Durant les années 80, la prise en charge des personnes insuffisantes respiratoires a bénéficié d'avancées techniques qui ont permis aux malades, auparavant contraints de rester à l'hôpital, de pouvoir retourner chez eux. Les patients ont alors dû faire face à des problèmes auxquels ils n'étaient pas toujours préparés. Atteints d'une pathologie qu'ils ne connaissaient pas, ces derniers ont dû devenir plus autonomes en matière de recherche d'information, de gestion des crises de la maladie et d'utilisation des traitements. Ils devaient comprendre et construire une représentation de leur maladie, très souvent inconnue par leur entourage et par eux-mêmes. Il leur a fallu également affronter le regard des autres et lutter contre la stigmatisation. Progressivement, les patients se sont réunis et ont créé des associations dans le but de faire face ensemble à ces problématiques. Ces associations départementales ou régionales se sont rapidement fédérées pour former une organisation d'échelle nationale, la Fédération Française des Associations et Amicales de malades Insuffisants ou handicapés Respiratoires (FFAAIR). Progressivement, ce mouvement a permis à des agents d'acquérir la légitimité de représenter les malades et de participer avec les professionnels de santé à la construction d'un nouveau champ social. Ces transformations ont été accompagnées et rendues possibles par l'émergence d'une nouvelle forme d'engagement socio-discursif associatif / During the 1980's, the management and treatment of people suffering from respiratory failure has been improved by new technical developments enabling patients to return home instead of staying in hospital. These patients were thus confronted by certain issues that they were not necessarily prepared for. Diagnosed with a pathology that they did not know, they had to become more self-reliant in terms of information research, health crisis management and the use of medical treatment. They had to understand and build a representation of their disease, a disease often unknown to their family/social circle as well as themselves. They also had to face the regard of others and to fight against stigmatization. The patients thus joined together and created associations in order to address, together, such problems. These departmental or regional associations soon became an organization on a national scale, the Fédération Française des Associations et Amicales de malades Insuffisants ou handicaps Respiratoires (FFAAIR). Progressively, this movement enabled agents to gain legitimacy in representing patients and, together with health professionals, take part in the construction of a new social field. Such transformations were supported and made possible by the emergence of a new form of socio-discursive associative commitment

Anotace: Diplomová práce je rozdělena do tří kapitol. První část je věnována úvodu do problematiky a snahy o uchopení tématu, které je velmi obšírné. Svoji pozornost jsem zaměřila především na názory odborníků z různých oblastí na problematiku globalizace. Dále pak na historický vývoj globalizace a její etapizaci a hlavní faktory ovlivňující globalizační procesy. Taktéž jsem se zmínila o vztahu globalizace, regionalismu a světové ekonomiky. V druhé části jsem přiblížila tři oblasti dopadů globalizačních procesů - oblast ekonomickou, ekologickou a sociální. V závěrečné části se již blíže věnuji vybraným důsledkům. Mým cílem bylo prokázat, nakolik globalizace ovlivňuje vybrané problémy a postihnout jak pozitivní, tak i negativní dopady. Abstract: The diploma thesis is divided into three chapters. The first part is devoted to an introduction to the problem and attempts to grasp a subject that is very wide. I focused my attention primarily on the views of experts from various scientific fields on the issue of globalization. Furthermore, the historical development of globalization and its phasing and the main factors influencing the processes of globalization. I also mentioned the relationship between globalization, regionalism and the global economy. In the second part, I approached the three areas of the...

