Reproductive behaviour and aspects of group dynamics in the genus Acomys were studied in the respect to the individuals? physical condition, life history traits and social environment. Three of the presented studies reveal the important effect of social environment on the behaviour of group members to the new-coming male and reproductive behaviour of females (sex ratio of the pups and litter size). The other two studies investigate the costs associated with group living and cooperative breeding in Sinai spiny mice and the factors influencing alloparental behaviour. Results of this Ph.D. thesis reveal several aspects of social and reproductive behaviour of group-living mammals and contribute to the understanding of the formation and maintenance of the societies in general.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho visa descrever a experiência de uma pesquisa em psicologia social desde seus momentos iniciais onde o problema de pesquisa ainda se delineava, passando por todas as suas desconstruções a partir do encontro com o campo de pesquisa: a prática do parkour. As ferramentas metodológicas que foram utilizadas vão igualmente recebendo sua forma de acordo com as demandas dos encontros: seguir os atores, acompanhá-los em suas controvérsias, aprender com eles, levar a sério suas recalcitrâncias, compartilhar um campo de afetos, compartilhar uma experiência de cidade e explicitar os processos de tradução da pesquisa. Questões da materialidade, da alteridade, do corpo, da cidade emergem nesse processo, no entanto, busca-se efetivamente descrever um processo de pesquisa à medida que se coloca a questão de pesquisar como uma política ontológica capaz de inventar e re-inventar o pesquisador e as questões que levanta na própria relação com aquilo que o leva a pesquisa. / This paper aims to describe the experience of a research in social psychology since its early stages when the research problem was still emerging, through all its deconstructions by the time of the encounter with the research field: the practice of parkour. The methodological tools that were used would also be shaped according to the demands posed by this relation: to follow the actors, to follow them in their controversies , to learn from them, to take seriously their recalcitrances, to share a field of affections, to share an experience of the city and make explicit the translation processes of the research. Matters of materiality, of otherness, of body, of the city emerge in this process, and however, we seek to effectively describe a research process as it poses the question of researching as an ontological politic capable of inventing and re-inventing the researcher and the questions previously and continuosly raised in the relation to what leads to research.

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-17T21:25:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Michelle Carlesso Mariano.pdf: 38930490 bytes, checksum: 23d249cd4e0f59eee964dea56a6da097 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-08-21T14:11:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Michelle Carlesso Mariano.pdf: 38930490 bytes, checksum: 23d249cd4e0f59eee964dea56a6da097 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-21T14:11:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Michelle Carlesso Mariano.pdf: 38930490 bytes, checksum: 23d249cd4e0f59eee964dea56a6da097 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-24 / Este trabalho resulta de um estudo do grupo Mẽbêngôkre Mẽtyktire (Kayapó) realizado na aldeia Piaraçú, Terra Indígena Capoto/Jarina, norte do Estado de Mato Grosso, centro-oeste do Brasil. O foco de análise é o cotidiano vivido naquela comunidade indígena, levando em conta a dinâmica de suas relações interpessoais regulares e constantes com as comunidades e culturas indígenas e não-indígenas de seu entorno próximo e distante e a socialidade subjacente no "estar-junto". As interações sociais são contextualizadas em uma perspectiva pós-moderna a partir da noção proposta por Maffesoli de “socialidade” e “tribalismo”, de teatralidade da vida social por Erving Goffman e de “proxêmica” por Edward Hall, assim como a de intercâmbio e misturas culturais por Canclini, Lupo e Gruzinski. Os dados empíricos desta pesquisa de caráter etnográfico foram coletados através de observações sistemáticas e assistemáticas, realizadas no período entre maio e dezembro de 2013, onde as fotografias e falas obtidas em entrevistas compõem uma “mostração” dos fenômenos sociais como são. O grupo em questão apresenta-se em sua complexidade e singularidade, onde sua concepção sociocosmológica orienta as relações com o outro, ao mesmo tempo em que absorve e reconverte uma série de práticas sociais e materiais. / This work results from a study of the group Mẽbêngôkre Mẽtyktire (Kayapó) in the village Piaraçú, on Indian Land Capoto / Jarina, north of Mato Grosso, central-western Brazil. The focus of analysis is the quotidian lived in that indigenous community, taking into account the dynamics of their regular and constant interpersonal relationships with communities and indigenous and non-indigenous cultures of their surroundings near and far and the underlying sociality in the "being-together". The social interactions are contextualized in a postmodern perspective from the notion proposed by Maffesoli of "sociality" and "tribalism", the theatricality of social life by Erving Goffman and "proxemics" by Edward Hall, as well as cultural exchanges and mixtures by Canclini, Lupo and Gruzinski. The empirical data for this research were collected through ethnographic systematic and unsystematic observations, conducted between May and December 2013, where photos and speeches obtained in individual interviews make up a "show" of the social phenomena as they are. The group in question is presented in its complexity and uniqueness, where your socio cosmological conception guiding the relations with the other while absorbing and reconverts several social and material practices.

