, to assess the fitness outcomes of queen cooperation. Colonies in a mainly polygynous site had lower reproductive investment than those in sites with predominantly single-queen colonies. The site dominated by polygyny had higher colony density and displayed evidence of resource limitation, pressures that may drive the evolution of queen cooperation. I also used microsatellite markers to examine how polygynous queens share worker and reproductive production with nest-mate queens. The majority of queens fairly contribute to worker production and equally share reproductive output. However, there is a low frequency of queens that under-produce workers and over-produce reproductive offspring. This suggests that cheating by reproducing queens is possible, but uncommon. Competitive pressure from neighboring colonies could reduce the success of colonies that contain cheaters and maintain a low frequency of this phenotype in the population. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2017

Mutualismos entre plantas e polinizadores estão organizados em redes de interação que envolvem muitas espécies. Em última instância, o que determina a ocorrência das interações entre plantas e polinizadores são as características dos dois grupos de espécies. O comportamento social pode ser uma das caraterísticas chave na organização das interações em sistemas de polinização. Investigamos se a presença de polinizadores com comportamento social em redes de polinização está associada a diferentes padrões estruturais, e se polinizadores com níveis crescentes de complexidade no comportamento social são mais importantes pra estrutura dessas redes. Encontramos que a variação na proporção de espécies sociais não altera a estrutura de redes de polinização. Encontramos também que espécies com comportamento social são, em média, mais importantes para a estrutura de redes de polinização do que espécies solitárias. Nossos resultados corroboram resultados anteriores que sugerem que redes mutualísticas tem estruturas invariantes. Nossos resultados sugerem ainda que o papel estrutural mais proeminente das espécies sociais está associado à sua maior abundância. Incluir aspectos da história natural das espécies e das interações em estudos de redes ecológicas, nos permitirá fazer inferências cada vez mais assertivas sobre a importância funcional das espécies em comunidades / Mutualisms between plants and pollinators are organized in interaction networks that involve many species. Ultimately, what determines the occurrence of interactions among plants and pollinators are the traits of both groups of species. Social behavior can be a key trait on the organization of interactions between plants and pollinators. Here, we investigated if the presence of pollinators with social behavior in pollination networks is associated to different structural patterns, and if pollinators with increasing levels of complexity in social behavior are more important for network structure. We found that the presence of social pollinator species does not affect the structure of pollination networks. We also found that species with social behavior are, on average, more important for network structure than solitary species. Our results reinforce past studies that suggested that the structure of mutualistic networks has invariant structural properties. Our results also suggest that the more prominent role occupied by pollinators with social behavior is associated to these species\' large abundances. Including natural history information about species and about species interactions on the study of ecological networks will allow us to make more assertive inferences on the functional roles species occupy in ecological communities