L’approche socio-spatiale de la réhabilitation des sites industriels pollués s’appuie sur deux supports d’analyse : les composantes environnementales et le cadre exécutif. Cette étude qui porte essentiellement sur la France a permis de faire ressortir les manquements majeurs d’une opération de réhabilitation de site, généralement réduite à la prise en compte de deux facteurs : les coûts et les techniques de dépollution. Cette approche souligne qu’il existe une autre dimension de la réhabilitation des sites qu’il faut considérer. Il s’agit de l’envisager depuis la dépollution jusqu’à la réutilisation du site. Elle nous a conduits à partir du site Total de Vendin-Le-Vieil et d’autres sites pris en exemple d’exposer quelques orientations directrices, qui canaliseraient la réutilisation utile et durable d’un site à partir de son environnemental immédiat et du contexte exécutif en vigueur. Ces orientations ont débouché sur l’élaboration d’un schéma modèle testé sur les bourbiers de torchage de l’Ile Mandji au Gabon (Afrique Centrale). L’objectif à terme étant d’envisager la conception d’un Système Socio-spatial de Management des Sites et Sols Pollués. / The socio-space approach of the rehabilitation of the polluted industrial sites is based on two supports of analysis: environmental components and the executive framework. This study, which relates primarily to France, made it possible to emphasize the major failures of an operation of rehabilitation of site, generally reduced to two factors: costs and techniques of depollution. This approach stresses that there is a dimension of the rehabilitation of the sites, which should be considered. It is a question of considering it, since depollution until the reuse of a site. It led starting from the Total site of Vendin-le-Vieil and other sites taken in example to expose some direct orientations, which would channel the useful and durable reuse of a site from its environmental immediate and of the executive context into force. These orientations led to the development of a model diagram tested on the boubiers of flaring of l’Ile Mandji in Gabon (Central Africa). The objective in the long term is to consider the design of a Socio-space System of Management of the Sites and Sols Polluted.

Spring Break, which has been transformed from a rather mild mid-winter vacation to a cultural rite over the past seventy-years, allows students to bring their values en masse to the host locations they visit. While only visiting these locales for a short time, college students nonetheless significantly impact the economic, public governance and socio-cultural processes of their Spring Break host locations. This dissertation explores the process of how and why students choose these locations and the impacts that occur as a result. A quantitative approach is used to determine the level of impact on a host location's economic, socio-cultural and public governance processes and what role city policies have in affecting these impacts. The data comes primarily from public sources – national, state and local – between 1995 and 2005. This investigation helps to answer the question ‘Is Spring Break worth the cost of the student impacts?' In doing so, it will allow for current Spring Break cities in the U.S. to determine what role the event plays in their future and provides potential Spring Break locations with the information necessary to determine whether or not to court the next generation of Spring Breakers.

Seminario para optar al título de Ingeniero Comercial, Mención Administración / No autorizado por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo en Cybertesis / Ante una quebrada organización que presenta problemas en su desempeño comercial, excesivos despidos, cierra de sucursales, una situación financiera innegablemente decaída, problemas de captación de clientes y fuertes presiones por parte de la casa matriz de la empresa, surge la necesidad de investigar qué es lo que sucede a nivel interno de la organización. La presente investigación en su primera parte cuantifica los problemas de la organización a través de un estudio de clima organizacional. El estudio considera 13 dimensiones a evaluar y otorgando datos duros y precisos acerca de la actual situación de la organización. En la segunda parte de la investigación, se analizan a nivel profundo los resultados obtenidos con base en el estudio de clima organizacional, buscando cuáles son las causas de dicha situación. Las conclusiones al respecto hacen notar que la organización presenta problemas en cuanto al aprendizaje organizacional y a la articulación de la empresa como un sistema y no como la suma de subsistemas.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Springs are an important natural resource in many rural spaces which, if utilised sustainably, can be an important source of livelihoods for rural communities. In Zimbabwe, the social aspects of springs and their waterscapes remain understudied. This includes an in-depth understanding of how communities have shaped their livelihoods around springs, the extent to which they have contributed to sustainable rural livelihoods, especially in water stressed parts of the country and the institutional framework shaping their access and utilisation. Using the sustainable livelihoods framework of analysis, the goal of this study was to investigate the role that springs and their resultant waterscapes have played in securing livelihoods for rural households in the Save Catchment of Zimbabwe. Methodologically, the research adopted the socio-hydrological approach which is a new and emerging discipline that aims at understanding the interactions and feedbacks between the human and natural processes that give rise to community water sustainability challenges. The socio-hydrological approach is informed by both the qualitative and quantitative research techniques of data collection and analysis. Two rural communities (Nyanyadzi and Maturure) of the Save Catchment were randomly selected for an in-depth study. The snowball sampling technique (non-probability) was utilised in the selection of the 100 participants for the questionnaire survey. Purposive sampling was used to select nine key informant interview participants. Secondary data collection was done through a systematic review of scholarly and policy literature. Qualitative data generated from primary and secondary sources were processed and analysed using qualitative techniques such as thematic ordering, systematisation and fine grain analysis. For quantitative data, descriptive statistics, such as frequencies, were used to summarise and analyse questionnaire data. Rural communities in the Save Catchment of Zimbabwe were observed to have developed livelihood strategies that were anchored on springs and their waterscapes. In the studied communities, springs were utilised for both commercial and subsistence purposes and livelihoods constructed around springs included; gardening, tourism, livestock production, brick kilning art and craft making. In the study, springs were also shown to be a very important component of sustainable rural livelihoods. However, most of them were perceived to be declining in both water quality and quantity, imposing complex livelihood conundrums for the rural communities and threatening the sustainability of livelihood strategies that they are supporting. Practices observed to be threatening the integrity of springs were encroachment of settlements, natural environmental changes, soil erosion and population pressure. Limited environmental awareness, poverty, poor implementation and enforcement of conservation laws has resulted in the adoption of practices that degraded springs. Institutions shaping spring utilisation were observed to be ineffective to a large extent due to lack of capacities and conflicting mandates but local traditional leadership and water committees were observed to have deeper community penetration and were the most effective in influencing access and effective management of springs and their related waterscapes.

