The rise of the internet, social networking sites, and mobile devices have transformed the way backpackers experience travel. Social sphere of traveling is not merely a physical space but is now extended through digital social media in which backpackers can interact, post, share, and present their corporeal travel activities online. This study aims to explore social affordances of digital technologies including mobile devices, social networking sites, and the internet as means of extended social interaction, and how it affects the way backpackers experience travel. The affordances perspective assumes that the linkage between human and technology is relational, meaning that it creates the possibilities for human actions as well as constrains depending on the context of the user and the capacity of technological artefact. One of the largest Indonesian backpacker community is selected as the research site. The community is managed both online and offline through an online forum and conducting routine gatherings for its members. An approach in qualitative research known as netnography combined with interviews were employed to collect research materials. Analysis was performed to identify patterns of backpacker interaction afforded by digital technologies. The findings indicated that the presence of digital technologies was seen beneficial for the creation of network capital, presentation of identity, and performing mobile social interactions demonstrating a form of network sociality. Furthermore, digital mobile interactions increasingly became a central element in the making of the backpacking experience. The use of digital technologies among backpackers reflected the convergence of corporeal mobility and digitally mediated communication which can help explain patterns of sociality and interaction on the move.

A tese discute as alterações paradigmáticas que incidem no modo de fazer o fandango caiçara na contemporaneidade refletindo sobre a pulsão de vida e de mundo que move os múltiplos agenciamentos de atores culturais no litoral caiçara. Contempla também os diálogos interétnicos, intergeracionais e interinstitucionais que historicamente fortalecem aspectos macro e micropolíticos inerentes ao fandango e, a partir da consolidação de políticas públicas para as culturas populares e do advento da comunicação instantânea, tomam assento nos modelos culturais e artísticos de que se valem os fandangueiros para manter suas práticas poético-musicais, organológicas e de sociabilidade. Articulamos participativamente nosso engajamento ativo a partir de conceitos musicológicos, etnográficos, cognitivos, filosóficos e performáticos, aproximando-nos ainda da ontologia corpuscular e das humanidades digitais para melhor compreender a alteridade caiçara e suas estratégias de resistência e insurreição frente à distópica conjuntura sociopolítica experimentada globalmente neste recorte sincrônico, lapso temporal dito hipermodernidade. / This thesis discusses the paradigmatic changes that affect how fandango caiçara is done in contemporary times, reflecting on life and world pulses that move the multiple assemblages of cultural actors in the caiçara coast. It further contemplates the interethnic, intergenerational and interinstitutional dialogues that historically strengthen macro and micropolitics inherent in fandango, and, from the consolidation of public policies for popular cultures and the advent of instantaneous communication, are based on the cultural and artistic models used by fandangueiros to maintain their poetic-musical, organological and sociability practices. We collectively articulated our activist commitment from musicological, ethnographic, cognitive, philosophical and performatic concepts, yet approaching corpuscular ontology and digital humanities in order to better understand the otherness of caiçara and its strategies of resistance and insurrection in the face of the dystopian sociopolitical conjuncture globally experienced in this synchronic cut-off, temporal lapse called hypermodernity.