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-19T19:25:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2013_Naiara Cristina Gonçalves Rocha.pdf: 10587917 bytes, checksum: dfc88283e2c5b2506ac8900a2500d05f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-01-26T12:17:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2013_Naiara Cristina Gonçalves Rocha.pdf: 10587917 bytes, checksum: dfc88283e2c5b2506ac8900a2500d05f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-26T12:17:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2013_Naiara Cristina Gonçalves Rocha.pdf: 10587917 bytes, checksum: dfc88283e2c5b2506ac8900a2500d05f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Este relato resulta de um estudo de cunho etnográfico realizado no bairro denominado “Canjica”, localizado na periferia de Cuiabá, MT. O foco da análise é um grupo de jovens, rapazes e moças entre 15 e 21 anos, para a compreensão do que caracteriza a sua vida cotidiana e suas relações interpessoais. O suporte teórico foi baseado em Michel Maffesoli e suas noções de “tribalização” e “socialidade”, em Erving Goffman e sua metáfora de teatro, e em Edward Hall e suas possíveis acerca da Proxêmica. Os dados empíricos foram escolhidos através de observações sistemáticas, fotografia e entrevistas individuais, realizadas no período entre Fevereiro e Junho de 2012. Os resultados parciais da investigação apontam para traços que priorizam o espaço de vivência ocupado pelos participantes do grupo e as relações tecidas entre eles, principalmente o papel de sua corporeidade e sua, sensualidade. Desvelam-se no perfil traçado o papel e o peso do seu estar- junto para os festejos, os vínculos de amizade e as experiências amorosas. / This report results from a study conducted ethnographic neighborhood called "Hominy", located on the outskirts of Cuiaba, MT. The focus of the analysis is a group of young boys and girls between 15 and 21 years, to understanding that characterizes their daily lives and their interpersonal relationships. The theoretical framework was based on Michel Maffesoli and his notions of "tribalization" and "sociality" in Erving Goffman and his metaphor of theater, and Edward Hall and their possible about proxemics. Empirical data were chosen through systematic observations, photography and interviews, conducted in the period between February and June 2012. Partial results of the investigation show traits that prioritize living space occupied by the group participants and the relationships woven between them, especially the role of his corporeality and his, sensuality. Unveiled in the profiled the role and weight of your being-together for the festivities, the vículos friendship and love experiences.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:46:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1063425 bytes, checksum: 5d0e0e2a717e328c6e10333fe4f40705 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The dissertation seeks to understand the relationship of the visually impaired with the radio, and how broadcast content are crucial in everyday social relations and the study group. Part is the assertion that the radio airs daily various aspects of daily life. These aspects are perceived both in radio content, that aims to approximate the listener, in order to gain audience, but also the intimacy generated between the listener and the speaker (the speaker). The research was applied to the Association of the Blind of Piauí (ACEP), focusing on the observation of the regulars that environment, and the interference of the communication medium, radio, in daily relations of the members of the institution. Theoretically, the work is based on studies of radio which include: history, functions and features and Sociology of Everyday Life, with the main theoretical , the Frenchman Michel Meffesoli . The methodological approach is ethnography , divided into three stages of development: application