Magister Legum - LLM / Access to adequate housing is an important socio-economic right and is of central importance for the enjoyment of all rights. The right to access adequate housing is viewed as a fundamental human right and has been described in both International Law and by the South African courts as being essential to the dignity of human beings. Access to adequate housing thus plays an important part in ensuring human dignity for all persons. It is also one of the key elements needed to ensure that all persons have access to an adequate standard of living. Access to adequate housing further plays a vital role in maintaining and improving the lives of all people as it provides both security and shelter. In modern day South Africa, access to adequate housing is held in very high regard. This is evident in the recognition it has received in the National Development Plan as two of the fourteen outcomes of the plan are to ensure that “all people are and feel safe” and “sustainable human settlements and improved quality of household life.” The drafters of the South African Constitution recognised the importance of access to adequate housing as provision was made for the right to access adequate housing in the Final Constitution in section 26. In considering the report submitted by South Africa, the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural rights indicated (hereinafter referred to as the “Committee on ESCR”) the housing landscape in South Africa continues to be divided as a result of the past and that the apartheid spatial divide continues to dominate the landscape. Viljoen notes that despite numerous attempts to transform the housing regime from one which was grossly discriminatory to a welfare-orientated legal system that functions under the auspices of the rights and values entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa the poorest households in South Africa remain subject to not only a lack of access to housing but also intolerable housing conditions. He writes further that the judicial enforcement of the right to access adequate housing is a difficult, complex and multi-layered issue with which the courts have been grappling for some time. An examination of the housing rights jurisprudence reveals that housing rights and access to adequate housing has been one of the most fiercely contested and frequently litigated topics in the country. The jurisprudence also shows that housing is an area where much legislative, policy and infrastructure progress has been made.