No livro The Insect Societies, Wilson propôs categorias de socialidade que foram consideradas uma unificação histórica da terminologia no estudo do comportamento social. Desde então, muitos novos padrões comportamentais foram descritos, mas não podiam ser encaixados em nenhuma das categorias disponíveis, prejudicando o consenso em torno dessa classificação bem estabelecida. Novas classificações gerais tentaram contornar as limitações mostradas pela categorização de Wilson, mas com pouco sucesso. Entre as proposições, algumas mantêm a forma de categorização discreta usando características consideradas importantes pelos autores que as propuseram; outros avançam em um modelo quantitativo de caracterização da socialidade. A análise de Carnap sobre os tipos de conceitos em ciência pode nos ajudar a avançar nesta discussão. Sua distinção entre conceitos qualitativos (classificatórios e comparativos) e conceitos quantitativos é usada aqui como base epistemológica para analisar o desenvolvimento das mudanças conceituais e classificações de socialidade propostas. A abordagem de Carnap reforça a proposta de superar a dicotomia entre espécies sociais e sociais a favor de um modelo de gradientes de socialidade. Concluímos que uma nova métrica de socialidade deve ser construída, usando características que não são arbitrárias, mas sim evolutivamente significativas e que permita a comparação entre o comportamento social de todas as espécies. Nesse sentido, a análise de redes sociais tem sido usada para descrever a estrutura de diferentes sociedades, características da estrutura das redes são comparáveis entre grupos e espécies. Aranhas sociais se constituem como um ótimo objeto de estudo, pois apresentam diferentes níveis de socialidade em diferentes níveis taxonômicos. Nós, portanto, desenvolvemos uma abordagem de redes sociais para quantificar a socialidade em colônias de Anelosimus eximius e descrever sua estrutura. Somado a isso, e considerando que a divisão do trabalho é uma característica importante das espécies eussociais, nós testamos se os indivíduos nas colônias se especializam em tarefas e se organizam em grupos em diferentes contextos sociais. Além disso, avaliamos quais os efeitos do tamanho de grupo nesta organização social. Indivíduos de A. eximius apresentam uma organização em grupos nos diferentes contextos sociais, e as colônias apresentam uma baixa, porém significativa, taxa de especialização em tarefas. Os grupos variam entre contextos, mas são frequentemente similares em contextos ativos. Em colônias menores, os indivíduos não apresentam grupos consistentes, todos os individuos parecem necessários para as tarefas. Complexidade social definida como especialização e formação de grupos dentro da colônia parece ser uma métrica útil de socialidade, permitindo a comparação de uma gama de espécies. O tamanho dos grupos tem que ser levado em conta, porque indivíduos aparentam ser sensíveis às necessidades da colônia / In the book The Insect Societies, Wilson proposed categories of sociality that were considered a landmark unification of terminology in the study of social behavior. Since then, many new behavioral patterns were described, but they could not be fitted in any of the available categories, undermining the consensus around that wellestablished classification. New general classifications tried to circumvent the limitations shown by Wilsons categorization, but with little success. Among the propositions, some maintain the form of discrete categorization using features considered important by the authors who proposed them; others advance a quantitative model of characterization of sociality. Carnap\'s analysis of types of concepts can help moving forward in this discussion. His distinction between qualitative concepts (classificatory and comparative) and quantitative concepts is used here as an epistemological basis for analyzing the development of the proposed conceptual changes and classifications of sociality. Carnaps approach reinforces the proposal of overcoming the dichotomy between eusocial and social species in favor of a model of sociality gradients. We conclude that a new metric of sociality should be built, using characteristics that are non-arbitrary, evolutionarily meaningful, and amenable to comparing social behavior between all species. In this context, social network analysis is currently used as a means to describe social structures in animal systems, and the network structure characteristics can be compared across groups of different composition and species. Social spiders are good models to study social behavior because they present different levels of sociality in different taxonomic levels. We develop a social network approach to quantifying sociality in Anelosimus eximius colonies and describe its structure. In addition, since division of labor is an important feature of eusociality, we evaluated individual specialization in colony tasks and tested for the existence of groups of individuals through different social contexts. We also evaluated the effects of colony size on such organization. A. eximius present a organization in groups in different social contexts, and colonies exhibit a low, but significant, specialization rate in particular tasks. Group composition among spiders was flexible but frequently similar in active tasks. Individuals in smaller colonies did not form consistent groups; all individuals seem necessary to perform the tasks. The evaluation of social complexity in terms of specialization and group organization seems to be a useful metric, allowing the comparison of a wide range of species. Colony size should be an important qualifier of this metric, since individual behavior appears sensitive to colony needs