of closed questionnaires ( 100 visually impaired ACEP , exploratory ) , in-depth interview ( conducted with some members of the association and arranged at work) and participant observation ( performed both in the ACEP , as the monitoring of two members for one day ) . The empirical analysis of object points that radio can be seen at various times of daily public studied, this being a decisive factor in socialities and daily make the blind. / A dissertação busca compreender a relação do deficiente visual com o rádio, e como os conteúdos veiculados são determinantes nas relações sociais e cotidianas do grupo em estudo. Parte-se da assertiva, que o rádio leva ao ar diariamente vários aspectos do cotidiano. Esses aspectos são percebidos tanto no conteúdo radiofônico, que objetiva a aproximação do ouvinte, com o intuito de ganhar audiência, como também da intimidade gerada entre quem escuta e quem fala (o locutor). A pesquisa foi aplicada na Associação do Cego do Piauí (ACEP), tendo como foco a observação dos frequentadores daquele ambiente, e a interferência do meio de comunicação, rádio, nas relações cotidianas dos membros da instituição. Teoricamente, o trabalho está fundamentado nos estudos sobre rádio, que englobam: histórico, funções e características e na Sociologia do Cotidiano, tendo como principal teórico, o francês Michel Maffesoli. O procedimento metodológico é a etnografia, dividido em três etapas de desenvolvimento: aplicação de questionários fechados (a 100 deficientes visuais da ACEP, de caráter exploratório), entrevista em profundidade (realizadas com alguns membros da associação e dispostas no trabalho) e observação participante (realizada tanto na ACEP, como o acompanhamento de dois membros durante um dia). A análise do objeto empírico aponta que o rádio pode ser percebido em vários momentos do cotidiano do público estudado, sendo este, um elemento determinante nas socialidades e no fazer diário do cego.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho visa descrever a experiência de uma pesquisa em psicologia social desde seus momentos iniciais onde o problema de pesquisa ainda se delineava, passando por todas as suas desconstruções a partir do encontro com o campo de pesquisa: a prática do parkour. As ferramentas metodológicas que foram utilizadas vão igualmente recebendo sua forma de acordo com as demandas dos encontros: seguir os atores, acompanhá-los em suas controvérsias, aprender com eles, levar a sério suas recalcitrâncias, compartilhar um campo de afetos, compartilhar uma experiência de cidade e explicitar os processos de tradução da pesquisa. Questões da materialidade, da alteridade, do corpo, da cidade emergem nesse processo, no entanto, busca-se efetivamente descrever um processo de pesquisa à medida que se coloca a questão de pesquisar como uma política ontológica capaz de inventar e re-inventar o pesquisador e as questões que levanta na própria relação com aquilo que o leva a pesquisa. / This paper aims to describe the experience of a research in social psychology since its early stages when the research problem was still emerging, through all its deconstructions by the time of the encounter with the research field: the practice of parkour. The methodological tools that were used would also be shaped according to the demands posed by this relation: to follow the actors, to follow them in their controversies , to learn from them, to take seriously their recalcitrances, to share a field of affections, to share an experience of the city and make explicit the translation processes of the research. Matters of materiality, of otherness, of body, of the city emerge in this process, and however, we seek to effectively describe a research process as it poses the question of researching as an ontological politic capable of inventing and re-inventing the researcher and the questions previously and continuosly raised in the relation to what leads to research.