[pt] O estudo focaliza os processos de silenciamento, exclusão e resistência em construções identitárias sócio-culturais da goianidade junto a alunos goianos da Cidade Ocidental e de Valparaíso, cidades goianas do entorno de Brasília - DF. Os objetivos são: (1) mostrar, do ponto de vista sócio-histórico, como ocorreu a formação populacional e lingüística do estado de Goiás e do Distrito Federal, apontando para relações existentes entre a goianidade e a cultura caipira; (2) analisar, na fala-em-interação, como emerge o estigma à goianidade nas coconstruções identitárias sócio-culturais, na relação entre os alunos goianos e a entrevistadora/ professora, a qual é também goiana. A metodologia é qualitativa, no contexto de entrevista de pesquisa. Os dados de análise consistem em um corpus de gravações em áudio, obtidas através de entrevistas individuais. O arcabouço teórico insere-se no âmbito da Sociolingüística Interacional e da Análise da Conversa, junto a concepções de identidade(s) de ordem sócio-cultural e interacional, informadas pela ordem micro e macro do discurso. Os resultados apontam que, durante o processo interacional, os participantes constroem e reconstroem suas identidades. Há resistência em mudar as construções identitárias estigmatizadas, uma vez que preferem omitir e/ou silenciar essas construções, a afirmar suas origens de pertencimento à comunidade goiana. O olhar de outro(s), construído no discurso, interfere para que eles assumam posições de silenciamento, de exclusão e de resistência. Este trabalho é importante para pesquisas vindouras e para formar um pensamento reflexivo acerca das identidades que cotidianamente são estigmatizadas. / [en] The study focalizes the silence processes, exclusion and resistance in constructions that identify the social cultures of goianity close to students native of Goiás of the Cidade Ocidental and of Valparaíso, cities of that State of the spill of Brasília - DF. The goals are: (1) show, of the point of view partner-historical, as it occurred the population formation and Estate of Goiás` Linguistics and of District Federal, pointing to relations between goianity and the culture yokel; (2) analyze, in the speech, as it emerges the stigma to goainity in co-constructions of cultural and social identifications, in the relation among students native of Goiás and the interviewer (teacher), which also is native of Goiás. The methodology is qualitative, in the research interview context. The analysis data consist in a corpus of recordings in audio, obtained by means of individual interviews. The theoretical framework it inserts in the scope of sociolinguistic interacional and of the talk analysis, close to order partner-cultural and interacional identities conceptions, informed by to speech order personal computer and macro. The results point that, during the process interacional, the participants build and reconstruct her identities. There is resistance in change the constructions of identifications stigmatized, once they prefer to omit and or to silence these constructions, to affirm their belong origins to the community native of Goiás. The look of another, built in the speech, interferes so that they take over silence positions, of exclusion and of resistance. This work is important for futures researches and to form a reflexive thought concerning the identities that are daily stigmatized.

Magíster en Educación mención informática educativa / La propuesta de esta investigación, es analizar las relaciones cara a cara entre los sujetos en situaciones específicas de interacción que se dan en el contexto educativo, considerando la presencia del computador en el aula. Para ello se ha utilizado la teoría micro-sociológica de Collins (2009) de rituales de interacción. Este estudio se contextualiza en el marco del método Montessori particularmente, en los estudiantes del Taller II Salón Scorpion, del colegio Highlands Montessori School de la comuna de Peñalolén. El diseño metodológico se basa en una mirada cualitativa, con énfasis en lo etnográfico interpretativo. Los instrumentos que permiten acceder a la información necesaria es la observación no participante bajo un registro grabado realizado por alrededor de dos meses, entrevistas semi-estructuradas de evocación a doce estudiantes y entrevistas semi-estructuradas a los guías del salón y profesora de programación. La técnica de análisis para abordar este trabajo y que nos permite responder a la interrogante planteada es el análisis del contenido del discurso tanto para estudiar las observaciones registradas como para las entrevistas realizadas. Los principales resultados que se desprenden del estudio son las interacciones sociales con foco en lo educativo, en lo recreativo, las emociones compartidas y el ambiente educativo Montessori como promotor de las relaciones interpersonales dentro del salón. En este contexto se evidencian rituales de interacción fluidos y mayormente espontáneos, donde el factor mediador computador no representa ser determinante en las interacciones sociales cara a cara dentro del marco de la pedagogía Montessori

Magister Legum - LLM / African states are interested in the development of nuclear power (also referred to as atomic power) for the generation of electricity and desalination. These include Algeria, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Tunisia, South Africa, and Uganda. The nuclear governance in South Africa has adopted principles into its legal system which require it to comply with the objectives of numerous resolutions, conventions, treaties, bilateral and multilateral agreements. Therefore, there is an obligation upon the government through ‘reasonable legislative and other measures’ to manage nuclear matters, such as nuclear accidents, in a manner that protects the general public, atomic industry workers as well as prevents the pollution of the surrounding environment. It has been seven years since the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident that occurred in Japan on 11 March 2011, when considerable amounts of radioactive material from the damaged plant released into the environment. Health hazards, associated with exposure to low levels of ionising radiation, are a significant concern following such an accident. A nuclear disaster can potentially violate not only the right to health of workers, but that of residents and evacuees alike, particularly pregnant women, older persons, and children. Regional and international human rights conventions impose obligations on state parties to “take whatever steps necessary to ensure that the right to the highest attainable standard of health is enjoyed by all as soon as possible”. In most cases, when a nuclear accident occurs, workers within the nuclear plant are expected to mitigate emergencies. The danger of this expectation is that it could violate their fundamental human rights.