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A presente tese versa sobre compartilhamento de arquivos na era da internet. Analisaremos aspectos da socialidade em uma comunidade online especializada na arte do cultivo, semeio, preservaÃÃo e disseminaÃÃo de arquivos digitais (compreendidos enquanto âsementes digitaisâ). As sementes digitais sÃo basicamente qualquer arquivo de computador digitalizado (por exemplo, um filme, uma mÃsica, um livro, um software etc.) que necessita ser semeado virtualmente atà que floresÃa e possa ser compartilhado atravÃs da internet via redes P2P (peer-to-peer). Nesse sentido, esta tese à uma narrativa sobre uma experiÃncia relacional que vivenciamos (de 2008 a 2017) em uma comunidade de âcyberagricultoresâ denominada OÃsis (nome fictÃcio). O OÃsis à uma comunidade fechada que possui cerca de 60 mil membros registrados (atà inÃcio de 2017). Nossa perspectiva metodolÃgica nos levou a seguir linhas errÃticas dos traÃados digitais que compÃem as dinÃmicas singulares que constituem aquilo que denominamos de âeconomia do compartilhamentoâ. Deste modo, tentamos elucidar o movimento das sementes digitais atravÃs dos sensos de moralidades creditados pelos âsemeadores de arquivosâ que frequentam esta comunidade em particular. Com efeito, relatamos nesta tese prÃticas e vivÃncias que compÃem aquilo que identificamos como âÃtica do compartilharâ, espÃcie de âespÃrito do compartilhamentoâ que atua (atravÃs de uma alquimia simbÃlica) na transformaÃÃo de arquivos ou mercadorias digitais em presentes, dÃdivas e honrarias prontas para serem dispersadas atravÃs de redes cooperativas e descentralizadas de compartilhamento. Dito de outro modo, uma semente digital pode ser melhor apresentada sob a forma de uma âcoisa vivaâ, isto Ã, como uma semente de vida carregada de riquezas, dignidades e esperanÃas, exatamente por estabelecer o entendimento de que produÃÃes culturais sÃo artefatos produzidos para serem dispersados livremente como um âbem comumâ. Por fim, ressaltamos de que forma esta cyberecologia se apresenta como um projeto que pretende garantir a implantaÃÃo de uma rede de proteÃÃo de sementes digitais ameaÃadas pelo esquecimento e pelo descaso. / The present thesis deals with file sharing in the age of the Internet. We will analyze aspects of sociality in a file sharing community specialized in the art of cultivating, sowing, preserving of digital files (described as âdigital seedsâ). Digital seeds are basically any digitized computer file (for example, a movie, a song, a book, a software etc.) that needs to be virtually planted until it blooms and can be shared over the internet by P2P (peer-to-peer) networks. In this sense, this thesis is a narrative about a relational experience that we experienced (from 2008 to 2017) in a community of cyber seeders named Oasis (fictitious name). Oasis is a closed community that has about 60,000 registered members (until early 2017). Our methodological perspective led us to follow erratic digital paths that make up the unique dynamic that constitutes what we call "sharing economy". In this way, we try to elucidate the movement of digital seeds through the senses of morality credited by the "file sharers" who particularly attend that community. Indeed, in this thesis we report practices and experiences that make up what we identify as "ethics of sharing", a sort of "spirit of sharing" that acts (through a symbolic alchemy) in the transformation of digital files or goods into gifts and honors ready to be dispersed through cooperative and decentralized sharing networks. In other words, a digital seed can best be presented in the form of a "living thing"; that is, as a seed of life laden with riches, dignities and hopes, exactly for establishing the understanding that cultural productions are artifacts produced to be freely dispersed as a "common good." Finally, we highlight how this cyber ecology presents itself as a project that intends to ensure the implementation of a protection network of digital seeds threatened by forgetfulness and neglect.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A presente tese versa sobre compartilhamento de arquivos na era da internet. Analisaremos aspectos da socialidade em uma comunidade online especializada na arte do cultivo, semeio, preservaÃÃo e disseminaÃÃo de arquivos digitais (compreendidos enquanto âsementes digitaisâ). As sementes digitais sÃo basicamente qualquer arquivo de computador digitalizado (por exemplo, um filme, uma mÃsica, um livro, um software etc.) que necessita ser semeado virtualmente atà que floresÃa e possa ser compartilhado atravÃs da internet via redes P2P (peer-to-peer). Nesse sentido, esta tese à uma narrativa sobre uma experiÃncia relacional que vivenciamos (de 2008 a 2017) em uma comunidade de âcyberagricultoresâ denominada OÃsis (nome fictÃcio). O OÃsis à uma comunidade fechada que possui cerca de 60 mil membros registrados (atà inÃcio de 2017). Nossa perspectiva metodolÃgica nos levou a seguir linhas errÃticas dos traÃados digitais que compÃem as dinÃmicas singulares que constituem aquilo que denominamos de âeconomia do compartilhamentoâ. Deste modo, tentamos elucidar o movimento das sementes digitais atravÃs dos sensos de moralidades creditados pelos âsemeadores de arquivosâ que frequentam esta comunidade em particular. Com efeito, relatamos nesta tese prÃticas e vivÃncias que compÃem aquilo que identificamos como âÃtica do compartilharâ, espÃcie de âespÃrito do compartilhamentoâ que atua (atravÃs de uma alquimia simbÃlica) na transformaÃÃo de arquivos ou mercadorias digitais em presentes, dÃdivas e honrarias prontas para serem dispersadas atravÃs de redes cooperativas e descentralizadas de compartilhamento. Dito de outro modo, uma semente digital pode ser melhor apresentada sob a forma de uma âcoisa vivaâ, isto Ã, como uma semente de vida carregada de riquezas, dignidades e esperanÃas, exatamente por estabelecer o entendimento de que produÃÃes culturais sÃo artefatos produzidos para serem dispersados livremente