Métodos filogenéticos comparativos utilizam informações sobre as relações de ancestralidade entre as espécies para testar hipóteses evolutivas. Neste contexto, a Reconstrução de Caracteres Ancestrais (RCA) pode nos esclarecer muito a respeito dos organismos já extintos. A família Canidae apresenta variada gama de comportamentos, distribuída por quase todo o planeta. Sua rica história fóssil demonstra processos que nos dão pistas sobre a evolução e diversificação destes comportamentos ao longo de 46 Ma. Entender a importância de fatores bióticos e abióticos na evolução de carnívoros tem sido um dos grandes desafios em estudos macroevolutivos nos últimos anos. Aqui foram abordados aspectos evolutivos de Canidae com o intuito de demonstrar o papel de fatores ambientais e comportamentais, além de interações, na diversificação do grupo. Para isso, construiu-se a filogenia para todas as espécies vivas de canídeos e uma espécie recentemente extinta. No total, 37 espécies foram incluídas na árvore filogenética. Foram obtidos 23 marcadores moleculares usados na construção da filogenia. Utilizou-se também 68 caracteres morfológicos. A construção da filogenia foi feita utilizando inferência Bayesiana. O modelo evolutivo escolhido nessa etapa foi GTR + G + I. Também foi utilizado o algoritmo de Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) para obter a distribuição a posteriori, com 50 x 106 iterações. A datação da árvore filogenética foi feita através do método de Penalized Likelihood, onde foram utilizados 11 registros fósseis de nós conhecidos da filogenia. Após a filogenia feita, obteve-se os dados comportamentais para realização da RCA a respeito dos quatro atributos avaliados. As quatro reconstruções foram criadas com inferência em 1000 árvores cada. Todas análises de RCA foram realizadas com o método de parcimônia. Com o intuito de entender de que maneira os atributos se correlacionam ao longo da filogenia, foi calculada a correlação de Pagel além de Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares (PGLS). A topologia obtida aqui foi diferente das demais árvores filogenéticas já criadas para Canidae. Além disso, a calibração temporal indica que o split entre Canini e Vulpini se deu há 12.6 Ma, diferente do que é apontado na literatura. A respeito das reconstruções, as linhagens ancestrais dos lobos e das raposas desenvolveram o hábito de viver em áreas abertas. Já os canídeos sulamericanos desenvolveram preferência por áreas florestais. Em relação à dieta, o ancestral de Caninae, assim como os ancestrais diretos das tribos Canini e Vulpini, apresentavam comportamento alimentar hipocarnívoro. O ancestral de todos os canídeos existentes hoje apresentou baixa organização social, enquanto que os lobos desenvolveram alto comportamento social, coincidindo com o surgimento do hábito hipercarnívoro. A respeito do tamanho corporal, o nó ancestral a todos os canídeos possuía tamanho médio, e as duas tribos que surgiram a partir desta linhagem divergiram seus tamanhos. O teste de Pagel demonstrou que há correlação entre dieta e socialidade, mostrando que a alimentação levou a modificações no comportamento Social. Os PGLSs mostram que três tipos de modelos evolutivos explicam as mudanças nos atributos ao longo do tempo. As mudanças no uso de habitat dos canídeos acompanharam as mudanças climáticas no planeta ao longo dos últimos 13 Ma. Já a alimentação meso e hipocarnívora dos sulamericanos se deve ao cenário encontrado na América do Sul ao chegarem, e como reflexo, não desenvolveram alto grau de socialidade. Os resultados sugerem que raposas tentaram evitar a competição com os lobos para não sobreporem seus nichos, sendo o fator fundamental para sua diversificação. / Phylogenetic comparative methods use information on ancestral relationships between species to test evolutionary hypotheses. In this context, the Ancestral Characters Reconstruction (ACR) can shed light on the already extinct organisms. The Canidae family has a wide range of behaviors, distributed throughout most of the planet. Its rich fossil history demonstrates processes that give us clues about the evolution and diversification of these behaviors over 46 Ma. Understanding the importance of biotic and abiotic factors in the evolution of carnivores has been one of the major challenges in macroevolutionary studies in recent years. Here we discuss the evolutionary aspects of Canidae with the purpose of demonstrating the role of environmental and behavioral factors, as well as interactions, in the diversification of the group. For this, the phylogeny was constructed for all living species of canids and a recently extinct species. In total, 37 species were included in the phylogenetic tree. A total of 23 molecular markers were used to construct the phylogeny. We also used 68 morphological characters. The construction of the phylogeny was done using Bayesian inference. The evolutionary model chosen in this step was GTR + G + I. The Monte Carlo Markov Chain algorithm (MCMC) was also used to obtain the posterior distribution, with 50 x 106 iterations. The phylogenetic tree was dated using the Penalized Likelihood method, where eleven fossil records of nodes known from the phylogeny were used. After the phylogeny, the behavioral data were obtained to perform the ACR in relation to the four attributes evaluated. The four reconstructions were created with inference in 1000 trees each. All ACR analyzes were performed using the parsimony method. In order to understand how the attributes correlate throughout the phylogeny, the Pagel correlation was calculated in addition to Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares (PGLS). The topology obtained here was different from the other phylogenetic trees already created for Canidae. In addition, the time calibration indicates that the split between Canini and Vulpini occurred 12.6 Ma ago, different from what is pointed out in the literature. Concerning reconstructions, the ancestral lineages of wolves and foxes have developed the habit of living in open areas. South American canids have developed preference for forest areas. Regarding diet, Caninae's ancestor, as well as the direct ancestors of the Canini and Vulpini tribes, presented hypocampivorous feeding behavior. The ancestor of all canids present today had a low social organization, while the wolves developed a high social behavior, coinciding with the emergence of the hypercarnivore habit. Regarding the body size, the ancestral node to all canids had medium size, and the two tribes that have emerged from this lineage diverged their sizes. The Pagel test demonstrated that there is a correlation between diet and sociality, showing that diet led to changes in social behavior. The PGLSs show that three types of evolutionary models explain changes in attributes over time. The changes in the habitat use of the canids have accompanied the climatic changes in the planet during the last 13 Ma. The meso and hypocarnivorous feeding of the South Americans is due to the scenario found in South America when they arrived, and as a reflex, they did not develop high degree of Sociality. The results suggest that foxes tried to avoid competition with the wolves to avoid overlapping their niches, being the fundamental factor for their diversification.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-06-27T17:33:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTACAO_CJEland_DEFINITIVA.pdf: 1117645 bytes, checksum: 72bd32d2e20b55b08b4f94191834359b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T17:33:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTACAO_CJEland_DEFINITIVA.pdf: 1117645 bytes, checksum: 72bd32d2e20b55b08b4f94191834359b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-02 / CAPES / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo examinar a relação entre o conceito de fraternidade nos primeiros escritos de Emmanuel Levinas, especialmente em Totalidade e Infinito, e suas obras posteriores sobre Direitos Humanos a fim de investigar uma possível fundamentação não liberal para os Direitos Humanos na contemporaneidade. Para tanto, será necessário explicitar como a obra de Levinas sobre a relação ética para com o Outro que fundamenta sua ideia de Direitos Humanos se ancora na relação política para com o terceiro. O conceito de fraternidade, como a não-indiferença universal para com o Outro, implica o conteúdo dessa relação ética que vai além da ética e permeia as categorias tradicionalmente políticas do pensamento filosófico. Assim, através da leitura relacional entre o conceito de Direitos Humanos e o conceito de fraternidade, que toma forma política na figura do terceiro, torna-se claro que a perspectiva de Levinas sobre os direitos como direitos dos outros se opõe a uma leitura liberal do seu trabalho, podendo, portanto, apontar para uma leitura não liberal dos direitos humanos na atualidade. / This dissertation seeks to examine the relationship between Emmanuel Levinas’s early work on fraternity, especially Totality and Infinity, and his later work on Human Rights in order to investigate the possibility of a non-liberal foundation for Human Rights in the contemporary world. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to develop the way in which Levinas’s work on the ethical relation to the Other serves as the foundation of his concept of Human Rights and anchors the political relation to the third party. The concept of fraternity, as a universal non-indifference to the Other, implies the content of the ethical relation which goes beyond ethics and reaches into traditionally political categories of philosophical thought. As such, by reading Levinas’s concept of Human Rights in relation to this early concept of fraternity, which takes its political form through the third party, his account of rights as the rights of the other stands in clear opposition to a liberal understanding of his work and describes a non-liberal account of human rights in the contemporary world.