Nesta tese, nós investigamos os efeitos do reconhecimento individual sobre a formação de grupos. No capítulo 2 nós revisamos o conhecimento sobre as bases evolutivas do comportamento social, e no capítulo 3 nós nos focamos num mecanismo específico, o reconhecimento individual. Nós revisamos as bases do reconhecimento individual para construir um modelo mínimo de como o reconhecimento individual funciona, visando investigar suas consequências para a estrutura social dos animais. O capítulo 4 é construído como uma introdução à modelagem computacional. Utilizando a técnica de modelagem baseada em agentes, no capítulo 5 nós criamos uma população de indivíduos que são capazes de reconhecer uns aos outros e de lembrar as interações passadas. Nós demonstramos que a presença de memória e reconhecimento individual é capaz de afetar dramaticamente o número e tamanho dos grupos formados. Quando não há memória, os indivíduos formam muitos grupos pequenos, sem estrutura definida. Na presença de memória, os indivíduos se agrupam em clusters cerca de uma ordem de grandeza maiores, e consequentemente menos grupos são formados. Nós demonstramos também que a organização interna dos grupos muda: na presença de memória, os grupos apresentam modularidade maior, isto é, há formação de subgrupos dentro do cluster, onde há uma maior frequência de interações entre os indivíduos. Nossos resultados também mostram a influência da densidade para a formação de grupos: quando a densidade é baixa demais, mesmo na presença de reconhecimento individual, as probabilidades de encontro são baixas demais para que os efeitos do reconhecimento sejam percebidos, e o inverso ocorre com densidades altas demais / In this thesis, we investigate the effects of individual recognition on group formation. In chapter 2 we review the current knowledge on the evolutionary basis of social behavior, and in chapter 3 we focus on a specific mechanism, individual recognition. We review the basis of individual recognition to devise a minimal model of how individual recognition works, aiming to investigate its consequences on the social structure of animals. Chapter 4 is structured as an introduction to computational modelling. Using agent-based modelling, in chapter 5 we build a population of individuals which can recognize one another and can remember past interactions. We show that presence of memory and individual recognition can dramatically affect the number and size of groups in the absence of memory, individuals form small, unstructured groups. In the presence of memory, individuals form clusters about an order of magnitude greater in size, and consequently less groups are formed. We also show that the group\'s internal structure changes: with memory, group modularity is higher, that is, subgroups are formed within the cluster, in which frequency of interactions is greater than outside the subgroup. Our results also show that density affects group formation: when density is low, even with individual recognition, encounter probabilities are so low that recognition\'s effects are not visible, and the opposite holds for too high densities

Esta tese propõe a investigação sobre as origens doutrinárias da função social dos contratos e, a partir delas, apresenta os instrumentos para a interpretação da cláusula geral do art. 421 do Código Civil. A tese encontra na doutrina italiana e no pensamento de Miguel Reale a base doutrinária da clláusula geral. A principal proposição dessa incursão é de que o juiz, ao aplicar a cláusula geral, deve usar os parâmetros doutrinários construídos pela tradição. A tradição e os dispositivos constitucionais que disciplinam a liberdade de contratar são os principais instrumentos para o controle das decisões judiciais, o que é indispensável que se preserve as regras do regime constritucional democrático e princípio da dignidade da pessoa. / The thesis proposes to survey the doctrinary origins of the social function of contracts and, from them, to present the instruments to interpret the general clause contained on the Civil Code’s article 421. The thesis sets the general clause doctrinary base on the Italian doctrine and also on Miguel Reale’s thought. The approach’s main proposition is that the judge, on applying the general clause, must use the doctrinary parameters built by tradition. Tradition and constitutional prescriptions that discipline the freedom to establish a contract are the main instruments to carry out the control of judicial decisions, what is fundamental to preserve the rules of the democratic constitutional regime and the person’s dignity principle.