como um âbem comumâ. Por fim, ressaltamos de que forma esta cyberecologia se apresenta como um projeto que pretende garantir a implantaÃÃo de uma rede de proteÃÃo de sementes digitais ameaÃadas pelo esquecimento e pelo descaso. / The present thesis deals with file sharing in the age of the Internet. We will analyze aspects of sociality in a file sharing community specialized in the art of cultivating, sowing, preserving of digital files (described as âdigital seedsâ). Digital seeds are basically any digitized computer file (for example, a movie, a song, a book, a software etc.) that needs to be virtually planted until it blooms and can be shared over the internet by P2P (peer-to-peer) networks. In this sense, this thesis is a narrative about a relational experience that we experienced (from 2008 to 2017) in a community of cyber seeders named Oasis (fictitious name). Oasis is a closed community that has about 60,000 registered members (until early 2017). Our methodological perspective led us to follow erratic digital paths that make up the unique dynamic that constitutes what we call "sharing economy". In this way, we try to elucidate the movement of digital seeds through the senses of morality credited by the "file sharers" who particularly attend that community. Indeed, in this thesis we report practices and experiences that make up what we identify as "ethics of sharing", a sort of "spirit of sharing" that acts (through a symbolic alchemy) in the transformation of digital files or goods into gifts and honors ready to be dispersed through cooperative and decentralized sharing networks. In other words, a digital seed can best be presented in the form of a "living thing"; that is, as a seed of life laden with riches, dignities and hopes, exactly for establishing the understanding that cultural productions are artifacts produced to be freely dispersed as a "common good." Finally, we highlight how this cyber ecology presents itself as a project that intends to ensure the implementation of a protection network of digital seeds threatened by forgetfulness and neglect.

<p>This thesis combines behavioral observations of African lions (<i>Panthera leo</i>) with genetic analyses, in an attempt to clarify causes and consequences of lion group living. The numerous complex cooperative behaviors of lions present an excellent opportunity to investigate the evolution and maintenance of group living. This thesis focuses on female group living and male dispersal patterns.</p><p>Lion sociality is found to be more complex than previously thought. Short dispersal distances result in strong kinship ties among prides, creating the potential for kin selection to operate among prides. Simultaneously, some prides contained unrelated females, depriving females in such prides of inclusive fitness benefits from group living. Concurrent with short dispersal distances in both males and females, significant genetic differentiation could be detected over relatively short distances in analyses of males. Extensive behavioral observations showed that territorial behaviors were unaffected by kinship ties to intruders. Instead, favorable odds and several environmental conditions were important factors. Space use analyses showed large overlap among prides. Again, kinship did not affect degree of overlap. </p><p>Conclusively, these results show that the ultimate causes of lion sociality remain elusive, but that kin selection may be less important than generally thought. Lion sociality seems to be explicable mainly in terms of direct fitness benefits, which therefore should be given more attention.</p>

This thesis examines the characteristics of dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) nursery groups and ontogeny of dusky dolphin calves. Data were collected via boat-based group focal follows of nurseries from October 2006-May 2007. A total of 87 nursery groups were encountered. Data were analyzed according to age category (infant or yearling) and season (early or late). Nursery group membership was lowest in the early season and when yearlings were present. The average number of yearlings in a nursery group was less than that of infants. The predominant activity of calves was rest. Early infants rested the most, while travel seemed most important for late infants, and early yearlings were most likely to forage. With the exception of early infants, all calves were more likely than adults to interact with boats. When taking month into account, yearlings were more social in general than infants. Infants showed a positive trend in sociality, while yearling sociality remained relatively stable. Nursery groups are markedly segregated by calf age, and 80% of nursery groups contained calves of only one age group. Dusky dolphin calves show a similar trend in preference for position in relation to the mother as that in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.), with echelon swim decreasing with age. However, all calves appear to prefer echelon swim when nursery groups are traveling. Calves were more likely to swim independently in the late part of the season and while foraging or socializing, and were more likely to be in close proximity to their mothers while resting or traveling. Calves learned noisy leaps, followed by clean, coordinated, and acrobatic leaps, in that order. There was no clear relationship between behavioral state and types of leaps performed by calves. Early infants leapt less often than older calves, but leap frequency did not differ among the older calves. The overall pattern in the ontogeny of dusky dolphin leaps indicates that the physical development of leaps is learned individually, while the context in which the leaps are performed is learned from conspecifics. These results indicate that nursery groups represent an important environment for healthy physical and social development of calves.