Group living is a social strategy adopted by many species, where individuals can exhibit long-term social affiliation with others, strengthened through cooperative behaviour and often kinship. For highly social mammals, changes in group membership may have significant consequences for the long-term viability and functioning of a population. Detecting significant social events is essential for monitoring the social dynamics of such populations and is crucial to determining the factors underlying these events. Detecting when changes in social organization occur, especially with incomplete data, poses significant analytical challenges. To resolve this issue, I developed and assessed a straightforward, multi-stage and generalizable method with broad utility for ecologists interested in detecting and subsequently investigating causes of changes in social organization. My approach illustrates the frequency and ecological relevance of group fission and fusion events in a population of fish-eating ‘Resident’ killer whales (Orcinus orca). Group fission is a process commonly found in social mammals, yet is poorly described in many taxa, and has never been formally described in killer whales. To address this gap, I provided the first description of matrilineal fission in killer whales, from a threatened but growing Northern Resident killer whale population in which matrilineal fission has been observed for the past three decades. I also undertook the first comprehensive assessment of how killer whale intragroup cohesion is influenced by group structure, demography and resource abundance. Fission in Northern Resident killer whales occurred both along and across maternal lines, where animals dispersed in parallel with their closest maternal kin. I show that fission in this population is driven primarily by population growth and the demographic conditions of groups, particularly those dictating the nutritional requirements of the group. I posit that intragroup food competition is the most likely explanation for group fission in this population, where prey abundance also has ancillary effects. As group fission can have a direct impact on the fitness of group members and the long-term viability of a population, my findings underscore the importance of incorporating studies of sociality into the management of threatened populations of social mammals. / Graduate / 0329 / 0472

Animal behavior has become a frequently used tool in modern ecology and ecotoxicology, where laboratory behavioral traits are recognized as sensitive endpoints for assessing natural behavior or non-lethal effects of pollutants on animals. Within these research fields, behavioral traits measured in laboratory environments have been used to formulate predictions of ecological consequences that accompany specific behavior. However, the predictive power of behavioral traits measured in simplified laboratory environments for complex natural aquatic ecosystems has been questioned. In this study, I have examined to what extent behavioral changes, noted in laboratory settings in response to chemical stressors (an anxiolytic drug) or visual cues of black and white bottom substrates, are also expressed in the wild. In my first experiment, I scrutinized whether reduced social behavior previously shown to occur in the lab for European perch (Perca fluvatilis) in response to oxazepam also occurs within a natural lake subjected to oxazepam. The in situ behavior was measured using high temporal resolution (3 sec) acoustic telemetry. In my second experiment, I assessed if the Atlantic salmon’s (Salmo salar) preference for black bottom substrates (scototaxis) in laboratory assays could be utilized for guiding migrating Atlantic salmon in situ. I show that: i) Oxazepam does not affect the social (association) behavior or the social network structure of perch in natural settings, in contrast to laboratory-based predictions; ii) Atlantic salmon show a preference for black bottom substrates both in laboratory- and natural environments. My study with oxazepam underlines that abiotic environmental factors and collective decision making in-situ, can override the anti-social behavioral effects of oxazepam on perch in a natural Lake. However, there seems to be potential in using laboratory behavioral assays to predict behavior in the wild, given that there is a tendency for migrating salmon to follow black bottom substrates both in laboratory environments and in streams.