This dissertation provides a comparative study of letters and digital media as infrastructures of modern Chinese romance. It examines young Chinese lovers’ experiences with digital media in comparison with their forebears’ experiences with love letters in order to understand how the increased ease of communication shapes Chinese romantic relating. Based on historical documents and in-depth interviews, this dissertation argues that the Internet and mobile technology augment Chinese lovers’ capacities to contact each other over distance, to express emotions that are restrained by conventions, and to create private alcoves in public places. These augmented capacities alter various boundaries in and around romantic relationship and intensify Chinese lovers’ negotiation between individuality and relationship, between disclosure and concealment, and between the public and private realms of life. Specifically, young Chinese lovers are better able to maintain a continual sense of togetherness but have more difficulty protecting personal boundaries and being alone. They find it easier to articulate feelings that are untoward in face-to-face speech, but they also find it harder to prove the sincerity of love in text and to avoid confrontation in impulsive message exchange. They have more access to a private space, albeit virtual, and more chances to publicize their romantic lives, but by doing so they also contribute to diminished sociality in offline public spaces and have to rely on the kindness of strangers for privacy more than ever before. For young Chinese lovers, digital media promise the freedoms that are regulated and controlled by social institutions in their offline worlds, but seeking these freedoms via digital media poses chges to their relationships with themselves, with each other, and with the larger social and public worlds they live in. These chges for romantic relating, as this dissertation argues, manifest the problems of the physical and the material while digital media facilitate spiritual contact over distance. The boundaries of personal accessibility are rooted in the limitation of human attention and ultimately in human mortality; the problem of sincerity in verbalized love lies in the difficulty of invoking deeds as the culturally preferred signifier of love; private nooks in public spaces are problematic both because bodily presence in physical locales entails expectations of sociality and because information storage in virtual venues requires a material apparatus that is beyond the control of individuals. As digital media reduce physical distance as the obstacle to lovers’ spiritual contact, they also intensify the tension between the spiritual and the physical aspects of communication and relationships. Overall, this dissertation provides a tripartite approach to the study of mediation and sociality based on three dimensions of communication: contact, content, and context. It emphasizes the importance of examining the ways in which communication media enable individuals to connect with each other, to express themselves, and to privatize or publicize their relationships. This approach provides a holistic understanding of how media shape modern sociality and how that mediation contributes to the shift of social boundaries and changes in social etiquette. In addition, this study enriches the current understanding of emerging media, particularly personal communication technologies (PCTs), as a social-technological combination, and proposes the study of the combination in plural and contradictory forms. Methodologically, it suggests the significance of studying both the symbolic and material aspects of mediated communication and of examining various modes, modalities, and genres of mediated communication as the locale where the material channels of media and the symbolic meanings of interaction intersect.

Species that vary in social structure within and among populations can provide unparalleled insight into the evolution of sociality. The theridiid spider Anelosimus studiosus varies widely in its social structure at the northern edge of its range. Colony sizes range from the solitary/territorial female with her offspring to cooperative colonies of tens to hundreds of adult females. In previous work, we developed an assured fitness returns 'brood-fostering model' that predicts that in cooler environments mothers in multiple-female colonies will have a selective advantage over solitary female nests. According to the model, at cool sites the rate of juvenile maturation is slowed, increasing the probability that the mother will die before the brood reaches independence. In her absence, other females would foster her brood. We tested this hypothesis by manipulating colony size and by monitoring the reproductive success of naturally occurring solitary and multifemale colonies in cold and warm temperature environments. Our results indicate that while multiple-female colonies have higher fitness at cool sites, the solitary female nests achieve higher fitness at warmer sites. The higher reproductive success of multifemale colonies at cold sites further reflects the total failure of solitary female nests at these sites. Solitary female nests that survived generally had higher reproductive success than multifemale colonies at all temperatures. In natural colonies, fitness was highest for smaller multifemale colonies in the colder environments and decreased in the larger colonies. We use these data to refine the brood-fostering model and discuss the results with regard to the observed polymorphism in social structure.

We investigated the behavioural mechanism underlying the recently discovered latitudinal variation in the social structure of the spider Anelosimus studiosus through population censuses, behavioural interaction trials, reciprocal nest transplants to different temperature environments and breeding experiments. Nest censuses completed at replicated sites at 2° changes in latitude between south Florida (26°) and east Tennessee (36°) indicated that the dominant social structure is a solitary female nest. Multifemale nests consisting of cooperative females and their young first appeared in the populations at 30° latitude and increased in frequency of representation with further increases in latitude as did number of females within multifemale nests. Interaction trials showed that communication and physical contact underlie the two social structures. Females from solitary female nests and F1 offspring reared in the laboratory demanded space (asocial phenotype), whereas individuals of multifemale nest origin (from same and foreign nests) were attracted to one another (social phenotype). Field experiments further showed that (1) individuals that dispersed from multifemale nests dispersed shorter distances and (2) nest coalescence was observed only at the higher latitudes, coincident with the presence of multifemale nests. Habitat transplants suggested that the behaviour underlying social structure is not plastic in this system, and breeding experiments eliminated a cryptic species alternative to the presence of different social structure phenotypes. Although both asocial and social phenotypes were present at all latitudes, the frequency of the social phenotype was rare at lower latitudes.

No description available.