This thesis combines behavioral observations of African lions (Panthera leo) with genetic analyses, in an attempt to clarify causes and consequences of lion group living. The numerous complex cooperative behaviors of lions present an excellent opportunity to investigate the evolution and maintenance of group living. This thesis focuses on female group living and male dispersal patterns. Lion sociality is found to be more complex than previously thought. Short dispersal distances result in strong kinship ties among prides, creating the potential for kin selection to operate among prides. Simultaneously, some prides contained unrelated females, depriving females in such prides of inclusive fitness benefits from group living. Concurrent with short dispersal distances in both males and females, significant genetic differentiation could be detected over relatively short distances in analyses of males. Extensive behavioral observations showed that territorial behaviors were unaffected by kinship ties to intruders. Instead, favorable odds and several environmental conditions were important factors. Space use analyses showed large overlap among prides. Again, kinship did not affect degree of overlap. Conclusively, these results show that the ultimate causes of lion sociality remain elusive, but that kin selection may be less important than generally thought. Lion sociality seems to be explicable mainly in terms of direct fitness benefits, which therefore should be given more attention.

Due to a recent increase in usage of the concept of intimacy within social scientific research, the overarching aim of this work is to investigate its meaning and significance in contemporary social life. The first part of the thesis reviews research on intimacy. Intimacy is perceived as being vaguely defined as a concept, leading to insufficient discussions concerning the significance of intimacy both as a social concept and as a social phenomenon in contemporary western society. In order to become more clearly defined as a social concept to use in future research, intimacy needs to be investigated as a social phenomenon. The second part explores and analyses intimacy as a social phenomenon by way of three partly phenomenological and partly theoretical analyses: the phenomenology of intimacy, the arithmetic of intimacy and the dark sides of intimacy. The three analyses result in a definition of intimacy understood as a kind of sociality, or mode of social being, characterized by an oceanic experience, mutual and complete directedness between the ones being in relation, an experience of mental as well as physical closeness, and an experience of time as “durée”. The third part discusses the proposed definition of intimacy as sociality in relation to contemporary social theory. In relation to an understanding of contemporary western society as late modern or radicalized modern, intimacy as sociality is discussed as a radicalization of a rational sociality, characteristic for modern society. The discussion takes the form of a dialectic critique of modern dualistic theories, proposing a triadic (dialectic) alternative for understanding basic forms of sociality and social relations. The vague notion of intimacy as a concept suited to characterize social life in contemporary western society is supported by this proposition.

This thesis examines the characteristics of dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) nursery groups and ontogeny of dusky dolphin calves. Data were collected via boat-based group focal follows of nurseries from October 2006-May 2007. A total of 87 nursery groups were encountered. Data were analyzed according to age category (infant or yearling) and season (early or late). Nursery group membership was lowest in the early season and when yearlings were present. The average number of yearlings in a nursery group was less than that of infants. The predominant activity of calves was rest. Early infants rested the most, while travel seemed most important for late infants, and early yearlings were most likely to forage. With the exception of early infants, all calves were more likely than adults to interact with boats. When taking month into account, yearlings were more social in general than infants. Infants showed a positive trend in sociality, while yearling sociality remained relatively stable. Nursery groups are markedly segregated by calf age, and 80% of nursery groups contained calves of only one age group. Dusky dolphin calves show a similar trend in preference for position in relation to the mother as that in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.), with echelon swim decreasing with age. However, all calves appear to prefer echelon swim when nursery groups are traveling. Calves were more likely to swim independently in the late part of the season and while foraging or socializing, and were more likely to be in close proximity to their mothers while resting or traveling. Calves learned noisy leaps, followed by clean, coordinated, and acrobatic leaps, in that order. There was no clear relationship between behavioral state and types of leaps performed by calves. Early infants leapt less often than older calves, but leap frequency did not differ among the older calves. The overall pattern in the ontogeny of dusky dolphin leaps indicates that the physical development of leaps is learned individually, while the context in which the leaps are performed is learned from conspecifics. These results indicate that nursery groups represent an important environment for healthy physical and social development of calves.